Photoelectrochemical water splitting

Abstract

Photoelectrochemical water splitting (PEC) is a promising approach for sustainable hydrogen production, leveraging solar energy to drive the electrolysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen. This process combines semiconductor (SC) materials with catalytic systems to harness sunlight, generating an electron-hole pair that facilitates water oxidation and hydrogen evolution reactions. Recent advances in materials science have produced efficient photoelectrodes that improve light absorption and charge carrier dynamics. Additionally, innovative techniques such as tandem solar cells, co-catalyst integration, and surface modification have been implemented to improve overall efficiency and stability. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles of PEC water splitting, highlighting the critical role of photoelectrodes and their ability to harness solar energy through the generation of electron-hole pairs. It discusses efficiency calculations and the various factors that influence PEC performance, including light absorption, charge carrier mobility, and recombination rates. Furthermore, special attention is given to the influence of nanomaterials in enhancing PEC efficiency. The chapter examines how factors such as surface area, morphology, composition, and conductivity of nanomaterials contribute to their effectiveness as photoelectrodes. By addressing these key aspects, this chapter aims to deepen the understanding of PEC water splitting processes and identify strategies for improving efficiency in the pursuit of sustainable hydrogen production. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.