Publication Date: 2013/04/07
اندیشه دینی (22516123)(23)pp. 83-102
Publication Date: 2013/05/22
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research (17359791)(3-4)pp. 249-276
Oral or written presentation of religious principles of faith is an old tradition among Muslims. The aim of these letters of beliefs is to preserve and transfer the basic and common principles of every sect. However, they include some of the writer or narrator's personal views and beliefs which should not be confused with those common principles. The issues and discussions presented by a writer in his/her treatise show not only the basis of his religion but also his way of thinking, insight, nature and character. The present paper elaborate on, analyzes and compares Sheikh Baha'i' and Majlesi's letters of beliefs. In his treatise, Majlesi is more concerned with recommendation and prescription, and his imperative language likens his treatise to jurists' practical treatises. In contrast, Sheikh Baha'i' absolutely describes and explains his views and does not criticize or anathematizes the opponents. He allocates two third of his treatise to the explanation of practical issues of Islam, but Majlesi allocates most of his treatise to the explanation of the principles of faith and considers the explanation of preliminaries of acts and moral recommendations sufficient in terms of acts.
Publication Date: 2014/01/21
اندیشه دینی (22516123)(49)pp. 69-100
The knowledge of God or the knowledge of the Principle of Existence has been one of the main human concerns. In response to that concern, a major part of the doctrines of revealed religions has been dedicated to His description. As knowledge of the Divine Essence, however, is not possible according to rational and textual arguments, theosophers and theologians as well as the revealed doctrines limit the knowledge of God to the attributes realm, dividing the Divine attributes into two categories: the essential attributes and the active attributes. The essential attributes, taken from the perfect Divine Essence, have characteristics. Similarly, the active attributes, taken from the Divine Acts, have their own features.
Publication Date: 2013/03/17
اندیشه دینی (22516123)(39)pp. 149-162
Publication Date: 2012/08/22
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research (17359791)(4)pp. 25-42
Some theologians in the process of explaining the creation of contingent world, in addition to non-existence in time, have denied the causal relationship between the creator and the created and explained their relation in terms of creative agent. On the contrary, many philosophers believe in the pre-existence of created beings and emphasize on the principle of causality and on the necessary creation and some of them believe that there must be a kind of cognation (ontological homogeneity) between the creator and the creatures. So in explaining the relation between the creatures and the creator three ideas have been offered in general: total difference, sameness, and cognation. The purpose of this article is to examine the necessity of cognation between the cause and the effect in Islamic philosophy. After analyzing and explaining the theory of cognation and examining its objections, the author has come to the conclusion that the necessity of cognation, according to philosophical ontology, is self-evident.
Publication Date: 2018/05/22
اندیشه دینی (22516123)(66)pp. 65-84
Publication Date: 2025/02/19
آموزه های قرآنی (22519378)(39)pp. 5-28
The presence of disbelievers among the People of the Book or Ahl al-Kitāb (Arabic: أهلُ الکِتاب), particularly the Jews, is observed in the context of the causes of revelation (Arabic: اَلْنُّزول, Romanized: al-nuzūl) associated with sūrat al-Kahf (Arabic: الکهف, lit.: the Cave) and some of its narratives, such as the story of the owner of two gardens. Researchers also interpret ‘Ḥizbain (Arabic: حِزْبَین) in verse 12 as referring to the Jews and Christians. Furthermore, references to events such as the Companions of the Cave (Arabic: أَصْحَابُ الکَهْف, Romanized: ʾAṣḥāb al-Kahf) and 7Dhu l-Qarnayn (Arabic: ذوالقَرنَین), which bear the influence of Christianity and Judaism, strengthen the hypothesis of the presence of the People of the Book among the audience of the surah (the chapter). This is while most commentators (Arabic: مُفسّر; plural: Arabic: مفسّرون, romanized: mufassirūn) consider sūrat al-Kahf to be Meccan and do not believe in the presence of the People of the Book in Mecca; thus, they attempt to justify these tafsīrs (Arabic: تفسیر, English: explanation), events, and reasons and causes for revelation. The present study aims to identify the audience of the sūrah with the help of historical reconstruction methods. To this end, it first determines the date of this sūrah by using the implications of the verses, historical accounts, its position in the lists of revelation, and the perspectives of commentators. The result of this dating establishes the revelation of sūrat al-Kahf coinciding with the Prophet’s journey to Aṭ-Ṭāʾif (Arabic: اَلطَّائِفُ, lit.: The circulated or encircled) in the tenth year of his mission (10th year of Biʿtha or the the 10th year of the beginning of Prophet Muhammad’s mission). The audience profiling of this sūrat also indicates the presence of commonalities between the audience of sūrat al-Kahf and the inhabitants of Ṭāʾif, which includes not only polytheists but also Christian and Jewish people. The events of this sūrah, the reasons and causes for revelation, hapax legomenon, borrowed vocabulary, the context of the sūrah, and historical reports support this conclusion.
