An Electric Vehicle Parking Model for Optimization of Power Fluctuation Smoothing in Distribution Systems Equipped with Renewable Energy Resources

Abstract

Currently, the majority of installed renewable energy systems operate in their maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mode to optimize power output. Therefore, the output power generated by these resources is fluctuating. When the producing capacity of renewable energy resources increases, the output power fluctuation influence on the power system stability becomes more significant. In this situation, employment of energy storage resources like batteries, despite their high cost, is inevitable in mitigation of power fluctuations. Electric vehicle parkings, as one of the smart grid components, can contribute to enhance the integration of renewable energy resources with centralized power systems. These electric vehicle parkings can optimize the cost of batteries required in the distribution network. Modeling of electric vehicle parkings is a very important issue in smoothing the power fluctuation of renewable energy resources. In this paper, existing methods for electric vehicle parking modeling are reviewed and then a behavioral model is proposed. As a case study, all the vehicle parkings in Tehran city are studied and thus, the extracted pattern is based on real statistic data. The proposed model demonstrates that the capacity of electric vehicle parkings is variable and depends on different factors. Therefore, two daily and weekly patterns are presented for this model. The proposed behavioral model in this paper can be used in the studies of power fluctuation smoothing in renewable energy resources for modeling and simulation of electric vehicle parkings. © 2025 IEEE.