Fabrication and Morphology of Biomaterials Based on the Used Synthesis Methods

Abstract

Using biomaterial engineering, bioactive molecules can be integrated with scaffolds to develop materials aimed at treating damaged tissues and organs. To mitigate the adverse impacts of scientific research on materials and methods, green chemistry employs safe and environmentally friendly techniques. A significant goal of green technology is to minimize the harmful effects of toxic substances on both humans and the environment. Despite its benefits, green chemistry has drawbacks such as dependence on raw materials, limited awareness of the chemicals used, and high costs associated with material preparation. We provide an in-depth review of the synthesis techniques and structural properties of biomaterials crucial to advancements in tissue engineering. Beginning with an overview of the foundational principles in biomaterial science, the chapter explores the critical role of scaffolds in facilitating tissue regeneration, including bone, skin, and cartilage. A key focus is on sustainable synthesis methods, particularly those aligned with green chemistry, which employ renewable sources such as agricultural and animal by-products. We present a comparative evaluation of both natural polymers, like chitosan and collagen, and synthetic alternatives such as polycaprolactone (PCL), emphasizing their respective strengths in biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical properties. The effectiveness of in situ and ex vivo tissue engineering strategies is reviewed, and their potential to replicate the complex architecture of native tissues and drive functional recovery is assessed. Key challenges and limitations of current biomaterial scaffolds are also addressed. Emerging technologies, such as 3D printing, nanotechnology, and bio-sensing innovations, are discussed in relation to their capacity to overcome existing barriers and improve scaffold design. The chapter concludes by advocating for the optimization of synthesis methods and the integration of smart materials to enhance scaffold performance, setting the groundwork for future breakthroughs in regenerative medicine. © 2025 American Chemical Society.