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Publication Date: 2020/08/22
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595) 38(582)pp. 477-488
Background: Non-communicable chronic diseases (NCD) are of the biggest health problems in Iran. The main purpose of this article was to review the latest scientific findings on physiological and functional effects, and mechanisms related to physical activity and exercise by preventing non-communicable chronic diseases, and finally, developing strategies of physical activity.Methods: In this narrative review study, published articles about the subject were gathered from valid websites and databases with key words of physical activity, exercise, non-communicable chronic diseases, and Iran.Findings: A low level of physical activity has been identified as the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. Regular physical activities would prevent cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, some cancers, high blood pressure, obesity, and depression. According to the latest national studies on risk factors of non-communicable disease in Iran, being sedentary has increased in adults from 35.0% to 39.1%. Physical activities and exercise are the main interventions to prevent these diseases.Conclusion: It seems that obesity, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and type 2 diabetes are greatly improved, when a part of the prevention and treatment program is physical activity and exercise. Strong epidemiological and clinical evidence suggest that physical activity reduces the risk of more than 35 different disorders, and it is the most accessible and inexpensive way to prevent death and disability caused by non-communicable diseases.
Masoudian, B. ,
Azamian-jazi, A. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Talebi, A. ,
Talebi, A. Publication Date: 2018/12/22
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595) 36(502)pp. 1308-1313
Background: Exercise training can be effective on cardiac physiological hypertrophy (that is favorable for cardiac function) by changing the concentration of growth factors and their receptors. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of eight weeks of resistance training on activin receptor type II-B (ActRIIβ), as well as plasma levels of growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8) in cardiac physiological hypertrophy in male Wistar rats.Methods: After the familiarization period, fourteen 3-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and training groups (n= 7). Resistance training included 8 weeks and 5 sessions per week climbing from a 1-meter ladder. GDF11 and GDF8 of plasma were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, and ActRIIB of left ventricular myocardium was measured using immunohistochemistry (IHC) method. Data were analyzed using independent t test and Mann-Whitney U at the significance level of P < 0.050.Findings: There was a significant difference between the training and control groups in heart weight (P = 0.004), heart weight/body weight (P =0.045), GDF11 (P = 0.001), and GDF8/GDF11 (P = 0.015). There was not any significant differences between the training and control groups in ActRIIβ (P = 0.768) and GDF8 (P = 0.295) levels.Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it seems that resistance training with favorable effects on growth factors is an important strategy in cardiac physiological hypertrophy.
Publication Date: 2025
Journal Of Aging Research (20902212) 2025(1)
Background: Diabetes mellitus is linked to progressive cognitive decline and motor impairments, especially among the aging population, highlighting the importance of early detection through reliable neuronal biomarkers. Proteins such as neurofilament light chain (NFL), neurogranin (Ng), and visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1) have emerged as indicators of neurodegeneration and associated behavioral changes. This study examined the effects of combined endurance and resistance exercise, along with ursolic acid (UA) supplementation, on hippocampal neuronal biomarkers and exploratory-locomotor behavior in aged diabetic rats. Methods: In this experiment, 21-month-old male Wistar rats were assigned to seven groups. Diabetes was induced using a single intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (30 mg/kg) in combination with a high-fat diet (55% fat, 31% carbohydrate, and 14% protein). Interventions included endurance training (60%–75% vVO2max), resistance training (60% MVCC), and daily oral UA administration (250 mg/kg) over eight weeks. Neuronal biomarkers (NFL, Ng, and VILIP-1) were measured in hippocampal tissue via western blot, and exploratory and locomotor behavior was assessed using the open-field test. Results: The results showed that UA supplementation combined with resistance training significantly reduced the levels of neuronal biomarkers NFL (p < 0.001), Ng (p < 0.01), and VILIP-1 (p < 0.001) in diabetic rats compared to untreated diabetic controls. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that diabetes leads to a marked elevation in NFL, Ng, and VILIP-1 protein levels, while a combined intervention of exercise and UA mitigated neurodegenerative changes and improved exploratory-locomotor outcomes. Copyright © 2025 Safoura Alizade et al. Journal of Aging Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Mardaniyan ghahfarrokhi, M. ,
Aghaei, F. ,
Fallahi, S. ,
Banitalebi, E. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Parastesh, M. ,
Motl, R. Publication Date: 2025
Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders (22110356) 103
Background: Cognitive and physical challenges are prevalent and co-occuring, yet incompletely managed in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Purpose: This study compared the effects of six months of home-based neuro-functional training (HBNFT) and home-based resistance training (HBRT) with control on cognitive and motor functions in MS patients with cognitive impairment (CI), Methods: The trial included 93 MS patients (81 females and 12 males) with CI who were randomly assigned into one of three conditions: HBNFT, HBRT, or control. The conditions involved one month of center-based training followed by thrice-weekly home-based training for six months. Cognitive functions (processing speed, learning and memory) were assessed before and after the protocol. Physical functions (static and dynamic balance, walking speed, reaction time, walking ability, lower limb function, upper and lower body strength) were assessed at baseline and months 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Two-way analysis of variance (time*group interaction) were used for between-group comparisons. Statistical analyzes were performed based on the intention-to-treat (ITT) with missing data handled by multiple imputation method. Result: Both intervention conditions significantly improved learning (P ≤ 0.014), walking speed (P ≤ 0.013), reaction time (P ≤ 0.001), lower limb function (P ≤ 0.010), walking ability (P ≤ 0.018), lower (P ≤ 0.001) and upper body strength (P ≤ 0.003), and fatigue (P ≤ 0.005) compared with the control. HBNFT significantly improved processing speed (P = 0.042), memory (P = 0.043), static balance (P = 0.023) compared with the control group. Conclusion: This study suggests that HBNFT is a safe and effective choice for improving cognitive and motor functions in MS patients with CI. This study further underscores the benefits of home-based interventions for managing cognitive and motor impairments in the MS population. © 2025
Kharatzadeh, M. ,
Vazgen, M. ,
Thapa, R.K. ,
Clemente, F.M. ,
Faramarzi, M. Publication Date: 2025
Trends in Sport Sciences (2391436X) 32(1)pp. 31-40
Introduction. Small-sided games (SSGs) and running-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) are training methods that has been used in combination or isolation to improve performance of soccer players. Aim of Study. This study aimed to compare the effects of an eight-week training intervention using SSGs combined with running-based HIIT versus running-based HIIT alone on the physical fitness of young male soccer players. Material and Methods. Thirty-six young male soccer players (aged 14.0 ± 1.1 years) participated in the study. Both intervention groups completed an eight-week training protocol with two sessions per week. The SSGs + HIIT group used different SSGs formats (e.g., 5 vs 5) in combination with running-based HIIT. In contrast, the HIIT group performed running-based HIIT alone. Pre-and post-intervention 10 m and 30 m linear sprint (i.e., acceleration and maximal speed), aerobic capacity, body fat percentage (%BF), and change of direction (COD) were measured, using validated tests. Results. The HIIT and SSGs + HIIT interventions showed no significant differences in improving 10 m linear sprint (HIIT: 6.3% vs SSGs + HIIT: 7.4%), 30 m linear sprint (HIIT: 3.4% vs SSGs + HIIT: 4.2%), and %BF (HIIT: 11.6% vs SSGs + HIIT: 7.3%; p > 0.05). However, SSGs + HIIT induced significantly greater improvements in maximal oxygen consumption (HIIT: 6.7% vs SSGs + HIIT: 9.1%; p = 0.003) and COD (HIIT: 4% vs SSGs + HIIT: 1.9%; p = 0.002) compared to the HIIT group. Conclusions. The findings suggest that the SSGs + HIIT intervention was more effective in improving aerobic performance and COD among young soccer players. However, both training interventions were similarly effective in improving the 10 m and 30 m linear sprint times. © 2025, University School of Physical Education. All rights reserved.
Farsani, Z.H. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Karaji, Z.G. ,
Akbarzadeh, H. ,
Zadeh, M.H. Publication Date: 2025
Scientific Reports (20452322) 15(1)
Hepatokines play an important role in age-related metabolic disorders for example diabetes. The study҆s aim is to find how resistance training and supplementation of UA affect the levels of Hepatokines in the liver tissue of male Wistar rats that were treated with STZ and were of advanced age. Twenty-five 21-month-old male rats were randomly assigned to five equal groups: healthy control (HC), diabetic with uric acid supplementation (DU), supplementation plus resistance exercise (DRU), resistance exercise only (DR) and diabetic control (DC).The resistance training protocol was performed for 8 weeks, with 60% of the maximum voluntary contraction capacity (MVCC), climbing the ladder 14–20 times, 5 days a week. Rats were given a combination of high-fat food and 500 mg/kg of UA. Consistent with the results of one-way ANOVA, the decrease in ANGPTL6 in the DU and DR groups compared to the DCgroup is significant (p ≤ 0.05), while the decrease in the DRU group compared to theDU group was not significant (p ≥ 0.05). Fetuin Adecreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in the DU group compared to the DC group, but did not change significantly (p ≥ 0.05) in the DR and DRU groups. According to the results of one-way ANOVA, the decrease in FETUB, Hepassocin, LECT2, and Selenoprotein is significant in all groups (p ≤ 0.05). Based on the beneficial effects of resistance training and UA supplementation on glucose metabolism and Hepatokines, it appears that the blend of exercise training and UA supplementation has a more effective therapeutic effect on hepatic Hepatokines in elderly individuals with diabetes. © The Author(s) 2025.
