Part 1: Photocatalytic water splitting

Abstract

This chapter provides an in-depth exploration of photocatalyst water splitting, focusing on its principles, advancements, and practical applications. The introduction presents a comprehensive overview of the evolution of photocatalysts and photocatalytic reactions, highlighting the significance of natural processes like photosynthesis and their influence on the development of artificial water-splitting technologies. The discussion progresses to cover the fundamental and thermodynamic principles underlying photocatalysis, identifying key performance indicators essential for assessing the efficiency of photocatalytic systems. It further distinguishes between dual-functional photocatalysts and conventional ones, emphasizing the enhanced capabilities of dual-functional systems in improving overall performance. Additionally, the chapter examines critical photocatalytic conditions that affect reaction efficiency, including bandgap energy, structural characteristics and surface area, light intensity, temperature, pH levels, and the use of sacrificial reagents. By addressing these variables, the chapter aims to provide valuable insights into optimizing photocatalytic processes for effective water splitting. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.