Sincerity is one of the prominent moral virtues of man in the religions of Judaism and Islam, which Khajeh Abdullah Ansari (391-481 AH), a Muslim mystic, has placed in Manāzel al-Sā'erīn, and Baḥya Ben Joseph ibn Paḳūda, his contemporary Jewish mystic, has included in Al-Hidāyah ilá farāʼīḍ al-qulūb among the Spiritual Journeying. The findings of this study, which is based on library studies and descriptive-analytical method, show that these two mystics, despite the coincidence in the definition of Humility, differ in its position, description and division. Khajeh considered humility in the twenty-fourth place of his Spiritual Journeying towards monotheism, while ibn Paḳūda has considered it as the fifth gate of the ten gates on divine love. Khajeh, who based his Spiritual Journeying on the sources of the Qur'an and Islamic traditions, in his brief expression has divided humility into three degrees, based on the degree of seekers. But Baḥya, in the form of a detailed and influenced expression from Islamic sources, by emphasizing the use of the three sources of reason, written sources and Jewish traditions, considers the attainment of sincerity as the result of going through tens of steps and deals in detail with the pathology of sincere action.
One of the issues that have attracted the attention of scientists throughout history is the relationship between the components of the universe and the ontology derived from such thinking. Since ancient Greece, many physicists and philosophers have been exploring this issue, and the results of their research and understanding of the issue have generally influenced one another, so that the discovery of a problem has led to fundamental changes in the thinking of the other group. With the advent of new physics, a new vantage point in the ontology of the universe has been created, and compared to the past scholars have been writing differently on this topic. Teller is one of the scholars influenced by the new findings of physics and has attempted to refute the divisive view of classical physics and raised his own theory which is based on universal and relational holism. This article attempts to explain Teller's point of view mentioned in his own essay within the framework of Bell’s theory of “Relativity, Relational Holism and Inequality" and critique and evaluate it on the basis of the ontological principles of transcendent theosophy. The results of this study emphasize that the empirical method is partial and not suitable for proving the holism of matter. Rather, with general and philosophical principles such as the individual unity of being, the principle of causality, and the principal of self-existence, a more plausible reasoning can be achieved. Undoubtedly, such dialogues between philosophy and physics will pave the way for a better and more complete understanding of existence.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research (17359791)(25)pp. 60-87
Among the most complex philosophical issues is the value of knowledge, which determines the destiny of many other philosophical problems. In this regard, there are some serious questions such as, how much is the validity of human beings’ knowledge, how and in what is the veridicality of knowledge?
Among the contemporary philosophers, `Allāmah Tabātabā’ī has examined this important with further scrutiny and presented valuable discussions; referring all the acquired knowledge to the presential knowledge and considering the presential knowledge as basic, he firstly adopted a new approach in this domain and secondly attained an explanation of the errors of the senses. The present essay, analyzing `Allāmah Tabātabā’ī’s viewpoint on the value of knowledge, and emphasizing a number of its features, is going to present a more coherent assertion of it, possessing the least difficulties in regard to the veridicality of knowledge.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research (17359791)(3)pp. 5-24
In Mulla Sadra's philosophical system, human being enjoys a specific stance. He is the only contingent being with existential degrees corresponding and conforming to existential degrees and worlds. Mulla Sadra's environmental philosophy can be regarded as based on the principles and rules founding the system, including fundamentality and gradation of existence, particularly the principles of substantial motion and union of the knower and the known, as well as the stages of creation of soul and its relation with body. Such a philosophy can help us to provide ways to explain the relationship between man and nature, according to which environmental crises occurred to the nature can be managed. In the philosophical system of transcendent theosophy, nature is the manifestation and disclosure of a being continually influencing it in its creation and duration, endowed with knowledge, apprehension and consciousness according to its share in the being, and represents the hidden interior and exterior aspects of reality of existence. Therefore, man's interaction with nature as a living thing is totally different from that which is defined in environmental philosophy based on West's philosophy, which believes in an existential unity between man and nature. The present paper seeks to explain and analyze the meaning of man and nature in Mulla Sadra's philosophy and elaborate on their interrelation.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research (17359791)(3-4)pp. 249-276
Oral or written presentation of religious principles of faith is an old tradition among Muslims. The aim of these letters of beliefs is to preserve and transfer the basic and common principles of every sect. However, they include some of the writer or narrator's personal views and beliefs which should not be confused with those common principles. The issues and discussions presented by a writer in his/her treatise show not only the basis of his religion but also his way of thinking, insight, nature and character. The present paper elaborate on, analyzes and compares Sheikh Baha'i' and Majlesi's letters of beliefs. In his treatise, Majlesi is more concerned with recommendation and prescription, and his imperative language likens his treatise to jurists' practical treatises. In contrast, Sheikh Baha'i' absolutely describes and explains his views and does not criticize or anathematizes the opponents. He allocates two third of his treatise to the explanation of practical issues of Islam, but Majlesi allocates most of his treatise to the explanation of the principles of faith and considers the explanation of preliminaries of acts and moral recommendations sufficient in terms of acts.