Kharatzadeh, M. ,
Morgans, R. ,
Thapa, R.K. ,
Oliveira, R. ,
Faramarzi, M. Publication Date: 2025
Biomedical Human Kinetics (20802234) 17(1)pp. 1-12
Study aim: This experimental study investigated the sequencing effects of a small-sided games (SSG) protocol and highintensity interval training (HIIT) on the physical and physiological performance adaptation of soccer players, conducted over a fourteen-week of the pre-season. Materials and methods: Twenty-three young (aged 14 ±0.1 years) male soccer players from a club participating in nationallevel competitions were randomly divided into two groups (SSG + HIIT, n = 11 and HIIT + SSG, n = 12). The first group completed SSGs (5 vs. 5 + goalkeeper, 36 × 30 m) followed by HIIT (long interval at 60 to 75% of final velocity during 30-15 intermittent fitness test) training, while the second group performed HIIT training and then SSGs. Assessments were conducted at baseline and post-intervention for 10 m linear sprint, body fat percentage, countermovement jump (CMJ), change of direction speed (CODS), squat jump (SJ), and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (Yo-Yo IR). Results: A significant main effect of time was reported for 10 m linear sprint, CMJ, CODS, SJ, and Yo-Yo IR (p ≤ 0.001-0.010, ηp2 = 0.32-0.74). However, no significant group × time interaction were reported for any dependent variables (p = 0.433-1.000, ηp2 ≤ 0.01-0.03). Conclusion: The sequencing order of HIIT and SSG does not affect the performance outcomes in young male soccer players. Moreover, similar improvements can be expected in the 10 m linear sprint, CMJ, CODS, SJ, and Yo-Yo IR, irrespective of the exercise order. However, caution should be taken when interpreting the within-group improvements, as the study did not include a control group. © 2024 Masoud Kharatzadeh et al., published by Sciendo.
Publication Date: 2024
Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism (23454008) 23(6)pp. 398-408
Background: Fetoin-A and-B are hepatokines that are related to type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a period of resistance and endurance training with Ursolic acid consumption on the levels of Fetoin-A and-B in the liver tissue of elderly diabetics. Methods: Fifty six 21-month-old male diabetic rats were randomly divided into seven equal groups of control (C), Ursolic acid supplement (UA), supplement+resistance exercise (UA+R), supplement+endurance exercise (UA+E), Resistance training (R), endurance training (E) and sham group (D). Resistance training protocol with intensity of 60% MVCC, 14-20 times of ladder climbing with one minute rest between each effort and endurance training including running on Treadmill at high intensity 60-75% and low intensity 30-40% of maximum speed for five days per week for eight weeks. Supplemented groups received 500 mg/kg UA in combination with a high-fat meal. Results: Fetoin-A level was significantly decreased in UA, E, UA+E groups (p≤0.05) and only in R and UA+R groups, there was no significant decrease. Also, The amount of Fetoin-B in diabetic rats in the UA, E, R, UA+E groups decreased significantly (p≤0.05) and only in the UA+R training group there were no significant changes. The amount of Fetoin-A and Fetoin-B was significantly different between E and R and UA+R and UA+E groups (p≤0.05), which the largest decrease was in the UA+E group. supplementationConclusion: Consideringhas a more therapeuticbeneficialeffecteffectson theofhepaticexercisehepatokinestraining asof welldiabetics.as UA supplementation on hepatokines, it seems that the simultaneous application of two interventions of exercise training and UA. © 2024 Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism and Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
Mirenayat, M.S. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Ghazvini, M.R. ,
Karimian, J. ,
Hadi, A. ,
Heidari, Z. ,
Rouhani, M.H. ,
Naeini, A.A. Publication Date: 2024
Human Nutrition and Metabolism (26661497) 36
There is some evidence that citrulline malate (CM) limits the deleterious effect of oxidative stress in athletes, but its effect on team sports like soccer is not clear. Thus, the current research is designed to investigate the effect of short-term CM supplementation on oxidative stress and muscle damage markers in trained soccer players. In this randomized double-blind controlled trial, 28 healthy, highly-trained male soccer players were selected and randomly assigned into 2 groups to take 6 g/day CM or placebo for 7 days. Blood samples were then taken in a resting-state at baseline and 24 h after the 7-day supplement intervention; and serum malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and uric acid levels were measured. Compared to the baseline, CM significantly decreased serum uric acid levels (P = 0.03) and significantly increased serum LDH concentrations (P = 0.002). However, there were no significant changes in serum levels of MDA, CAT, GSH, TAC, SOD, LDH CK, and uric acid compared to the placebo group (P > 0.05). It appears that short-term CM supplementation does not improve oxidative stress and muscle damage in soccer players. Further investigations should be conducted to fully understand the effects of CM on soccer players. © 2024 The Authors
Farsani, M.A. ,
Banitalebi, E. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Bakhtiari, N. ,
Rahimi m., M. ,
Duque, G. Publication Date: 2023
CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS (00092797) 370
Natural bioactive compound, Ursolic acid (UA), plus different types of exercise may exert the action on glycemic control, leading to clinical benefits in the prevention and treatment of aging/diabetes-associated complications. So, this study examined the effects of eight weeks combination of 250 mg of UA per day per kilogram of body weight of rat as well as resistance/endurance training on miR-133a expression across serum, bone marrow, skeletal muscle, and Connexin 43 (Cx43)-Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) signaling axis in high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced T2D (here, HFD/STZ-induced T2D). The study was conducted on 56 male Wistar rats (427 +/- 44 g, 21 months old), having HFD/STZ-induced T2D randomly assigned into 7 groups of 8 including (1) sedentary non-diabetic old rats (C); (2) sedentary type 2 diabetes animal model (D); (3) sedentary type 2 diabetes animal model + UA (DU); (4) endurance-trained type 2 diabetes animal model (DE); (5) resistance-trained type 2 diabetes animal model (DR); (6) endurance-trained type 2 diabetes animal model + UA (DEU); and (7) resistance-trained type 2 diabetes animal model + UA (DRU). Resistance training included a model of eight weeks of ladder resistance training at 60-80% maximal voluntary carrying capacity (MVCC) for five days/week. Treadmill endurance exercise protocol included eight weeks of repetitive bouts of low-/high-intensity training with 30%-40% and 60%-75% maximal running speed for five days/week, respectively. UA Supplementary groups were treated with 500 mg of UA per kg of high-fat diet per day. The results revealed significant supplement and exercise interaction effects for the BM miR-133a (p = 0.001), the bone marrow Runx2 (p = 0.002), but not the serum miR-133a (p = 0.517), the skeletal muscle miR-133a (p = 0.097) and the Cx43 (p = 0.632). In conclusion, only eight weeks of resistance-type exercise could affect miR-133a profile in muscles and osteoblast differentiation biomarker RUNX2 in aged T2D model of rats. 250 mg of UA per kilogram of body weight rat per day was administered orally, less than the sufficient dose for biological and physiological impacts on osteoblast differentiation biomarkers in aged T2D model of rats following eight weeks.
Alizade, Safoura ,
Faramarzi, Mohammad ,
Alizade, S. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Banitalebi, E. ,
Saghaei, E. Publication Date: 2023
Iranian Journal Of Basic Medical Sciences (20083874) 26(12)pp. 1449-1459
Objective(s): The increase in age-related cognitive impairment (CIs) and diabetes mellitus is a global health concern. Exercise training has been reported to activate the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE signaling and enhance the antioxidant defense pathways in some animal models. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ursolic acid (UA) associated with resistance or endurance training on antioxidant markers, and the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE pathway in the brain of older diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: 23-month-aged diabetes induced male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to seven groups (n=8). UA supplementation (250 mg/kg, daily) was administered along with resistance (60% maximum capacity of voluntary carrying [MVCC], 14-20 climbs) or endurance training (60-75% velocity at maximal oxygen uptake [vVO2max]), five days/week for eight weeks. Cognitive-motor functioning was assessed through open-field and passive avoidance response tests. Nrf2, Keap1, and antioxidant markers including SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH were measured in the hippocampus tissue. Results: The results showed positive effect of resistance training (P <= 0.001) on Nrf2. There was endurance training with supplementation main effect (P=0.018) on Keap1 concentration. SOD revealed a significant endurance/resistance training by supplementation interaction effect (P <= 0.05); however, there was no main training or UA supplementation effects on CAT, GPx, and GSH, despite improving spatial memory changes in exercise or UA groups. Conclusion: It appears that UA treatment with resistance or endurance exercise has some beneficial effects on Nrf2 and some antioxidant markers. However, more research is needed to elucidate UA's interaction effects and exercise interventions in diabetic situations.
