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Journal of Neuroscience Methods (1872678X) 416
Background: This mini-review details the guideline for implementing the most common exercise patterns in small laboratory rodents (mice/rats) and the advantages and disadvantages of each, in ways that are comparable to humans. Also, criteria for targeted selection and control of workload and intensity of activity are proposed in different exercise programs. New method: As an available and low-cost intervention in physiological, biochemical and cellular-molecular assessments, different exercise programs can be effective in the prevention/treatment of many skeletal-structural, behavioral and neurodegenerative disorders. Exercise tolerance/intolerance is an indicator of the complex function of the physiological, metabolic, neuromuscular, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and in this sense, animal models of exercise are of interest to researchers by creating a controllable and precise environment. Results: Considering the different species of laboratory animals and various exercise paradigms, selecting the type, intensity and duration of the program in an optimal manner is a difficult task, especially in conditions such as old age or illness, and if necessary, existing research tools and protocols should be reviewed. In fact, one of the most attractive applications of exercise models is the discovery of preventive/therapeutic strategies for many disorders, which necessitates more knowledge about exercise protocols. Conclusions: Animal models of endurance/resistance exercise on land/water make it possible to evaluate physiological/pathological conditions. However, to obtain optimal and reproducible results in human samples, the effectiveness of anesthetic drugs, surgical procedures, and the stress caused by exercise tools and equipment must be carefully controlled. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.
Obesity is a chronic disease, both alone and accompanied by many metabolic diseases it causes, that require prevention and treatment to normalize living standards in terms of women's health. For this reason, professional support is needed for older individuals who are overweight or candidates for obesity, as well as individuals with advanced obesity. Looking at the problem of obesity in the elderly from this perspective, awareness should be increased that regular physical activity can optimize the chances of obesity treatment in the prevention and treatment of obesity. © 2024 by IGI Global. All rights reserved.
Rezaee, Z. ,
Rezaee, Z. ,
Rezaee, Z. ,
Rezaee, Z. ,
Marandi, S.M. ,
Marandi, S.M. ,
Marandi, S.M. ,
Alaei, H. ,
Alaei, H. ,
Alaei, H. ,
Esfarjani, F. ,
Esfarjani, F. ,
Esfarjani, F. Science and Sports (17784131) 38(5-6)pp. 519-526
Objectives. - This review explains how exercise can prevent the neurodegeneration and addresses the important role of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as an indicator of symptoms of ageing brain dysfunction. In addition, it explains the cellular and molecular mechanisms of exercise on regulation of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in brain, that it's dysregulation appears in many pathological conditions. News. - It is known that mitochondrial dysfunctions associated with upregulation of reactive oxygen species, has vital role in various neurodegenerative disorder. Neurotrophins factor have numerous beneficial effects on neuroplasticity and neurosurvival and the goal of many drug therapies is to increase neurotrophins. Prospects and projects. - Unfortunately, pharmacological methods are time consuming and costly, and, after a while drug resistance develops. Exercise as an adjunct intervention has promising results but various factors affect the results that should be carefully investigated in the studies. Exercise can increase brain mitochondrial biogenesis and attenuates effects of the ageing process on the brain. Regulation of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor by exercise is related to antidepressant effects and enhance of cognitive function and mitochondrial capacity that negates the ageing dysfunctions. Conclusion. - The mechanisms of exercise-induced adaptations in neurodegenerative dysfunctions remain undiscovered and assesses the effect of exercise on neurodysfunction hasencountered many difficulties. Therefore, further studies are needed to resolve existing inconsistencies. However, there is a positive relationship between regular exercise and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulation, which can prevent or reduce symptoms of brain diseases, especially in ageing. (c) 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics (18726976) 98