Publication Date: 2020
Cumhuriyet Ilahiyat Dergisi (25289861)24(2)pp. 749-764
The Cognitive Science of Religion (CSR) is a scientificapproach to the study of religion that seeks to provide causal explanations of religious beliefs and practices. Proponents of CSR seek to explain the process of the formation, acceptance, transmission, and prevalence of religious beliefs by explaining the natural features of the human mind and how it functions. One of the religious beliefs that exists in all human cultures, and has attracted the attention of many CSR scholars in the last decade, is the belief in afterlife. According to CSR researchers, this belief is rooted in the natural structures of the human mind. They see the belief in life after death as a non-reflective or intuitive belief that results from the functioning of mental tools. They have proposed various theories to explain the formation, development, spread, and transmission of belief in life after death. But among these theories, two theories have been more widely accepted, intuitive dualism theoryand simulation constraint theory. Intuitive dualism theory says that all humans have the two mental tools: Intuitive Biology and Intuitive Psychology. Intuitive Biology in the face of a dead person makes us believe that he is no longer alive because he cannot move and act. Intuitive Psychology continues to attribute invisible features (such as desires, thoughts, beliefs, and emotions) to the dead person automatically. The simultaneous functioning of the above two mental tools makes the human mind believe that a part of the dead person is immaterial and remains after the physical death. Simulation constraint theory says that all humans have the mental tools to process information from the environment and acquire religious beliefs. None of the mental tools can imagine or simulate the nonexistence of one’s desires, thoughts, beliefs, and emotions. Therefore, the human mind in the face of the dead person, although easily imagining his physical death, continues to believe in the existence of another part of the person (thoughts, desires, etc.). Both of these theories seem to face challenges and limitations in explaining the formation of belief in afterlife. These include inability to provide causal explanation, the lack of distinction between the natural and the rational foundations of belief in afterlife and disregarding the supernatural foundations of the afterlife belief. Neither of the two theories seems to provide a sufficient causal explanation for the formation of belief in the afterlife. Both theories attempt to present a possible storyabout the formation of afterlife beliefs based on how mental tools function. They provide only a reasonable storyof the process that has led to the belief in afterlife. What these two theories offer is a description (not causal explanation) of the human mind and its tools and how they function. This in itself does not explain that these tools have produced a belief in the afterlife. Therefore, the claim that belief in the afterlife is the result of the functioning of mental tools requires a causal relationship between mental tools and this belief. Neither of these two theories can explain this causal relationship, and they merely describe a reasonable story of the relationship between them. Furthermore, distinction between rational foundations of religious belief and natural foundations of religious belief shows that finding a naturalorigin for believing in the afterlife or describing the cognitive mechanisms associated with it does not in any way mean rejecting or discrediting that belief. Cognitive theories about the natural origins of the belief in the afterlife cannot show us whether this belief is rational or irrational. These explanations can only (if they can) show us the natural roots of the formation and prevalence of this belief. Also Religious belief is a complex notion. Firstly, it is a naturalnotion, in that sense it is rooted in the human nature and is related to human cognitive systems and mental tools. Secondly, it is a cultural and socialnotion, in that sense it is both influenced by cultural and social change, and also affects it. Thirdly, it is a supernaturalnotion, in that sense it is deeply connected with both revelation and prophecy, and with the immaterial aspect of human. Belief in afterlife seems to require all three levels of explanation. Copyright © Published by Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, İlahiyat Fakültesi / Sivas Cumhuri-yet University, Faculty of Theology, Sivas, 58140 Turkey. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2012
Optics InfoBase Conference Papers (21622701)18pp. 130-149
We describe a quantum interface between an optical and a microwave field based on their common interaction with a nano-mechanical resonator. This is an effective source of two-mode squeezing with an optical idler and a microwave signal, enabling continuous variable teleportation. © 2012 OSA.
Publication Date: 2017
Language Related Research (23223081)8(8)pp. 207-230
Today, syntagmatic and paradigmatic analyses are widely applied by literature researchers and experts as principal methods in understanding and interpretation of religious texts. Taking syntagmatic and paradigmatic analyses into consideration, this research seeks to explore the explicit and implicit meanings of the Arabic term (Doon), literally translated as “other than, instead of, besides, and apart from”, in the Holy Quran. It also aims to determine how much attention Quran translators have paid to the meanings of the term and in transferring them into the target language, namely Persian. The study, conducted based on structural semantics and using descriptive –analytic research methodology, has found that the term (Doon) has various meanings and functions in the Holy Quran, but in some cases, translators have failed to render them correctly. The original meaning of the term is “other than and inferior” which is seen almost in all phrases and lexical combinations in the Holy Book. Therefore, for instance, the phrase which has been transplanted as “other than, besides and apart from Allah” in famous translations, can be rendered as “[someone/something] other as Allah that is inferior”. (Inferior)" or " (Inferior to)" have been used as equivalents to (Doon) in old Persian translations of the Quran which closely correspond with the denotation of the Arabic word,since they contain both the sense of “other than” and “inferior”. However, (Doon) can bear different meanings in different contexts. © 2017, Tarbiat Modares University. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2020
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research (17359791)22(3)pp. 107-120
No doubt, Gottlob Frege and A. J. Ayer are considered to be among the most prominent contemporary philosophers. Insofar as one of them has revolutionized the linguistic domain while the other has influenced the domain of ethics in a diametrical fashion. Ayer’s theory of emotivism is regarded as one of the most controversial moral theories in the past century. We believe that Frege, as a linguistic philosopher, has influenced emotivism in the methodological, logical, semantic, and epistemological domains. The emphasis on two fundamental principles of “compositionality” and “contextuality”; “the existence of mathematical concepts independent from mind”, “empiricism and verificationism” are all variables upon which emotivism is clearly dependent. The latter claim can be substantiated via analysis of the works of Ayer and particularly his “Language, Truth, and Logic” as well as his assertion in the introduction to this book concerning his debt to Frege. Among the most significant results of this essay, one can refer to the demonstration of the point that what constitutes the identity of the theory of emotivism is influenced by the “general line of linguistic analysis” in the aforementioned four domains. Copyright © the authors.
Publication Date: 2023
Journal of Philosophical Investigations (22517960)17(44)pp. 766-786
Kant argues that an action is morally worthy only if it is done not from inclination or self-interest but from duty. In the Groundwork, he provides examples to illustrate that the presence of motives aligned with duty undermines the moral value of an action. These viewpoints have sparked significant controversy, particularly in light of the resurgence of virtue-ethics in recent years. Notably, the work of two famous Kantian philosophers, Richard Hanson and Barbara Herman, are especially remarkable as they provide an enlightening interpretation of Kant's perspective and address the raised concerns. While Hanson outlines two innovative models for the conditions of action, he also identifies the relevant phenomenon of overdetermination and states that an action has moral worth when the motive of duty is sufficient by itself to generate the action. Furthermore, Herman complements these models by introducing a third one and arguing that an action maintains its moral value if it necessitates both duty and if its primary motive is the motive of duty, regardless of whether it reflects the agent's desires or not. In this paper, we assess the strength and effectiveness of these models by examining Kant's examples. Consequently, despite shedding light on Kant's intentions, these accounts do not significantly contribute to resolving the existing ambiguities. Critics can express concerns regarding the simplification of the overdetermination, the fallacy of circular and tautology. A thorough examination of Kant's philosophy reveals that fulfilling one's duty and disregarding other motivations are essential for the development of an individual's moral character. © The Author(s).