Ghaffari, Mehdi ,
Sadeghiyan, Sajedeh ,
Ghaffari, M. ,
Sadeghiyan, S. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Moghaddam, M. ,
Baghurst, T. Publication Date: 2023
Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness (18271928) 63(1)pp. 178-187
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise on fasting blood glucose, Insulin, Insulin resistance, Glycosylated hemoglobin (Hemoglobin A1C), Lipid profile as important indicators of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: This research is a systematic review and meta-analysis that was conducted in 2021. For the present study, databas-es, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, science of Web, SID, Magiran and Google Scholar from 2010 to 2021, were searched along with keywords. After the initial screening, the full text of the articles was evaluated and the articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. A total of 120 articles were reviewed, of which 16 articles met the criteria for entering the systematic review and meta-analysis. Accordingly, 710 people with fatty liver disease were divided into two groups of control and experimental group of 307 and 403 people, respectively. The mean age of the subjects in the present study was 52 +/- 10 years. The intervention effects were evaluated using the mean difference (MD) and the random effects model. Data were analyzed using effect size tests, bias analysis and heterogeneity analysis and by STATA software. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Meta-analysis results indicated that endurance training in general significantly reduced glucose levels (P=0.004, SDM=-0.26, SE=0.09), insulin (P=0.01, SDM=-0.29, SE=0.11), HOMA-IR (P=0.01, SDM=-0.28, SE=0.11), Hba1c (P=0.001, SDM=-0.33, SE=0.12), triglycerides (P=0.02, SDM=-0.31, SE=0.13) and LDL (P=0.03, SDM=-0.21, SE=0.1). CONCLUSIONS: The results of meta-analysis did not show a significant effect on HDL levels after aerobic exercise in patients with fatty liver (P=0.97, SDM=0, SE=0.09). Endurance training improves the levels of glucose, insulin, Hba1c, Homa-IR, triglyceride, and LDL; although, there was no significant change in HDL levels due to endurance training. However, there is still a need for further research in this area.
Mardaniyan ghahfarrokhi, M. ,
Banitalebi, E. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Motl, R. Publication Date: 2022
Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders (22110356) 58
Background: Ambulatory disability and cognitive impairment are common and co-occuring manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS). Neurofunctional training is a specific intervention performed in realistic environments that may have beneficial effects on ambulatory disability in persons with MS who have cognitive impairment. This pilot sudy investigated the feasibility and efficacy of an eight-week home-based neurofunctional training (HBNFT) program vs. home-based resistance training (HBRT) on ambulatory performance in MS patients with cognitive impairment. Methods: Thirty males/females with MS (age 18–50 years, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score ≤ 6, and processing speed score ≤ 41.5 as a marker of cognitive impairment) were randomly assigned into HBNFT and HBRT groups. After one week (three sessions) of center-based, supervised training for learning the programs and maximizing safety, the participants completed eight weeks (three sessions per week) of the home-based training programs. The programs were supported through videos, brochures and Digital Video Discs (DVDs) provided during clinic visits (weeks 1 and 5). Ambulatory performance (tandem stance test; tandem walk test; timed up-and-go (TUG); six-minute walk test (6MWT), 10- meter walking test (10MWT); timed 25 foot walk test (T25FWT); five times sit to stand test (5TSTS); six spot step test (SSST); and hand grip) was measured before and after the exercise programs. Feasibility and acceptability of exercise programs was assessed after the eight-week period. Results: HBNFT significantly improved tandem walk test (P = 0.018), SSST (P = 0.026), and 6MWT (P = 0.037) compared with HBRT. No significant changes or differences were observed in other outcomes (P ≥ 0.05). HBNFT was well tolerated and resulted in no adverse events, whereas there were reports of pain, muscle cramps, and extreme fatigue among HBRT participant. Conclusion: The current pilot study provided initial support for HBNFT as a safe and feasible approach for improving some aspects of ambulation in persons with MS who have cognitive impairment. Such a pilot study provides initial proof-of-concept data for the design and implementation of an appropriately-powered randomized controlled trial (RCT) of neuro-functional training vs. traditional resistance exercise in a larger sample of persons with MS who present with co-occurring impairments in mobility and cognition. © 2021
Publication Date: 2022
Journal of Food Biochemistry (17454514) 46(8)
In this study, the effect of resistance and endurance training with/without ursolic acid supplementation was evaluated to identify atrophy-related biomarkers in elderly rats induced by diabetes and a high-fat diet (HFD) based on in silico analysis algorithms and pharmaceutical methods. The visualizer software found differential gene expression levels in skeletal muscle atrophy via computed hub gene network parameters. Also, the impact of ursolic acid, as a potent inducer of the Trp53 protein in ameliorating decreased muscle mass, was analyzed in diabetic rats. Fifty-six-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into seven groups, including healthy control (Control), diabetic control (DM), Ursolic acid supplementation (UA), resistance training (RT), endurance training (ET), resistance training+ Ursolic acid supplementation (RT + U), and endurance training in combination with Ursolic acid supplementation (ET + U). Exercise intervention included 8 weeks of resistance or endurance training programs. Biomedical informatic outputs determined the P53 signaling pathway as a remarkable causative factor in the pathomechanism of atrophy. In addition, the results demonstrated that exercise and supplementation of UA impeded the interactions among p53/ATF4/p21. Moreover, ET and ursolic acid had a synergetic effect on the signaling pathway of p53/ATF4/p21 and probably could inhibit the aging process and modulate the p53/ATF4/p21 molecular pathway. The interaction between UA and endurance exercise significantly modified the activity of the p53/ATF4/p21 signaling pathway. Based on in silico studies, the p53/ATF4/p21 pathway plays an essential role in aging, and the inhibition of this pathway would be beneficial in decelerating the aging process. Practical applications: Ursolic acid (UA) is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid found in apples (a major compound of apple wax) and other fruits; it is known to improve skeletal muscle function and reduce the muscular atrophy pathways. We indicated that p53/ATF4/p21 signaling is an essential factor in aging, and the suppression of this pathway could be beneficial in the deceleration of the aging process. Therefore, this work would shed light on understanding the effect of exercise and nutrition interventions on preventing atrophy markers of skeletal muscle in diabetic rats. Further studies are needed to seek the precise mechanism of the synergism between UA and exercise in ameliorating atrophy markers. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Rashidi, Z. ,
Beigi, R. ,
Mardaniyan ghahfarrokhi, M. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Banitalebi, E. ,
Jafari, T. ,
Earnest, C.P. ,
Baker, J.S. Publication Date: 2021
Obesity Medicine (24518476) 24
Background: Green coffee supplementation has demonstrated beneficial anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity effects. Accordingly, we examined the effects of a green coffee (GC) extract concurrent to elastic band resistance training (EBRT) on insulin resistance, adiposity indices [Visceral (VAI), Body (BAI)] TyG-related indicators (TyG-BMI and TyG-WC) in obese women. Methods: Obese participants (N = 60, 30-50 y, BMI >30 kg/m2) were randomized equally into a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Zhang et al., 2014) Placebo (PLA), (Rahmani et al., 2015) PLA+ Resistance training, (Yaghoobi et al., 2015) PLA+R, (Blüher, 2019) GC, GC+Resistance training (GC+R). Treatment capsules contained 500 mg of GC and 50% chlorogenic acid (250 mg) for 8-wks. Resistance training consisted of 3 sessions per/wk/60-min. Paired-sample t-test and two-factor ANOVA were used for within and between-group comparisons. Results: We observed a significant pre/post reduction for HOMA-IR (Primary Outcome; mean (SD) for the PLA+R (3.67 ± 0.70 vs. 3.22 ± 0.74 mg/dL) and GC+R (3.88 ± 0.54 vs. 3.21 ± 0.61, both p < 0.001), but not GC 3.79 ± 0.77 vs. 3.54 ± 0.71, P = 0.058) and PLA 3.41 ± 0.76 vs. 3.69 ± 0.95, P = 0.21). Both GC+R (P = 0.005) and PLA+R were significant vs. PLA (P = 0.011). Secondary outcomes included a significant reduction in glucose for PLA+R (94.61 ± 8.12 vs. 89.08 ± 9.70 mg/dL) and GC+R (94.36 ± 10.67 vs. 84.5 ± 11.02 mg/dL, both P < 0.001), but not GC (94.07 ± 7.39 vs. 91.79 ± 8.50 mg/dL, P = 0.07) and PLA (91.46 ± 10.28 vs. 99.92 ± 20.12 mg/dL, P = 0.053). Both GC+R (P = 0.002) and PLA+R were significantly different (P = 0.019) vs. PLA. Finally, Apo A-I significantly improved for GC+R compared vs. PLA, P = 0.033) and BAI significantly improved for. PLA+R (P = 0.021), GC+R (P = 0.006) and GC vs. PLA. Conclusion: Despite no synergistic exercise and green coffee treatment effects, exercise improved most TyG parameters and lipid profiles in obese women. © 2021