Exercise can alleviate the disorders considered as the normal consequences of aging. Whether or not the treadmill endurance training affects the biochemical markers in the Parkinson's disease model rats after the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injection is assessed in this article. The experimental groups of N=8 rats consist of 1) Saline and Young sedentary (S-Young); 2) Saline and Old sedentary (S-Old); 3) Young and 6-OHDA without exercise (Y); 4) Young and 6-OHDA with exercise (YE); 5) Old and 6-OHDA without exercise (O); and 6) Old and 6-OHDA with exercise (OE). An 8 μg of 6-OHDA is injected into the right MFB. The rotation due to apomorphine, weight variation, and some biochemical expression are measured in the rats’ striatum. Exposure to 6-OHDA: increase weight loss by (%8) and rotation by (%90), reduce the protein levels of Bdnf by (30%), Th by (43%), and Tfam by (24%), in aging rats (P<0.05). The P53 level rose after the injection compared with the same Saline group (Old rats: 27% and Young rats: 14%), the highest in the O group. The findings indicate that endurance exercise amends the mitochondrial parameters and the apomorphine-induced rotation impairments in the presence of 6-OHDA injection. These positive effects of treadmill running in unilateral 6-OHDA lesioned rat model are age-dependent and are more significant in younger rats. © 2021
Neurotoxicity Research (14763524) 40(4)pp. 1115-1124
The natural aging process as well as many age-related diseases is associated with impaired metabolic adaptation and declined ability to cope with stress. As major causes of disability and morbidity during the aging process, brain disorders, including psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, are likely to increase across the globe in the future decades. This narrative review investigates the link among exercise and brain disorders, aging, and inflammatory biomarkers, along with the function of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. For this study, related manuscript from all databases, Google scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and ISI were assessed. Also, in the search process, the keywords of exercise, neurodegeneration, neurotrophin, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aging were used. Mitochondrial abnormality increases neuronal abnormality and brain disease during the aging process. Stress and inflammatory factors caused by lifestyle and aging also increase brain disorders. Evidences suggest that exercise, as a noninvasive treatment strategy, has antioxidant effects and can reduce neuronal lesions. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression following the exercise can reduce brain symptoms; however, careful consideration should be given to a number of factors affecting the results. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Bagheri, E. ,
Marandi, S.M. ,
Ghasemi, N. ,
Rezaee, Z. Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (27832031) 42(6)pp. 737-744
Background: Multiple Sclerosis is a myelin destroyer disease, which physical activity can be effective in improving it. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of swimming on oligodendrocytic cells and myelin tissue in rat brain of the Cuprizone model of MS disease is investigated. Methods: In this study, 21 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into Control groups, Cuprizone and Swim + Cuprizone. For the induction of MS, Cuprizone 0.6% were gavaged for one month. The group of Swim + Cuprizone swam at the same time with gavage. The training program included 4 weeks of swimming for 5 sessions per week and 30 minutes. Immunohistochemistry technique was used to determine the percentage of immature and mature oligodendrocytes and Luxol fast blue solution for evaluation of myelin density. Image j software and One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the findings. Results: The mean percentage of immature and mature oligodendrocytes and myelin density in the Swim+Cuprizone group was significantly higher than that of the Cuprizone group (p≤0.05). Conclusion: Swimming decreases destruction of the oligodendrocytes and myelin cells due to Cuprizone. © 2020 The Author.
Neurotoxicity Research (14763524) 38(4)pp. 850-858
Exercise exerts helpful effects in Parkinson’s disease. In this study, the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injection was used to investigate the effect of exercise on apomorphine-induced rotation and neurorestoration. Rats (n = 32) were divided into four groups: (1) Saline+Noexercise (Sham); (2) 6-OHDA+Noexercise (6-OHDA); (3) Saline+Exercise (S+EXE), and (4) 6-OHDA+Exercise (6-OHDA+EXE). The rats were administered 8 μg 6-OHDA by injection into the right medial forebrain bundle. After 2 weeks, the exercise group was run (14 consecutive days, 30 min per day). One month after the surgery, following the injection of apomorphine, the 6-OHDA group displayed a significant increase in rotation and the 6-OHDA+EXE group showed a significant reduction of rotational asymmetry (P < 0.001). 6-OHDA injection reduced the mRNA and protein expression of the AMP-activated protein kinase, brain-derived neurotropic factor, and tyrosine hydroxylase in relation to the Sham group and exercise increased these levels. Expression of the silent information regulator 2 homolog 1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha was unexpectedly enhanced in the 6-OHDA groups in relation to the Sham group. These findings suggest that the 6-OHDA injection increased the neurodegeneration and mitochondrial and behavioral dysfunctions and the treadmill running attenuated these disorders in the ipsilateral striatum of the 6-OHDA+EXE group. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Koomesh (23453699) 22(3)pp. 556-562
Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by progressive dopamine depletion in the striatum, and leads to mitochondrial and motor disorders. The present study investigated the effect of moderate endurance training on motor disorder and mRNA expression of PPAR-γ, PGC-1α and BDNF in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of PD Materials and Methods: Thirty two male Wistar rats were divided into 4 eqaul groups: 1. Vehicle (Sham), 2. Vehicle + endurance training, 3. 6-OHDA and 4. 6-OHDA + endurance training. The PD model obtained by unilateral injection of 6-OHDA (8µg/2µl) into the medial forebrain bundle, and the sham group recevied vehicle alone. Two weeks after the surgery, endurance training groups ran on a treadmill 30 min per day for 30 days. Six weeks after the surgery, the rat’s rotations due to apomorphine injection and hippocampal mRNA expression of PPAR-γ, PGC-1α and BDNF were analyzed using Real Time-PCR. Results: 6-OHDA lesioned rats showed increased rotations (P≤0.001), decreased expression of PPAR-γ and BDNF mRNA and compensatory increased in PGC-1α mRNA. Edurance training improved both behavioural and molecular changes. Conclusion: It seems that endurance training can reduce motor disorder and defects in expression of the mitochondrial factors in Parkinson’s disease. © 2020, Semnan University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Neurotoxicity Research (14763524) 35(4)pp. 908-917
Metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in Parkinson’s disease, while exercise can induce essential pathways of mitochondrial biogenesis. Here, we tested whether long-term preventive treadmill training (16 weeks, 21 m/min, and 0° inclinations for 50 min/d, 5 d/week) effects the mitochondrial and neurodegeneration markers, in the striatum of rats in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of Parkinson’s disease. Following 16 weeks of exercise or no exercise period (n = 16 rats per group), the animals were divided into four experimental groups (n = 8 per group): (1) no exercise and saline (SED), (2) exercise and saline (EX), (3) no exercise and 6-OHDA (SED + 6-OHDA), and (4) exercise and 6-OHDA (EX + 6-OHDA). For the model, 8 μg of 6-OHDA (2 μg/μL prepared in a solution of 0.2% ascorbic acid and 0.9% saline) was injected into the right medial forebrain bundle. Exposure to 6-OHDA resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.05) of mitochondrial factors AMP-activated protein kinase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha, and tyrosine hydroxylase, and increased expression of silent information regulator T1, mitochondrial transcription factor A, and p53 in the SED + 6-OHDA group relative to SED group. By contrast, gene and protein expressions upon exercise were higher and p53 protein level was lower in the EX + 6-OHDA group compared with SED + 6-OHDA. Further, exercise reduced the extent of weight loss associated with the 6-OHDA injection. In conclusion, exercise might be used to reduce mitochondrial disorders in Parkinson’s disease. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism (17155312) 44(12)pp. 1267-1275
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by neurodegeneration and learning deficiency. Physical exercise can alleviate these symptoms by increasing the expression of some effective and relevant factors. The preventive effect of 16-week treadmill running in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease, before 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induction, was assessed. Experimental groups consisted of sedentary (SED), SED+6-OHDA, exercised (EX), and EX+6-OHDA rats. Forty-eight hours after the last session of exercise, 6-OHDA was injected into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). One week after the injection, behavioral tests, including spatial learning and memory, were assessed through Morris water maze (MWM) and apomorphine-induced rotation. Three weeks after the injection, mRNA expression and protein levels of the transcriptional co-activator peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α), fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were measured in the striatum and the hippocampus of rats by applying real-time PCR and Western blotting. The findings indicate that exposure to 6-OHDA leads to impairments in behavioral and molecular functions. Exercise training prevents and reduces the symptoms caused by dopamine toxins. The results suggest that treadmill running can exert neuroprotective and have preventive effects to reduce Parkinson’s disease symptoms. Novelty • Parkinson’s disease impairs spatial learning and memory. • Parkinson’s disease reduced levels of PGC-1α, FNDC5, and BDNF and increased neurodegeneration in the striatum and the hippocampus. • Treadmill running before disease attenuated 6-OHDA-induced memory deficit and elevated neuroprotection. • Exercise has multiple effects on memory and biochemical factors. © 2019, Canadian Science Publishing. All rights reserved.