Publication Date: 2019
Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies (17489423)12(1-2)pp. 29-67
The present article investigates the scope of applicability of the ‘Reports of Subjection’ (ahādīth ard) in determining the origin (sudūr), signification (dilālah), and true intention (jahat) of reports in the corpus of tradition. We cite verses of the Qur’an in examining the possibility of relying on the Qur’an in determining the authenticity of the reports in the corpus of tradition. The conclusion we arrive at is that the Qur’an cannot help in determining with certainty if a given report is authentic, in the sense of having indisputably originated in an infallible Imam of the Shia faith; but it can help us conclude with confidence whether a dubious report is inauthentic. Another way in which the contents of the verses of the Qur’an can be brought to bear on the study of the reports in the corpus of tradition is in ascertaining the true intent underlying the content of a given report and the genuine meaning intended by the authority the report is purportedly quoting. Drawing on the example of the Imams in how they would invoke the Qur’an in assessing a report in the corpus of tradition, we are led to a set of parameters that we describe as ‘the Qur’anic elements bearing on the verificatory process of subjecting the reports in the corpus of tradition to the Qur’an’, which can effectively guide the researcher in how to proceed in ascertaining the authenticity of a given report with recourse to the Qur’an. The ‘Qur’anic elements’ we have enumerated are (1) the authority of the standard manuscript of the Qur’an, (2) the authority of the standard pronunciational format of the Qur’an, (3) the occasion and environment of revelation of the Qur’anic verses, (4) the time and sequence of revelation of the Qur’anic verses, (5) the context (sīyāq) of a given Qur’anic verse, (6) the apparent signification (sibāq) of a given Qur’anic verse, and (7) the multiple significations inferable from a given Qur’anic verse. The latter three are the most practically useful elements in the exercise of ‘subjecting’ the reports of the corpus of tradition to the Qur’an. © 2019 The Islamic College. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2017
Nursing Inquiry (13207881)24(4)
All schools of thought believe that infancy is crucial to the formation and development of the human character. Nevertheless, a search of literature revealed the lack of a clear definition of the concept of ‘infancy care based on an Islamic perspective’ in nursing texts. As the lack of a clear definition of a concept conveys the inapplicability of that concept to its relevant field and community, this study was conducted to explore and determine the characteristic features of the concept of infancy care based on the perspective of Islam. Walker and Avant's (Strategies for theory construction in nursing. Prentice Hall, Boston, 2011) literary concept synthesis as the manner of concept development approach was conducted. Islamic documents were surveyed without any time limitation. Findings involved the extraction of six main concepts, including God as the Merciful Nurturer, mother as the symbol of the Creativity and Divinity of God, infant as a person with dignity and potential for excellence, parents as the nurture way paver, basic principles of nurturing, and holistic lifelong health promotion. The theoretical definition of each concept was presented. From the perspective of Islam, infant care is the nurturing of a human who has been conceived with dignity, certain rights, identity, and the capacity for development and excellence. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Publication Date: 2024
Physica Scripta (00318949)99(8)
In this paper, we investigate the Kane-Mele model and endeavor to demonstrate, through analytical calculations, how the presence of topological edge states influences the RKKY interaction. We illustrate that the effect diminishes as one moves away from the edges. To facilitate our analytical approach, we initially utilize a one-dimensional wire exhibiting linear dispersion for each spin as an approximation to the Kane-Mele model. We examine its impact on the RKKY interaction. Subsequently, we establish a correspondence between the edge states of the Kane-Mele model and a one-dimensional quantum wire model, wherein the coupling strength diminishes with increasing distance from the edges. Finally, we compare the analytical results with numerical findings obtained using the Landauer-Buttiker formulation. © 2024 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Publication Date: 2022
Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures (13869477)139
In this paper, the scattering from a spin impurity for the edge state of the Kane–Mele model has been calculated via the Lippmann–Schwinger approach. To solve this problem analytically, we first approximately calculate the edge states of the Kane–Mele model and use it to obtain Green's function. We then calculate the scattering matrix of an electron from a spin impurity with Heisenberg interaction. Finally, we generalize this method to a double impurity model and use it to calculate the entanglement between two spins of two impurities. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.