Publication Date: 2021
Experimental Gerontology (18736815) 149
The crosstalk between skeletal muscles and other tissues such as bones is typically established via the secretion of myokines and myomiRs induced by exercise training (ET). The present study aimed at evaluating the relationship between changes made by different ET modes and intensities in myomiRs, osteomiRs, and other myogenic and osteogenic biomarkers in old male Wistar rats. To this end, a total number of 50 old (23 months of age) male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups, namely, moderate-intensity endurance training (MIET), high-intensity endurance training (HIET), moderate-intensity resistance training (MIRT), high-intensity resistance training (HIRT), and control (CON), each one comprised of 10 subjects. The study findings revealed positive correlations between myomiRs (i.e., miR-1) and myomiR-204a (r = 0.725; p = 0.042), myomiR-1, and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) osteogenic marker (r = 0.869; p = 0.025) in the HIET group, myomiR-206 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) (r = 0.908; p = 0.012) in the MIRT group, myomiR-133a and osteomiR-133a (r = 0.971; p = 0.005) in the MIET group, myomiR-133a and osteomiR-204a in the MIRT group (r = 0.971; p = 0.004), and myomiR-133a and RUNX2 gene expression in the HIET group (r = 0.861; p = 0.027). It was concluded that myomiRs involved in myoblast-osteoblast differentiation might not alone regulate the myogenic and osteogenic targets in response to different modes and intensities of ET treatments. © 2021
Banitalebi, E. ,
Mardaniyan ghahfarrokhi, M. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Earnest, C.P. Publication Date: 2021
Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness (18271928) 61(5)pp. 712-724
BACKGROUND: Aerobic and resistance training have known efficacy for treating type2 diabetes (T2D). Less is known about interval training in this population. We examined the effects of sprint interval (SIT) and combined aerobic + resistance (COMB) training on HbA1C and (Primary Outcome) in participants with T2D. Secondary outcomes included HOMA-IR and standard clinical chemistries. Exploratory/Tertiary included immerging cardiovascular disease risk indices. METHODS: Participants (N.=52; 45-60y, BMI>30kg/m2, HbA1c, ≥6.5%) were randomly assigned to either SIT (N.=17), COMB (N.=17) or usual care control (Control, N.=18) for 10-weeks. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and effect sizes estimated using Cohen’s D (CD). RESULTS: We observed significant reductions in HbA1c for SIT (-1.82%, 95% CI, -2.50, -1.14) and COMB (-1.24%, 95% CI, -2.19, -0.29), but not Control (0.02%, 95% CI, -0.67, 0.71). Secondary outcome analysis demonstrated significant reductions in HOMA-IR for SIT (-4.89, 95% CI, -6.94, -2.83) and COMB training (-2.90, 95% CI, -5.00, -0.79), but not Control (-0.44, 95% CI, -3.44, 2.46). Effect size estimates and accompanying confidence interval bound were deemed “large” for HBA1c and moderate-to-large for HOMA-IR. Non-significant changes for the Control group were deemed “trivial.” Both analyses were significant vs. control. Similar patterns were observed for most standard laboratory measures and tertiary outcomes. concluSionS: our results demonstrated that SiT and coMBo training are effective exercise training regimens in overweight women with T2d independently of changes in body mass. © 2021 edizioni minerva medica.
Faramarzi, M. ,
Banitalebi, E. ,
Raisi, Z. ,
Samieyan, M. ,
Saberi, Z. ,
Mardaniyan ghahfarrokhi, M. ,
Negaresh, R. ,
Motl, R. Publication Date: 2020
Cytokine (10960023) 134
Objectives: There is some evidence for beneficial effects of exercise on cytokines in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), but it is unclear if such effects differ by disability status (i.e., stage of the disease). This study investigated the effect of combined exercise training on pentraxins and pro- inflammatory cytokines in people with multiple sclerosis as a function of disability status. Methods: This randomized control trial included 94 women with MS who were randomly assigned into exercise or control conditions with randomization stratified by Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores of low (EDSS < 4.5), moderate (4.5 ≤ EDSS ≤ 6), or high (EDSS ≥ 6.5) disability. The exercise program lasted 12 weeks and comprised resistance, endurance, Pilates, balance and stretch exercises performed? days/week; the control condition involved a waitlist control. We measured resting levels of inflammatory factors, functional capacity, and lipid profile before and after the 12-week intervention period. Results: Combined exercise training significantly decreased hs-CRP (p = 0.029) and IL-6 (p = 0.001) and increased PTX-3 (p = 0.001) and IFN-ƴ (p = 0.001), but there was no significant change in Fibrin D-dimer (FDD) (p = 0.876) compared with control, and those effects were independent of disability status. 1RM for lat pull-down, knee extension, and seated row and 6MWT (i.e., walking further) significantly increased and TUG performance significantly decreased (i.e., faster performance) (all, p < 0.001) after combined exercise compared with control, and this too was independent of disability status. Conclusions: Exercise may stimulate anti-inflammatory effects in MS, and this is generally not influenced by disability status. Exercise training may be an adjuvant for disease-modifying therapy among people with MS, and such effects might not be moderated by disability status. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
Publication Date: 2020
Journal of Military Medicine (17357667) 22pp. 52-62
The 2017 Nobel Prize for medicine was awarded the biological clock Scientist, which shows the importance of this phenomenon in the life of living organisms. The circadian Rhythm (CR) through the created internal “clock” is responsible for regulating the daily performance of different organs of the body. The central body clock is the key factor to creating and maintaining this CR. External optical cues and non-optical environmental indications (Zeitgeber), including optical stimuli, eating time, environmental temperature and exercise, are able to influence and regulate the CR. During military activities, there is always an innate conflict between the body's internal clock and military working programs. There are also many reports about sleep disorders and malnutrition in military forces. The long-term desynchronization of physiological processes with CR may lead to impaired physical, physiological, metabolic, mental and cognitive functions of military personnel. In addition to the impact of CR on physiological systems, the priority of the special time of day or night for activities is also another important factor to be considered. The preferential difference of activity time (known as ‘chronotypes’) is referred to in different physiological rhythm, including physical performance and response to sports activity. Better performance and muscular fatigue during exercise during the evening can be justified through higher central temperatures, catecholamine concentrations, lactate levels, and biological markers of muscle damage. However, considering the interaction between the time of day (TOD) and the impact of physical activity on the response of biochemical parameters, the CR of these parameters in the military force is not fully defined during physical activity. Designing suitable sport interventional strategies to improve short/long-term military health is a key issue in promoting metabolic health. Putatively, correct timing of exercise bouts might ameliorate some deleterious results of acute and chronic shift work. © 2020 Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Banitalebi, E. ,
Mardaniyan ghahfarrokhi, M. ,
Negaresh, R. ,
Kazemi, A. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Motl, R. ,
Zimmer, P. Publication Date: 2020
Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders (22110356) 43
Background: To date, studies examining the effect of exercise on neurotrophic factors in MS are contradictory, and this may be explained, in part, by moderators such as disability status. To investigating the effect of a 12-week (3sessions/week) supervised multimodal exercise program on neurotrophic factors levels. Methods: Ninety four women with MS were randomly assigned into exercise or control conditions with randomization stratified by Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores of low (EDSS< 4.5), moderate (4.5 ≤EDSS≤ 6), or high (EDSS≥ 6.5) disability. The exercise program comprised resistance, endurance, Pilates, balance and stretch exercises. Resting level of neurotrophic factors, aerobic capacity, one-repetition maximum, and physiological cost index (PCI) were evaluated before and after the intervention period. Results: Exercise training improved brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin (NT)-3, and NT-4/5 levels. The effect of exercise on NT-3 was dependent on disability status such that exercise groups with low and high disability had more pronounced changes compared with other condition. There were no exercise effects on ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Aerobic capacity and one-repetition maximum, but not PCI, were improved with exercise independent of disability status. Conclusions: Exercise can stimulate neurotrophic production and secretion, and this is generally not influenced by disability status. Exercise training may be an adjuvant for disease-modifying therapy among people with MS, and its effect may not be moderated by disability status. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