Genetics in the Third Millennium (24237159) 12(4)pp. 3806-3822
Neurotrophins have been recognized as the main trophic factors in the nervous system. They are a broad family of polypeptide growth factors and the main factors responsible for the modulation of synaptic development. They share a common basic structure but in certain areas which connect to their specific receptors. Thus, they execute different actions triggering survival or apoptosis pathways. One way to increase the activity of neurotrophins in different synapses and neurons is increasing the number of respective receptors on the cell surface. The main member of this family is Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor that is constructed by neurons, especially those located in the hippocampus and cortex which are involved in learning and memory. Thereby, its expression is regulated by central neurotransmitter and peripheral hormones. Many of the brain abilities to adapt or change in response to experiences or the environment depend on the synaptic neuronal plasticity and connections. However, the molecular mechanisms that translate neuronal activity patterns for specific changes in synapses are not clearly understood. © 2014, Iranian Neurogenetics Society. All rights reserved.
Genetics in the Third Millennium (24237159) 12(4)pp. 3778-3793
Neurotrophins are the major growth factors in the nervous system although the exact mechanisms underlying their effects have remained obscure. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a critical neurotrophine for learning, memory, and neuronal plasticity. Moreover, it exerts an important role in controlling neuronal disorders and genetic diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, depression, epilepsy, etc. Although there is am abundance of conflicting data in this regard, it has been reported that brain considerably responds to exercise, which results in significant changes in the anatomical, molecular, and cellular level of the body. Findings suggest that exercise and activity help to maintain cognitive function and brain structure, especially due to aging. Brain plasticity that is controlled by BDNF can be the basis of the beneficial effects of exercise on the brain health. The present study discusses different molecular effects of BDNF and the effect of exercise on the expression of this factor and controlling related diseases. © 2014, Iranian Neurogenetics Society. All rights reserved.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595) 32(278)
Background: Physical activity without appropriate recovery causes structural damage to the muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cold water immersion and passive recovery after anaerobic performance on muscle damage indices and blood cell count. Methods: The participants were ten trained female swimmers from Isfahan University of Technology with the mean age of 17.8 ± 2.2 years. First, they did the 100 meters front crawl in two separate days with 1-week distance. Then, they participated in one of the two methods of recovery intervention including 15 minute sitting beside the pool (passive or PAS) or cold water immersion (CWI) in 23° C. Afterwards, both methods were followed by 45 minutes sitting beside the pool. Leukocyte profile and venous blood markers of muscle damage including creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were also measured pre-exercise and 1 and 24 hours post-exercise. Repeated measure and LSD were used for data analysis. Findings: One hour after CWI, the mean level of CK significantly decreased and it was not any change in leukocytes, neutrophils and monocytes compared to PAS. One hour after CWI, LDH significantly increased comparing pre-exercise. All of these factors except CK, recovered to base measures after 24 hours. Conclusion: It seems that after anaerobic performance, CWI can reduce damage and leukocytes count and improve recovery conditions.
World Applied Sciences Journal (discontinued) (18184952) 16(10)pp. 1403-1408
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of water immersion at different temperatures on fatigue and sprint swimming. Ten elite women swimmers, age (17.8±2.2), three times a week in 48-h intervals completed two 100-m front crawls (S and S) interspersed with a 15-m recovery period consisting of: contrast water therapy (CWT, alternating hot 40 degrees C, 2 min /cold 23 degrees C, 1min), cold water immersion (CWI, 23 degrees C) and hot water immersion (HWI, 40 degrees C). Before and after S1and S2 and every threemin during the recovery, skin temperature, blood lactate and heart rate were recorded. After the recovery, level of fatigue evaluated via TQR questioner, then participants performed (S2) and ultimately recorded the rate of perceived exertion through RPE questioner. Results showed that heart rate significantly decreased after CWI toward other groups. After CWT and CWI, skin temperature decreased significantly. Lactate removal was largest in CWT compared to the HWI. Both CWI and CWT were associated with improvement in swimming performance and following these methods TQR and RPE evaluated better than HWI (p 0.05). It seems CWT and CWI can be used in repeated high intensity interval performance with short recovery. © IDOSI Publications, 2012.
