Articles
Publication Date: 2025/03/21
برنامه ریزی توسعه شهری و منطقه ای (24765864)(32)pp. 139-179
Urban riots are violent, sudden, and economically willing-based protests that are usually based on occupying urban spaces as the main context of demonstrations. The urban spatial spaces including the consumption spaces, the power spaces, and the network spaces are both instruments and goals of urban riots. Current research tried to analyze the spatial aspects of the greatest urban rebellions that have occurred in post-Islamic revolutionary Iran and it was done in 2024. The research data is the secondary historical documents and the research method is the Boolean technique. The results of the Boolean matrix indicate that when the cause of grievance is struggling for urban settlements and the logic of protest activism is vandalism solely, the domain of urban uprising will be local. if dissatisfaction ignoring their cause, is exaggerated through the network interaction spaces and the Carnivalian activism is widespread in addition to vandalistic actions, the domain of urban riot will be expanded at the national level.
Publication Date: 2025
Space and Culture (12063312)
Urban space is a fluid and contested construct, embodying a duality as both the context and the objective of urban protests. On one hand, it serves as the physical setting for uprisings; on the other hand, it becomes the very subject of contestation. This article, completed in the summer of 2024, examined the transformation of urban space in postrevolutionary Iran by analyzing four key protest episodes: 1992, 1995, 2017, and 2019—all of which occurred following the implementation of semineoliberal policies. The findings reveal that across both periods, protesters sought to reclaim their right to the city through the physical occupation of urban space. However, a significant shift occurred in the 2017 and 2019 protests, marked by the emergence of networked spaces as a parallel and contested layer within the urban fabric. In the 1990s, Iranian urban space was primarily defined by consumption–ownership zones and power–resistance dynamics. With the expansion of communication technologies, a new spatial dimension emerged: virtual interaction spaces. The formation of hybrid protest spaces—blending physical and digital realms—accelerated the diffusion of dissent and facilitated mobilization. This hybridization has become a key factor in the expansion and intensification of urban protests in Iran over recent decades. © The Author(s) 2025