Banitalebi, E. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Ghahfarokhi, M.M. ,
Savarinikoo, F. ,
Soltani, N. ,
Bahramzadeh, A. Publication Date: 2020
Experimental Gerontology (18736815) 135
The main purpose of present study was to investigate the effects of elastic band resistance training (EBRT) on muscle quality (MQ), serum osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO) biomarkers, bone density and functional profile in women living with OSO syndrome. The eligible participants, aged 65 to 80 years, were selected by a physician. Accordingly, a total number of 63 women with OSO syndrome were recruited and assessed using a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) instrument, body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2, −2.5 ≤ T-score ≤ −1.0 of L1-L4, and/or total femur or femoral neck, and gait speed (10-meter walk test (10MWT)) ≤ 1 (m/s2). The 12-week supervised EBRT was designed to train all major muscle groups for 3 times per week. In the first two sessions, the participants became familiar with targeted number of repetitions (TNRs) and OMNI-resistance exercise scale (OMNI-RES) to control exercise intensity. Following an adaptation phase of 4 weeks (1 set of 12 rep) using low resistance (yellow Thera-Band), exercise intensity progressively increased by adapting the resistance of the elastic band (based on the Thera-Band® force-elongation table) from yellow to red and further to black. The participants in the control group also received telephone contacts or face-to-face interviews on a weekly basis to maintain their typical diet and activity habits. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was employed to determine the main changes (2 times×2 groups) after 12 weeks of training. Partial eta-squared (ηp2) was additionally used to determine ES in ANOVA tests. At all the stages of data analysis in this RCT, intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis was performed. The results of two-way ANOVA showed significant elevations in E2 (F = 7.881, p = 0.006, ES = 0.079), MQ (F = 4.225, p = 0.043, ES = 0.044), OSO Z-score (F = 7.091, p = 0.030, ES = 0.069), 30-s chair stand test (F = 4.599, p = 0.036, ES = 0.063) and hand grip strength (F = 6.411, p = 0.013, ES = 0.065) in the experimental group compared with those in the controls. Besides, there were no significant differences in CAF (F = 0.456, p = 0.501, ES = 0.005), CTX-I (F = 3.427, p = 0.067, ES = 0.036), adiponectin (F = 2.733, p = 0.102, ES = 0.029), sTnT (F = 3.245, p = 0.075, ES = 0.034), sclerostin (F = 2.927, p = 0.091, ES = 0.034), gait speed (10MWT) (F = 1.524, p = 0.220, ES = 0.016), 6MWT (F = 1.169, p = 0.284, ES = 0.017) and TUG (F = 1.502, p = 0.225, ES = 0.022), BMI (F = 0.354, p = 0.553, ES = 0.004), BFP (F = 2.888, p = 0.093, ES = 0.030), body mass content (BMC) (F = 0.030, p = 0.862, ES = 0.001) and BMD (F = 0.335, p = 0.564, ES = 0.004) between study groups. Taken together, the results of this study illustrated significant differences only in some OSO markers between groups after 48 h of chronic EBRT in women affected with OSO syndrome. Further research is thus recommended to design machine-based and elastic band-based training regimes at different intensities and volumes. © 2020
Publication Date: 2019
Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation (18681883) 38(2)
Skeletal muscle is very sensitive to extracellular and intracellular signaling evoked by contractions from endurance and resistance exercise. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of moderate- and high-intensity endurance and resistance training on the serum myostatin (MSTN) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) levels in older rats. Fifty old Wistar male rats (23 months old) were randomly divided into four experimental and one control groups, including moderate-endurance training (MET) (n = 10), high-intensity endurance training (EHT) (n = 10), moderate-intensity resistance training (MRT) (n = 10), high-intensity resistance training (HRT) (n = 10), and control group (C) (n = 10). Seventy-two hours after the last exercise session, euthanasia of the rats were rendered unconscious and direct blood samples were collected. Serum IGF-1 and MSTN concentration were measured using the enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) method. The statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. There was a significant reduction in MSTN and an increase in IGF-1 concentrations was observed between IGF-I levels in high and moderate resistance and endurance training. However, no significant difference was observed in MSTN levels between groups. Therefore, it appears that resistance training, especially HRT, is effective to increase growth mediators among older rats. © 2019 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.
Banitalebi, E. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Nasiri, S. ,
Mardaniyan ghahfarrokhi, M. ,
Rabiee, V. Publication Date: 2019
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (22872728) 25(3)pp. 294-304
Background/Aims: Fatty liver is a clinical and pathologic condition in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of different exercise modalities on non-alcoholic fatty liver indices (fatty liver index [FLI], lipid accumulation product [LAP], hepatic steatosis index [HSI], and Framingham Steatosis Index [FSI]) in women with T2D. Methods: Fifty-two women with T2D and a mean age of 55.07±5.92 yrs, body mass index (BMI) 28.94±4.09 kg/m2, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 9.41±0.82% were randomized to a sprint interval training (SIT) (n=17), combined aerobic and resistance (A+R) training (n=17), or control group (n=18) for 10 weeks. Two-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find differences between groups and the effects of time and Time×Group interactions after 10 weeks on non-alcoholic fatty liver indices. After this, ANOVA models were constructed to determine the effects of group allocation and change in non-alcoholic fatty liver indices. Results: There were significant time interactions for FLI (P<0.001), HSI (P<0.001), and LAP (P<0.001). Also, there were significant Time×Group interactions for fasting blood glucose (P=0.034), and HbA1c (P=0.006). Conclusions: Results highlight that exercise training, independent of mode of training, is an effective strategy to improve some indices related to hepatic steatosis and blood glucose profiles in women with T2D. © 2019 by Korean Association for the Study of the Liver.
Publication Date: 2019
Molecular Biology Reports (03014851) 46(2)pp. 2513-2521
Bone tissue is known as a living dynamic and complex organ in response to physical activity and mechanical loading such as exercise training; thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different intensities of strength and endurance training on expression of some osteometabolic miRNAs and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in bone marrow of old male Wistar rats. To this end, a total number of 50 male Wistar rats (aged 23 months, 438.27 g) were obtained from Pasteur Institute of Iran. The rats were randomized into five groups (10 rats/per group) including moderate endurance training (MET), high-intensity endurance training (HET), moderateintensity resistance training (MRT), high-intensity resistance training (HRT), and control (CON). The four training groups completed 8 weeks of a training program, 5 days a week, according to the study protocol. To evaluate miR-133a, miR-103a, miR-204, and other adipogenic and osteogenic genes such as RUNX2 and PPARγ via real-time PCR, total RNA including mRNA and miRNA was isolated from the bone marrow. The statistical analysis was then performed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). No significant differences in miR-133a (p = 0.197), miR-103a (p = 0.302), miR-204 (p = 0.539), RUNX2 (p = 0.960), and PPARγ (P = 0.872) were observed between the intervention groups and the control one. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in bone force (p = 0.641), fracture energy (p = 0.982), stress (p = 0.753), module (p = 0.147), and elongation (p = 0.292) variables between the intervention groups and the control group. Investigating molecular and cellular changes in the bone after such exercises in longer time could provide clearer results about the beneficial or harmful effects of these types of exercises in healthy and passive elderly people. © Springer Nature B.V. 2019.