The knowledge of God or the knowledge of the Principle of Existence has been one of the main human concerns. In response to that concern, a major part of the doctrines of revealed religions has been dedicated to His description. As knowledge of the Divine Essence, however, is not possible according to rational and textual arguments, theosophers and theologians as well as the revealed doctrines limit the knowledge of God to the attributes realm, dividing the Divine attributes into two categories: the essential attributes and the active attributes. The essential attributes, taken from the perfect Divine Essence, have characteristics. Similarly, the active attributes, taken from the Divine Acts, have their own features.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research (17359791)(4)pp. 25-42
Some theologians in the process of explaining the creation of contingent world, in addition to non-existence in time, have denied the causal relationship between the creator and the created and explained their relation in terms of creative agent. On the contrary, many philosophers believe in the pre-existence of created beings and emphasize on the principle of causality and on the necessary creation and some of them believe that there must be a kind of cognation (ontological homogeneity) between the creator and the creatures. So in explaining the relation between the creatures and the creator three ideas have been offered in general: total difference, sameness, and cognation. The purpose of this article is to examine the necessity of cognation between the cause and the effect in Islamic philosophy. After analyzing and explaining the theory of cognation and examining its objections, the author has come to the conclusion that the necessity of cognation, according to philosophical ontology, is self-evident.
Ghazali’s Paradoxical views: Abstract:Abu Hamed Mohammad Ghazali is one of those tinkers who through the vicissitudes of his life opposed different opinion; He challenged their acts and views of his predecessors and his contemporary for what he deems was appropriate for Muslims worldly life and their religious beliefs. In his works, he introduces criteria for dealing with the views of others: acceptable or unacceptable to us and invites everybody to follow them. This article aims to test Ghazali's adherence to these criteria and accomplishes this by comparing his approach to Philosophers and scientists on the one hand and Sufis on the other.
By comparing his attitude with the actions and thoughts of these three groups, it becomes clear that appropriate criteria such as open-mindedness, impartiality, protecting the lives of Muslims, avoiding groups’ bias and so on, has been paradoxically and dual articulated in his thinking and have been reflected on his works.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research (17359791)(15-16)pp. 2-13
It mayseem thatin the world ofIslam and thecultureandreligion,"password"as a term,especiallyin therealm ofmysticismandisstrictlyreligious and mysticalaspects.Butintheearly stages ofthe development ofphilosophyin the Muslim world,Islamicphilosophersto"password"andtheevolution of theirattention,wasa certainphilosophicalfoundations.
Moral traits in worldly life are formed gradually and under the influence of various factors. By searching in Ibn Sina's works, all these factors can be divided into two groups, material and spiritual. Material factors include two sub-groups of physical and non-physical factors, which this research is designed to investigate. Among these factors, the body is central, because according to Ibn Sina's opinion: 1. Moral qualities, although they are physical qualities, but their origin is the body. 2. Actions are performed with the body's organs and powers. 3. The temperament that governs the body's organs and organs, forms It is human temperament 4. Non-physical factors manifest their effect by making the body passive.The anthropological foundations of Sinoy, including the influence of the single soul on the material body, the trainability of man, the possibility of change in individual ethics, etc., are the basis of the discussion of the article. Paying attention to the principles of creating creation and following the way of formation, change and stabilization of ethics by everyone is of special importance and is widely used in practice.
Numerous discoveries and experiments at the beginning of the twentieth century showed that classical physics was not enough to depict the true face of the natural world, and these shortcomings led to human thinking taking a new direction in physics. In the new view of physics, the view of the phenomena of existence is the view of the indivisible components and the action and reaction of a whole. On the other hand, in transcendent wisdom, according to Sadra's philosophical principles such as longitudinal and transverse skepticism, the existence of common time, etc., a system of the natural world has been described that is very similar to the new findings of physics. One of the greatest results of this exploration is that material objects are not distinct from each other, but are inextricably linked to their surroundings, and their properties are only in relation to their relation. Understandable with the whole world. These relationships extend to the distant distances of the vast universe and to distant stars and galaxies, and finally, by combining these two perspectives, the unity of the universe in the macroscopic world is revealed. Combining the new achievements of the natural sciences with philosophical thinking is a step forward in a better and more complete understanding of the natural world.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research (17359791)(17-18)pp. 29-40
Among the philosophical principles of causality, the famous rule "Wahid" which is compatible with the principle of cause and effect are interconnected. In the view of many philosophers, this principle has been granted, but the terms of the raising serious questions about its territory is facing, such as: principle conflicts with the agency and omnipotence, in ways Divine causality rule out that some of their inclusion. This article clarifies the principle and its territory, to bug the divine power and wisdom reply in this regard, critical analysis, and eventually to the conclusion that neither the rational allocation at the base of "Wahid" correct and limitations in power His divorced is permissible, therefore, no conflict between the provisions of principle and proofs of evidence means there is no divine agency.
Abstract In Allameh Tabatabai's epistemology, human knowledge is based on beliefs that are certain, fixed, and compatible with reality. Since he considers the basis of human knowledge to be axioms, he is considered to be a maximal proponent of foundationalism and bases his theology on it. In his theology, God and His attributes are objective and real, and the human mind, by using the techniques of reasoning, can realize the truth of the divine realm to its fullest extent with certainty. Without resorting to figurative language, human language also has the ability to speak of the truth of God by using the literal meaning of words (denotation). In contrast, Brummer is considered a minimalist foundationalist and considers any proposition to be questionable. In his view, human knowledge of God is limited to His manifestations, and the human perceptual system is not able to discover the truth of the divine realm. To speak of God, the language of religion is more a figurative and prescriptive language than a real and narrative one, which does not reflect the truth but seeks meaning to life and expresses the devoutly religious lifestyles and the appropriate behavior of believers in relation to God. Therefore, Allameh Tabatabai's theology is based on certainty while Brummer's is intermingled with relativity.
