Graphene and Hydroxyapatite-Enhanced Gelatin/PGS Electrospun Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Neural Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Neural tissue damage remains a significant clinical challenge due to the limited regenerative capacity of nervous tissues. Therefore, the development of biocompatible, conductive, and mechanically robust scaffolds is crucial to support neural regeneration. This study investigates the mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, degradation behavior, and cytotoxicity of electrospun scaffolds made from gelatin/poly (glycerol sebacate) (Gel/PGS) and their nanocomposite variants incorporating graphene (Gr) and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA). The addition of graphene significantly enhanced the tensile strength and stiffness of the scaffolds. The Gel/PGS/1Gr/3HA scaffold exhibited the highest mechanical performance, with a tensile strength of 36.15 MPa and a tensile strain at break of 7.11%. Electrical impedance measurements revealed a notable increase in electrical conductivity with the incorporation of graphene, while the addition of hydroxyapatite at 3% and 6% by weight reduced electrical conductivity due to the insulating properties of HA. Degradation tests showed that scaffolds with graphene and HA exhibited slower degradation rates compared to Gel/PGS scaffolds, attributed to the reduced hydrophilicity of graphene and the crystalline structure of HA. The nanocomposite scaffolds demonstrated high biocompatibility, evidenced by the absence of cytotoxic effects and suitable adhesion of PC12 cells. Overall, Gel/PGS/1Gr/3HA electrospun nanocomposite scaffolds show great potential as functional platforms for neural tissue engineering. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.