Banitalebi, E. ,
Kazemi, A. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Nasiri, S. ,
Haghighi, M.M. Publication Date: 2019
Life Sciences (18790631) 217pp. 101-109
Our primary aim was to assess the effects of two different training modalities: sprint interval training (SIT) or combined aerobic and resistance training (A + R) on circulating myokines related to metabolic profile and adiposity in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Fifty-two overweight women with T2D [55 ± 6 yrs., BMI 28.9 ± 4.1 kg/m2, HbA1c 9.4 ± 0.82% (79 mmol/mol)] were randomized to SIT (n = 17), A + R training (n = 17) or control (n = 18) for 10 weeks. Myokines, metabolic outcomes, body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness were assessed at baseline and 48 hours after the last training session/control period. Relationships between myokines and other variables were investigated via linear regression models. Completion rate was 81%. There was no effect of either exercise modality on any myokine. Interlukin-15 decreased over time irrespective of group assignment (p = 0.02). Aerobic capacity (p = 0.01), fasting glucose (p = 0.03) and HbA1c (p = 0.006) improved significantly and similarly in both exercise groups compared to controls. Insulin (p = 0.02), weight (p = 0.020, body max index (BMI) (p = 0.01) decreased significantly over time irrespective of group. Changes in myokines were unrelated to changes in body composition or metabolic profile. Neither SIT or A + R training altered myokines measured 48 h after exercise in T2D, despite improving aerobic capacity and glucose homeostasis relative to controls. Future studies are needed to elucidate the time course and clinical relevance of putative myokine responses to exercise in this and other cohorts. © 2018
Publication Date: 2019
Journal Of Rehabilitation Sciences And Research (23456159) 6(3)pp. 137-142
Background: Drug consumption and addiction lead to serious cardiovascular diseases as well as inflammation. Cellular adhesion molecules are glycoproteins that mediate a leukocyte reaction to inflammation. This study aims to determine the effect of aerobic exercises on some cardiovascular factors in addicts treated with methadone. Methods: This is a semi-experimental research. To conduct this research, 30 male addicted patients treated with methadone with a mean age of 33.53±15.42 years, 70.06±15.42kg weight and 174.8±5.69cm were selected after medical screening and randomly divided into experimental (n=16) and control (n=16) groups. First, the height, weight and body mass index (BMI) of participants in both groups were measured. Blood samples were taken from the subjects in order to measure the intercellular adhesion molecules 1 (sICAM) and cellular vascular adhesion 1 (sVCAM) in serum. The experimental group had an aerobic exercise program including use of a treadmill with a 40 to 50% maximum heart rate in the beginning and then, a 70 to 80% maximum heart rate. The control group had only a follow-up. After 8 weeks, all variables were measured in both groups. Correlated t-test and independent t-test were used for intragroup and intergroup comparisons (P<0.05). Results: Results showed that after 8 weeks aerobic exercises, there was no significant difference in ICAM-1 (P=0.397), VCAM-1 (P=0.521), and BMI (P=0.223). Conclusion: Although 8-weeks aerobic exercise was not effective and sufficient for BMI, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 indicators of the addicts treated with methadone, but it reduced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the exercise group. © 2019 The Authors. Published by JRSR. All rights reserved.
Banitalebi, E. ,
Rahimi, A. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Mardaniyan ghahfarrokhi, M. Publication Date: 2019
Research In Pharmaceutical Sciences (17355362) 14(5)pp. 414-423
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of elastic resistance band training (ERBT) and green coffee bean extract (GCBE) supplement on novel cardiometabolic indices in obese women. To this end, a total number of 60 obese women aged 30-50 years with a body mass index of > 30 kg/m2 were selected for inclusion in this study and then they were randomly assigned to one of the following four groups: placebo (n = 15), GCBE supplement (n = 15), GCBE supplement + ERBT (n = 15), and placebo + ERBT (n = 15). Each commercially prepared GCBE supplement capsule used in this study contained 500 mg of GCBE supplement and it was also claimed by the manufacturer to have 50% chlorogenic acid (CGA) (250 mg). The participants in the placebo + ERBT and GCBE supplement + ERBT groups attended an 8-week ERBT program, 3 sessions / week, and 60 min each session. In the GCBE supplement + ERBT group, Framingham risk score (P = 0.018), atherogenic index of plasma (P = 0.003), and metabolic syndrome severity score (P = 0.001) significantly decreased. Taken together, the results of the present study supported the importance of supplemental and resistance-type training in improving obesity and novel cardiometabolic risk scores, despite the fact that longer nutritional and exercise interventions could enhance some cardiometabolic risk scores in obese women. © 2019 Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2018
Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation (18681883) 35(3)
Background: Physiological aging can now be considered as a multi-factorial process that is associated with anatomical and signaling changes associated with endocrine function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the comparison of performing 12 weeks' resistance training before, after and/or in between aerobic exercise on the hormonal status of aged women. Materials and methods: Forty healthy aged women (age: 67.35 ± 1.40 years) were randomly divided into three training groups and a control group: resistance followed by endurance training (ER, n = 12), endurance training followed by resistance training (RE, n = 12, interval resistance-endurance (RE) training (INT, n = 12) and a control (Con, n = 12) groups. The training program was done over 12 weeks, 3 times per week. Endurance training was performed on a cycle ergometer (intensity: 60-90% maximum heart rate) and resistance training involved selected resistance exercises (intensity: 40-75 one-repetition maximum, 8-18 repeats). All participants were evaluated before and after the training period. Results and conclusion: The data showed that performing resistance training before, after and/or in between aerobic exercise did not influence the adaptive response of insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (p = 0.07), growth hormone (p = 0.35), cortisol (p = 0.20), insulin (p = 0.72), epinephrine (p = 0.83) and norepinephrine (p = 0.86) levels throughout the study. However, when comparing pre and post, no significant differences were shown following combined training within the SE, ES and INT groups for all variables (p < 0.05), except of IGF-1 within ES (p = 0.04) and SE (p = 0.02), and testosterone within ES (p = 0.007). In conclusion, combined training with RE order may be more effective than other orders for increasing anabolic status in aged women. © 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.
Dashti khavidaki, M.H. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Azamian jazi, A. ,
Banitalebi, E. Publication Date: 2018
Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences (1560652X) 23(2)pp. 92-102
Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training intensity (low, moderate and high) on the expression of skeletal muscle ATGL protein and serum levels of insulin and glucose in male diabetic rats. Material and Method: 40 streptozotocin induced diabetic male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups of eight, including low (DL, moderate (DM) and high intensity (DH) endurance training diabetic groups, diabetic control group (D), and healthy control group (Con). Three sessions of endurance training with low intensity (DL(equivalent to 5-8 m/min, moderate intensity (DM) equivalent to 17-14 m/min and high intensity (DH) equivalent to 25-22 m/min were performed every week for eight weeks. The relative expression of ATGL protein was measured with western blot technique. Serum insulin and glucose levels were measured by ELISA method. To determine the difference between the groups we used one way ANOVA test. Result: The results showed a significant difference in the expression of ATGL between the control and training groups (with low, moderate and high intensity) (p=0.0002). This difference was significant between DH and D (p=0.0049), DH and DL (p = 0.0053) and also between DH and DM (P = 0.0136) groups. Serum glucose levels were also significantly different between the DH group with the groups D (p = 0.002) and DL (p = 0.039), also, the DM group with groups D (p = 0.0018) and DL (p = 0.0165). There was a significant difference in the amount of insulin in the DH group compared to the groups DL (p = 0.011), D (p = 0.0002), and the DM group with D (p = 0.014). Conclusion: Moderate and high intensity endurance training can to some extent compensate for diabetes-induced reduction in the expression of ATGL protein and cause reduction of serum insulin and glucose levels in diabetic rats. It seems higher intensity of endurance training can lead to greater increase in expression of ATGL in diabetic rats. © 2018, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2018
Isokinetics and Exercise Science (18785913) 26(2)pp. 105-113
BACKGROUND: Obesity and physical inactivity increase the risk for cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia and certain cancers. Exercise training and increased fitness promote positive changes in body composition and improve insulin sensitivity. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of sequence order of combined strength and endurance training on new adiposity indices: visceral adiposity index (VAI), body adiposity index (BAI) and waist to hip ratio (WHtR) in overweight elderly women. METHODS: Forty overweight elderly women (age range: 60.34 ± 0.82 years old) were selected purposefully and randomly assigned into four groups: endurance, then strength (E->S) (n=9), strength, then endurance (S= >E) (n=10), alternative concurrent training (ACT) (n=12), and control (n=9) groups. Training was performed three times per week for eight weeks. Endurance training performed on a cycle ergometer (intensity: 60-88% MHR) and strength training included several selected exercises targeting upper and lower body (intensity: 40-75 1RM, 8-18 repeat). RESULTS: The results showed that the amount of weight, BMI, body fat percentage, BAI and WHtR have significantly decreased in E + S, S + E and ACT experimental groups (P< 0.05). No significant differences were found in VAI variable and triglyceride with sequence order of E + S and S + E, but after sequence order of ACT a significant decrease was seen in both variables (P' 3/4 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the three combined training groups for the mentioned variables (P' 3/4 0.05). CONCLUSION: Sequence does not seem to play a role in the positive effect on current adiposity indices of the investigated training programs. © 2018 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2018
Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services (16069366) 26(116)pp. 35-47
Background and Objective: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder that can restrict individual's ability to carry on their activities. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of combined exercise training on serum Fibrin D-Dimer (FDD) and interleukin-6 in female multiple sclerosis patients with different levels of disability. Materials and Methods: 96 female patients with MS were selected and were divided into three groups based on their physical disability scale scores (EDSS): low disability (n=44), moderate disability (n=26) and severe disability (n=26). Afterwards, participants of each group were randomly divided into an experimental and a control group. Participants performed 12 weeks combined strength, endurance, Pilates and PNF training, three sessions per week, 45 to 60 minute for each session. Dependent and independent t-test was used to compare means between and within groups, respectively. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in fibrin D-dimer (p= 0.001) and interleukin-6 (p= 0.001) in the low disability group and interleukin-6 (p=0.004) in the severe disability group. Conclusion: It appears that performing combined exercise training results in a decrease in fibrin D-dimer, interleukin-6 and inflammation in low disability MS patients. Thus, these exercises are recommended as a complementary therapy alongside drug treatments for M.S patients. © 2018, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2018
Journal Of Medicinal Plants (27172058) 17(68)pp. 145-156
Background: Visfatin is protein with insulin-like function that is expressed in high levels in visceral fat tissue and its circulating levels is associated with obesity and diabetes. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 10 weeks of rhythmic aerobic exercise and green tea supplementation on visfatin levels and insulin resistance in obese type II diabetic women. Methods: 46 obese diabetic women (BMI>30) 45 -60 years old were selected and randomly assigned into four groups of green tea (n=12), aerobics + green tea (n=12), aerobics (n=12) and control (n=10) groups. Subjects in green tea supplementation group received 1500 mg capsules containing green tea extract daily for 10 weeks. Also exercises were performed three sessions a week in a ten week period. The analysis of variance with Tukey test and dependent t-test were used to within and between groups analysis. Results: The results showed that visfatin have significant difference between groups (P=0.001) however, there was no significant difference between interventions. Also, there was no significant differences between interventions for HOMA, insulin and glucose. Conclusion: Although there are no significant differences between interventions, significant reduction of visfatin after aerobic exercise and consumption of green tea may be due to improvements in glycemic index and weight loss and the HOMA index. Therefore, it seems that supplementation with green tea along with aerobic exercise may influence weight control and improved glycemic index in type II diabetic patients. © 2018 Institute of Medicinal Plants.All right reserved.