Publication Date: 2021
Al-Jami'ah (2338557X)59(2)pp. 423-448
Countless scientific efforts have been made for tackling the environmental crises and a relative success is achieved in awakening of different nations as regards the seriousness of the ever-increasing crisis. The current essay is also an effort in the same spirit. The goal of this essay is providing an outline of the Theory of “Common Beliefs”. This essay proves that animals like humans have such common beliefs as monotheism, prophecy and resurrection. Moreover, due to the difficulty of the acceptance of this idea for the mainstream minds, the possibility of the existence of such a claim is demonstrated based on the philosophical principles of Mulla Sadra. The method used in this research is documented-analytical using library sources. The main source of this study is Holy Quran, the exegeses of Quran, Islamic traditions as well as the works of Sadra and his followers. Among the results of the present research are making this claim acceptable in view of the rational and philosophical principles, creation of a spiritual, peaceful and even humane sense in the domain of environment, establishment of an environmental law based on a generous interaction between the man and the animal and arrangement of the interreligious dialogues among the religiously grounded cultures. [tak terhitung usaha ilmiah dalam menghadapi krisis lingkungan dan cukup banyak keberhasilan yang dicapai dalam kebangkitan beberapa negara serius merespon pertambahan krisis. Dengan semangat yang sama, artikel ini ingin menyajikan outline teori Common Belief yang membuktikan bahwa binatang seperti halnya manusia menerima prinsip monoteisme, takdir dan kebangkitan kembali. Mengingat kesulitan penerimaan ide ini bagi orang awam, kemungkinan eksistensi klaimnya dapat ditunjukkan berdasarkan prinsip filosofisnya Mulla Sadra. Artikel ini menggunakan metode analisis dokumen dengan sumber utamanya adalah Qur'an, tafsir Qur'an, karya Mulla Sadra dan murid-muridnya. Beberapa kesimpulan menunjukkan bahwa klaim bisa diterima secara rasional dan filosofis, penciptaan spiritualitas, kedamaian, masuk akal dalam konteks lingkungan, dan kemapanan hukum lingkungan berdasarkan hubungan baik antara manusia dan mahluk hidup (binatang) serta mengatur dialog lintas keyakinan dengan latar budaya masing-masing]. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
Publication Date: 2024
Physical Review B (24699950)109(2)
The quantization of conductance in the presence of nonmagnetic point defects is a consequence of topological protection and the spin-momentum locking of helical edge states in two-dimensional topological insulators. This protection ensures the absence of backscattering of helical edge modes in the quantum Hall phase of the system. However, in this paper, we focus on exploring an approach to spoil such conductance quantization. We propose that a linear arrangement of (nonmagnetic) on-site impurities can effectively cause deviations from the conductance quantization of the edge states in the Kane-Mele model. To investigate this phenomenon, we consider an armchair ribbon containing a line defect spanning its width. Utilizing the tight-binding model and nonequilibrium Green's function method, we calculate the transmission coefficient of the system. Our results reveal a suppression of conductance at energies near the lower edge of the bulk gap for positive on-site potentials. To further comprehend this behavior, we perform analytical calculations and discuss the formation of an impurity channel. This channel arises due to the overlap of in-gap bound states, linking the bottom edge of the ribbon to its top edge, consequently facilitating backscattering. Our explanation is supported by the analysis of the local density of states at sites near the position of impurities. © 2024 American Physical Society.
Publication Date: 2011
Annals of Physics (00034916)326(3)pp. 657-667
By using the path-integral formalism, electromagnetic field in the presence of some linear, isotropic magnetodielectric slabs is quantized and related correlation functions are found. In the framework of path-integral techniques, Casimir force between two infinitely large, parallel and ideal conductors, with a different number of magnetodielectric slabs in between, is obtained by calculating the Green's function corresponding to each geometry. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Publication Date: 2010
Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics (10502947)81(5)
We investigate the Casimir effect in the presence of a medium by quantizing the electromagnetic field in the presence of a magnetodielectric medium using the path-integral technique. For a given medium with definite electric and magnetic susceptibilities, explicit expressions for the Casimir force are obtained. The Lifshitz formula is recovered and in the absence of a medium the results tend to the original Casimir force between two conducting parallel plates immersed in the quantum electromagnetic vacuum. © 2010 The American Physical Society.
Publication Date: 2017
European Physical Journal D (14346060)71(1)
Abstract: Motivated by the problem of Casimir energy, we investigate the idea of usinginhomogeneity of surfaces instead of their corrugation, which leads to Casimir interactionbetween two inhomogeneous semi-transparent concentric cylinders. Using the multiplescattering method, we study the Casimir energy and torque between the cylinders withdifferent potentials subjected to Dirichlet boundary conditions, both in weak and strongcoupling regimes. We also extend our formalism to the case of two inhomogeneousdielectrics in a weak coupling regime. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2017, EDP Sciences, SIF, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Publication Date: 2025
Practical Theology (1756073X)18(3)pp. 232-242
Cancer not only affects a child's physical well-being but also extends its influence to spiritual dimensions, presenting unique spiritual challenges. This study investigates the spiritual experiences of 20 hospitalized children with cancer at Seyed al-Shohada Hospital in Isfahan, Iran. Employing a phenomenological approach, the research uncovers four distinct theistic understandings among the children: magical God, trading God, veiling God, and meaning-bestowing God. These varied perceptions significantly shape the spiritual landscape of the children, potentially leading to conflicts or traumas, yet also serving as avenues for spiritual growth and well-being. Understanding these nuances is crucial for providing holistic care to pediatric cancer patients, acknowledging the intricate interplay between their physical and spiritual health, and fostering avenues for post-traumatic growth. © Contact Pastoral Trust 2025.
Soltani renani, M.,
Soltani M.,
Ezatabadipour h., H.,
Jalali j., J.,
Darabi, P.,
Azizi e., E.,
Rashedi g., Publication Date: 2013
European Physical Journal D (14346060)67(12)
In this paper,we introduce a system containing of two qubits interacting with a cavity which interacted with a reservoir. Using the Fano technique we will show this system is equivalent with two qubits which are interacting with a common heat bath. We also add a laser field and the behavior of this system is investigated when the qubits are dissipative. In this way we show that the presence of laser field can generate a high entanglement in this system, in other word the pump of energy using the laser field can compensate for the lose of dissipation of qubits. We also show that our system is almost insensible to temperature. © 2013 EDP Sciences, SIF, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Publication Date: 2020
Utopia y Praxis Latinoamericana (discontinued) (13165216)25(Extra10)pp. 319-335
Religious traditions that wait for the end of the world, believe that it is imminent. According to them, the world has been lost in the current system, the death will come, and the creation will stand. Consequently, in the opinion of Jesus' followers, he was a man chosen by God, the promised Messiah of David's generation, who was harassed and crucified because of Adam's sin. On the third day, he ascended to heaven, changed the image of death by his ascension and determined the way of reward and punishment by his returned. © 2020, Universidad del Zulia. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2022
European Physical Journal Plus (21905444)137(6)
Zigzag Phosphorene nanoribbon supports topological edge states in the gap region near the Ferm level. We consider a bilayer system consisting of two coupled Phosphorene layers with zigzag edges and investigate the thermoelectric properties of the system by engineering its corresponding edge modes. To this end, we first map the edge states of zigzag bilayer phosphorene nanoribbon (ZBPNR) into an effective Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) ladder model with momentum dependent hopping probabilities which allow us to obtain their corresponding band dispersion and wave functions analytically. Then, by applying the energy filtering method and employing non-equilibrium Green’s function approach, we show that the electric power and thermoelectric efficiency of the ZBPNRs can be improved remarkably in the presence of mid-gap edge states. We also argue how to engineer the edge modes to further optimize thermoelectric power and efficiency of the system by applying periodic point potentials at the boundaries © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Publication Date: 2021
European Journal of Science and Theology (18410464)17(5)pp. 107-119
According to the atheistic reading of Darwinism, Evolution reveals a world without design and challenges the belief in the Divine Origin and supernatural causes. But it is only by relying on „Ontological Naturalism‟ as a philosophical worldview that one can offer such an atheistic version of Evolution. In this paper, I show by a critical approach that the naturalists‟ reading of Evolution has severe faults and shortcomings due to ontological, epistemological and methodological problems. Therefore, by relying on the atheistic reading of Darwinism, one cannot reject the Intelligent Design of the world and prove the needlessness of creatures from supernatural causes. Research findings show that ontologically, evolutionary naturalists, based on material reductionism, ignore a large part of world phenomena-supernatural identities. Epistemologically, the fact that they consider the theory of evolution to be in conflict with belief in God and supernatural causes is indicative of a „personal ideological decision‟ rather than a „neutral scientific position‟. But methodologically, the natural sciences and „scientific method‟ cannot negatively or positively judge the existence or non-existence of God; because the issue of proving or denying the supernatural goes beyond the expertise of the experiential scientists and their scientific means and methods. Based on these basic deficiencies, ultimately, the naturalists‟ reading of evolution cannot prove that the world is without intelligent design. © 2021, Ecozone, OAIMDD. All rights reserved.
