Is proximity sufficient for 15-minute cities? Examining barriers to using local service in self-sufficient neighborhoods

Abstract

In an era where the quest for sustainable and accessible urban life aligns with the 15-minute cities, grasping the complexities of residents’ engagement with their nearby urban surroundings is pivotal. This study examines the facilitators and obstacles inhabitants of self-sufficient neighbourhoods face in three Iranian cities regarding leveraging local services and amenities. Employing structural equation modelling (SEM) and analyzing data from 703 surveys conducted in Tehran, Mashhad, and Isfahan, the study unveils that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control forecast the intention of residents to utilize neighbourhood facilities. Moreover, it reveals that habits, accessibility, perceived safety, affordability, service quality, and proximity significantly influence residents perceived behavioural control and attitude toward utilizing local services. As a result, 15-minute city initiatives might not achieve their goals if they neglect to incorporate considerations for pathway safety and accessibility, along with service quality and affordability. © 2026 The Institute of Urban Sciences.