Publication Date: 2017
Annals of Applied Sport Science (24764981) 5(2)pp. 29-36
Background. Omentin-1, a novel adipokine expressed in visceral adipose tissue, is negatively correlated with insulin-resistance and obesity. Objective(s). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training on omentin-1 gene expression in visceral adipose tissue and insulin-resistance in male wistar rats. Methods. A total of 26 male Wistar rats (mean weight = 110±10 gr) were purchased from Pasteur Institute in Iran. At first, six rats were separated as base control group and, after eight weeks of feeding with normal diet, were dissected and their visceral adipose tissues were sampled. The remaining rats were given a high-fat diet for eight weeks. After this, seven rats were separated into the non-diabetic fat group (obese HIIT). Then, diabetes was induced on the remaining animals After eight weeks, diabetic rats were divided into two groups-diabetic control group (n=6) and diabetic HIIT exercise group (n=7). The exercise group ran on treadmill for eight weeks-five days a week with a speed of 29-36 m/min and intensity of 90% of VO2 max. The activity was repeated five times in the first week, which increased to 12 times in the last week. A total of 48 hours after last session, fasting blood glucose and insulin were measured. Omentin gene expression was measured from visceral adipose tissue. Results. Results showed that omentin-1 gene expression was increased significantly after eight weeks of HIIT. Blood glucose and insulin-resistance decreased significantly in training groups (p=0.001). Conclusion. It can be concluded that eight weeks of HIIT induce high omentin-1 gene expression and reduce fasting glucose level and insulin-resistance in diabetic male wistar rats.
Shokoohi, R. ,
Kianbakht, S. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Rahmanian, M. ,
Nabati, F. ,
Mehrzadi, S. ,
Huseini, H.F. Publication Date: 2017
Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (21565872) 22(4)pp. 798-804
The present study was conducted to explore the efficacy and safety of a herbal combination in the treatment of women with hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetes. The herbal combination capsule (600 mg) contained Terminalia chebula fruit extract (200 mg), Commiphora mukul (200 mg), and Commiphora myrrha oleo-gum-resin (200 mg), and the placebo capsule contained 600 mg toast powder. The patients in one group took the herbal combination and those in the other group took placebo capsules 3 times a day for 3 months. In the herbal combination–treated patients, the fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were decreased and hidh-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels was increased significantly at the endpoint compared with the placebo and baseline. Other blood parameters such as glycosylated hemoglobin, triglyceride, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, SGOT, and SGPT levels were not significantly changed after 3 months in both groups. In conclusion, the herbal combination improves glycemic control and lipid profile in women with hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetes without any adverse events. © 2017, © The Author(s) 2017.
Karimi a., ,
Azamian jazi, A. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Shahidi s., ,
Azamian jazi z., Publication Date: 2017
Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services (16069366) 25(110)pp. 91-101
Background and Objective: Increased homocysteine levels resulting from renal failure and physical inactivity in hemodialysis patients can put them at risk for cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, exercise training may have a favorable effect on homocysteine levels and physical performance in these patients. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of intermittent intradialytic aerobic exercise training on plasma homocysteine levels and physical performance in hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, sixteen hemodialysis patients (with a mean age of 54.75 years) were randomly divided into two equal groups: experimental and control. The experimental group performed intermittent intradialytic aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, which corresponded to 40 to 45 percent of their maximum heart rate reserve at the first week and reached to 65 to 70 percent during the final week. Homocysteine levels and physical performance were measured before and after the 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training. Results: Plasma homocysteine levels (P=0.029) and physical performance parameters including: Gait speed (P=0.001), Chair-rising time for 5 times (P=0.001) and Stair-climbing time (P=0.002) significantly improved in the experimental group after eight weeks of intermittent intradialytic aerobic exercise training. Conclusion: Intermittent intradialytic aerobic exercise training may have a favorable effect on the cardiovascular condition of hemodialysis patients through reducing homocysteine levels and can improve physical performance in these patients. © 2017, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. All rights reserved.
Salehi, E. ,
Banitalebi, E. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Bagheri, L. ,
Shahrekordi, Z.M. Publication Date: 2016
Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility (20082363) 19(28)pp. 1-9
Introduction: Menopause is associated with physiological, mental and social changes such as depression, weight gain and appetite disturbances. AGRP is a neuropeptide released from Arcuate Neucleus of hypothalamus which plays an important role in energy balance, weight control and feeding. This study was performed with aim to investigate the effects of 8-weeks combined training (strength and endurance) on agouti-related protein (AGRP), GH and changes in appetite and body mass in postmenopausal women. Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 40 Postmenopausal women who were retired from Growth and Education referred to Shahrekork Ghahremani Center in 2014. They were randomly placed into four groups, strength + endurance (S+E), endurance + strength (E+S), circulation concurrent (CI) and control groups. Training program was done eight week, 3 times per week. Endurance training was performed on a cycle ergometer and strength training involved several upper and lower body workout. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 16) and dependent-t test and ANOVA. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: After 8 weeks of combined training, there was significant difference between four groups in terms of body mass (P=0.017) and BMI (P=0.023). But, no significant difference was observed between four groups in AGRP (P=0.07) and GH (P=0.35). Despite the increase in feeling of fullness in the group S + E (P<0.05), there was no significant differences between four groups (P=0.4). Conclusion: Combined exercise training with every order could lead to improved body composition. But training with different combination during 8 weeks cannot significantly change appetite, GH and AGRP levels in elderly people; so, longer training period is suggested. © 2016, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Faramarzi, M. ,
Banitalebi, E. ,
Nori, S. ,
Farzin, S. ,
Taghavian, Z. Publication Date: 2016
Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness (18271928) 56(4)pp. 476-482
BACKGROUND: Omentin, chemerin and vaspin are novel adipokines that are secreted from adipose tissue and improved insulin sensitive. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of rhythmic aerobic exercise plus core stability training on serum omentin, chemerin and vaspin levels and insulin resistance (IR) of overweight women. METHODS: Forty aged healthy women (age; 25-45 years old, waist circumference [WC]>88 cm; Body Mass Index (BMI)>25 kg/m2) were selected purposely and divided in two control (N.=16) and experimental (N.=19) groups. Five dropped out during the study. The experimental group trained 12 weeks (3 sessions per week, one hr/session). The exercise program consisted of rhythmic aerobic exercise (55-85% maximum heart rate) along with core stability training. Serum chemerin, omentin, vaspin and insulin concentration were assayed by commercially ELISA kit. IR was evaluated according to the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance Index (HOMA-IR). Data were analyzed by dependent and independent t-test to compare pre-test and post-test in each group and to compare the amount of changes in experimental and control training groups after twelve weeks. RESULTS: The result showed that exercise training had significant effect on BMI (P=0.00), WC (P=0.00), body fat (P=0.05), chemerin (P=0.041) and vaspin (P=0.045). But, this training had non-significant effect on plasma omentin level (P=0.090), plasma glucose level (P=0.670), insulin (P=0.11) and IR (P=0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the fact that this kind of intervention could be an effective treatment to improve some adipokine levels and was accompanied by decreased body fat and waist circumference. However, more intense training is required to significantly change IR and serum omentin level in overweight women. © 2015 Edizioni Minerva Medica.
