Global issues such as environmental disasters, malnutrition, poorness, international economic inequalities, local and ethnic conflicts, migration phenomena, globalization paradoxes, and other crises and challenges are so complex that governments and traditional diplomacy cannot tackle them alone. Therefore, diplomacy has expanded beyond the monopoly of governments. One of these new forms of diplomacy is citizen diplomacy or "people-to-people diplomacy." This can involve NGOs, private peacemakers, scholars, or other "bridge builders." Citizen diplomacy takes many forms, such as student/faculty exchanges, church programs bringing conflicting groups together, or cultural/scientific/sporting events that allow disputants to interact cooperatively or competitively. The informality of citizen diplomacy activities gives it a high degree of flexibility. This research aims to demonstrate the effectiveness and importance of citizen diplomacy in today's world, and its role in maintaining peace at the global level. © 2025 by IGI Global. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2013
Geopolitics (14650045)18(3)pp. 633-661
This article enters into the debate about geopolitical subjectivity between Iran and the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) on the three islands issue. The islands at the Western entrance to the Strait of Hormuz have so far been examined as an issue between Iran and the United Arab Emirates from historical, sovereignty and law perspectives, but this article examines the argument that the GCC has become a geopolitical subject through its support for the US policy of isolating Iran. Geopolitical subjectivity, a concept building on Pami Aalto's conceptual scheme, is the concept of goal-oriented ordering of territories and political space. We can use it to identify the GCC institution as a subject with the ability to act (and abstain from acting) and to examine Iran's response to the GCC's willingness to order the three islands. The conclusion is that the GCC became a subject in this context as soon as it felt the benefits of US support and the current rise of the soft power of Qatar. Even so, it has been unable to undermine Iran's sovereignty rights over the three islands, and the issue has strengthened, even exaggerated, states' adherence to the concept of sovereignty throughout the Persian Gulf region. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Publication Date: 2013
Millennium: Journal of International Studies (03058298)41(3)pp. 669-678
International Relations (IR) studies have passed through three phases since 1919, when several interdisciplinary interests combined to make up IR, and that interdisciplinarity was of benefit to some other disciplines as well. The second phase, 1950–80, saw IR become more visible, with its key concepts of power, war and security as a sub-discipline of political science – but IR’s autonomy was bought at a high price. The year 1981 brought in the third phase, when some scholars, unconvinced by the traditional concept of IR, launched interdisciplinary studies. Many subsequently emerging issues, such as ethnic conflicts, climate change and energy security, have made it difficult to use traditional IR concepts to create a coherent research agenda. To overcome this difficulty, an agenda for the new millennium is proposed that makes use of the interdisciplinary origins of the study of IR and also develops new interdisciplinary approaches, and Aalto et al.’s works contribute to this line of thinking. © The Author(s) 2013.
Publication Date: 2013
Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology (discontinued) (20407459)5(1)pp. 171-175
The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of social text and context on the political thinking of the contemporary Shiite scholars. On the one hand, contemporary scholars' political thinking exists at the heart of modernity's recent social and political events and in the framework of their understanding of religious teachings in Quran and Sunnah on the other hand. Thus, through their interactions in social contexts and their perception of texts, we may understand their thinking. On the one hand, the struggles, interests and side takings of social and political forces inarguably influence the formation and development of the contemporary scholars' political thinking. On the other hand, religious texts and deductions from them have been effective in understanding new concepts and problems. In this regard, this research attempts to comparatively investigate the effect of social text and context on the political thinking of contemporary Shiite scholars of Samarra, Najaf and Qom schools using discourse and cognitive-comparative methods. © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2013.
Publication Date: 2014
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences (discontinued) (20392117)5(7)pp. 555-561
After the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, scholars and thinkers encountered new scientific conditions, modern political ideas and newly established time and ground, and each, responding to these new upheavals which was the governance and fulfilment of Islamic commandments in all political, social, cultural and economic fields, presented ideas appropriate to their thought constellation. Reza Davari as a Fardidian thinker, following the ideas of the famous German philosopher, Martin Heidegger, criticizes the West philosophically and phenomenologically and knows the only redemptive path for Iranians as leaving the West as an integrated whole and criticizes modernity in a severe way. Contrary to this uncompromising approach to the West, another approach, particularly in the second and third decades of the Islamic Revolution gradually appeared which practiced sympathetic approaches to the West and Abdul Karim Soroush as the forerunner of this approach, tried to pave that path for establishing modernism by an epistemological reading of religion. In the present article, it has been tried to discuss and compare the ideas and thoughts of Davari and Soroush to the West.
Publication Date: 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology (19950756)8(24)pp. 462-465
Emphasizing information sources of media by which nomination is done is a way to understand and predict human communities and political culture. The media serve as the medium between human and his environment, conveying intentionality means (semantic) phenomena through multiple interaction as well as manipulating individual and collective power games. One of the most significant ways to know citizens who are living in a given political unit is to focus on the media and ways of conveying meaning among citizens. At first stage, media appear as technology tools adopted by an advanced class and dominate architecture, music, theater, writing, communication and all areas, and, after a while, media get an ubiquitous status. As media gets ubiquitous and is involved in everyday life, intermediate semantic techniques get out of instrumental tools, turning into the environment that can be assumed to be a form of life style. Media form both tools and life-style and their importance is such that to understand the main phenomena such as political culture of a society, the social media can be easily evaluated and they help to know which variables and indices form the basis of legitimacy, political philosophy, good governance, political protests, political efficacy and political structures. In this context, the present study attempts to explore the relationship between using satellite and the kind of political culture. © 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology (19950756)8(24)pp. 466-469
One of the means of understanding human communities and predicting their political behavior and culture is focusing on information resources of media through which labeling is done. Media are intermediaries between human and his environment and often convey meanings through multilateral actions and interactions in form of intention-making phenomena by manipulating individual and collective power games. In order to understand the citizens of a political unit, the most scientific research is related to understanding media and the way they convey the citizen’s meanings. Media initially present themselves as technological instruments and dominate architecture to music, theatre, calligraphy, communications and all areas and after a while, they take a comprehensive form. By the expansion of the media and their becoming part of daily life, intermediate meaning-creating techniques no longer function merely as instruments and become part of the biological world and are able to shape people’s lifestyles. The media shape both the instruments and lifestyles of people and they are so important that understanding such an important phenomenon as the political culture of any society is possible by simply analyzing the media of that society and find out on what parameters are the legitimacy, political philosophy, preferred governance, political protests, political efficiency and other political structures of the society based. In this regard, the present study attempts to investigate the relationship between internet usage and type of political culture. © 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.
Naghdeali, Z.S.,
Emamjomehzadeh, S.J.,
Masoudnia, H.,
Ghasemi, V. Publication Date: 2014
International Business Management (discontinued) (19935250)8(6)pp. 384-393
The world today issue of the human psyche and personality plays an important role in social and political activities. Character and mental stability is an important point in setting goals and making decisions, those characters are realistic and stable comfort can decide either to participate in social and political activities. Several factors have an influence in shaping personality and psychological identity such as family, school, community and communication devices, etc., so how to get people in these circumstances and socialization of individuals makes personality and psychological identity and formed according to the identity, participate in political activities. