History

Abstract

This chapter delves into the chronological development of solar water splitting, a critical process in artificial photosynthesis to generate clean hydrogen fuel from water using sunlight. It begins by discussing the foundational principles laid out in early photocatalytic research and photoelectrochemistry, focusing on the pioneering works of scientists who conceptualized converting solar energy into chemical energy. A key milestone was the 1972 discovery by Fujishima and Honda, who demonstrated using a TiO₂ semiconductor anode in a photoelectrochemical cell to split water under ultraviolet light, thus initiating the modern study of solar-driven hydrogen production. The chapter further explores the progression of semiconductor materials—ranging from metal oxides like TiO₂ to more complex structures such as perovskites and quantum dots—each aimed at optimizing the photocatalytic efficiency, stability, and absorption spectrum. This historical overview sets a scientific foundation for the discussion of advanced materials and cutting-edge techniques that are explored in subsequent chapters. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.