Vasili, A. ,
Sharifi g.r., G.R. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Noori, A. ,
Yazdanshenas, S. Publication Date: 2016
General Physiology and Biophysics (02315882) 35(2)pp. 237-237
Vasili, A. ,
Sharifi g.r., G.R. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Noori, A. ,
Yazdanshenas, S. Publication Date: 2016
General Physiology and Biophysics (02315882) 35(1)pp. 35-43
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPS) can cause significant health problems due to their unique physicochemical properties and environmental characteristics. They are found as ultrafine particles in ambient air. After inhalation, these particles move from the lung to phagocytosis tissues, especially the liver. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of concurrent aerobic exercise and IONPS on liver enzymes and histological hepatic appearance. 48 rats were divided into six groups: experimental 1 (aerobic exercise), experimental 2 (nanoparticle, anesthesia), experimental 3 (aerobic exercise, nanoparticles, anesthesia), placebo 4 (distilled water, anesthesia), placebo 5 (aerobic exercise, anesthesia), and control group. In groups 2 and 3, 40 mg/kg/b.w. of IONPS was injected via intratracheal installation every other day for 14 days. Groups 1, 3, and 4 run on treadmill for 30 minutes with the intensity of 35-40% VO2max (maximal oxygen consumption) every day. ALT was increased in group 1 but decreased in groups 2 and 3. AST was not significant in any of the groups, while ALP was reduced significantly in groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.05). Histological examination of the liver showed that, in groups 2 and 3, hepatic cells were damaged and also the congestion, inflammation, mononuclear cell infiltration, and ballooning degeneration were occurred. Tissue injuries in group 3 were less than those of group 2. These findings indicated that hepatotoxicity was caused by iron oxide nanoparticles; however, low-intensity aerobic exercise could decrease the damage somewhat.
Jalaly, L. ,
Sharifi g.r., G.R. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Nematollahi, A. ,
Rafieian-kopaei, M. ,
Amiri, M. ,
Moattar, F. Publication Date: 2015
Daru Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences (15608115) 23(1)
Background: Adhesion molecules play an important role in the development and progression of coronary atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was comparing the effect of Cratagol herbal tablet, aerobic exercise and their combination on the serum levels of Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and E-Selectin in patients with stable angina pectoris. Methods: Eighty stable angina pectoris patients aged between 45 and 65 years, were randomly divided into four groups including three experimental groups and one control group: aerobic exercise (E), Crataegus oxyacantha extract (S), aerobic exercise and Crataegus oxyacantha extract (S+E), and control (C). Blood sampling was taken 24 h before and after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise and Crataegus oxyacantha extract consumption. The results of serum levels of ICAM-1 and E-selectin were compared. Results: Intergroup comparison of the data revealed a significant reduction (P <0.01) in serum levels of ICAM-1 and E-selectin in experimental groups. Analysis of data showed that the serum levels of ICAM-1 had significant difference when group S+E was compared with groups S and C, but not group E (P = 0.021, P = 0.000 and P = 0.068, respectively). Also the difference between the levels of E-selectin was significant comparing S+E and S but not E with group C (P = 0.021, P = 0.000 and P = 0.052, respectively). Conclusions: Twelve weeks effects of aerobic exercise and Crataegus oxyacantha extract consuming is an effective complementary strategy to significantly lower the risk of atherosclerosis and heart problems. © 2015 Jalaly et al.
Emamdoost, S. ,
Faramarzi, M. ,
Bagheri, L. ,
Otadi, K. ,
Naeeni, E.R. ,
Yazdani, T. ,
Dirandeh, A. Publication Date: 2015
Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences (1560652X) 20(1)pp. 80-88
Background and Aim: Homocysteine is a new cardiovascular risk factor that its increased concentration can lead to increased rate of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of an 8-week concurrent training (resistance and aerobic) on serum level of homocysteine and lipid profile in overweight men. Material and Methods: Thirty overweight males (age=22-42 years old and BMI≥29) were randomly divided into experimental (n=15) and control groups (n=15). The experimental group performed 3 sessions of aerobic and resistance training every week, for 8weeks. Each session included 10-12 stations of strength training with intensity of 80-70% of 1RM and in the last session, subjects performed aerobic running exercise for 12-20 minutes with 80-70% of MHR. We used independent t-test to make comparison between the groups and paired t-test to compare pretest and post test results. Results: The results showed that homocysteine serum concentrations were not significantly changed after 8-week of concurrent training (P≥0.05). However, cholesterol(P=0.01), body weight(P=0.001) and body mass index (BMI)(P=0.01) significantly decreased after the training. Conclusion: In general, it seems that concurrent training can lead to positive effect on lipid profile of obese men. On the other hand, we did not find any significant change in the plasma homocysteine level which can be due to inadequate duration and intensity of the training. © 2015, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2012
Bratislava Medical Journal (13360345) 113(11)pp. 664-668
The purpose of present study was to investigate the impacts of endurance, resistance and concurrent training on adiponectin resting levels of sedentary men. Forty-four sedentary students were randomly assigned to one of four groups: endurance training (ET; 22 ± 0.89 yr, n=12), resistance training (RT, 21 ± 1.57 yr, n=9), concurrent training (CT, 21.38 ± 2.6 yr, n=14) and control group (CG, n=10). After primary measurements, blood samples were drawn with subjects in fasting and resting state for determination of the basic level of adiponectin. The subjects participated in E, R and C training for 8 weeks. The ET group ran 3d/w at 65-85 % of maximum heart rate. The exercise training session for the RT group consisted of 3 sets of 10-15 repetitions of weight training exercise that increase progressively, and repeated 3 sessions per week. The CT group trained exactly the sum of ET and RT groups. Correlated samples t-test and ANOVA were used. The results of the present study showed that after the eight-week training, the adiponectin levels of subjects increased in 3 groups of training but this increase was not significant. The level of adiponectin in CT group increased more than in ET and RT groups. Also, there were no significant differences in content of adiponectin among groups. In general, slight increases in adiponectin levels in training groups especially in CT group may indicate the most potential of CT group in increasing the levels of adiponectin in sedentary men. However more researches are needed to identify the effects of concurrent training.
Publication Date: 2011
Koomesh (23453699) 12(2)pp. 181-188
Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is more prevalent in women than men and its incidence is in all age group. Patient with RA significantly experience more disability and co-morbidities including cardiovascular diseases in compared with people without RA and this is due to reduced physical activities in the patients. The effect of aerobic training on patients with RA is still unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks aerobic training in patients with RA. Materials and Methods: Twenty three women (mean age 51.96±7.73 yr and mean weight 72.37±10 kg) with a diagnosis of RA for more than three years and without any known cardiovascular and brain symptoms were voluntarily enrolled in the study. The patients were divided into aerobic training (n=11) and control groups (n=12). The patients in the aerobic group performed an aerobic training using a stationary bike (3 d/wk for 8 weeks). All subjects in this group were administered the same medicine at the same dose. A fasting blood sample was collected prior to and after 8 weeks of aerobic training from the patients. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen and rheumatoid factor (RF) were measured using standard methods. Results: There was a significant difference in CRP, fibrinogen and body mass index before and after 8 weeks of aerobic training in the experimental group (P≤ 0.001), but not in the control group. Moreover, no significant difference between the control group and experimental group with respect to all studied variables. Conclusion: These findings showed that aerobic training could reduce inflammation in patients with RA and consequently plays an important role in preventing the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases in these patients. Therefore, we recommend the use of aerobic exercise training as a safe therapeutic method for reduceing the dosage of the anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with RA.
Publication Date: 2011
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213) 2(1)pp. 20-23
Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of high-intensity intermittent exercise and carbohydrate supplementation on cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) in soccer players. Methods: Twelve elite soccer players were selected and divided equally into three groups of carbohydrate (CHO), placebo (P) and control (C). Blood samples were taken in six phases and were analyzed with the chemiluminescence method. Results: Results showed that three bouts of 90-min exercise along with carbohydrate supplementation did not have any significant effect on the level of cTnI indices. However, there was a significant difference in CK-MB values after the second and third sessions compared with the first day (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In summary, exercises with less duration and intensity like soccer do not seem to be effective on cTnI and CK-MB. When the overall intensity of exercise was moderate, it appeared that carbohydrate supplementation had less effect on the alteration of biochemical markers of the myocardial muscle.
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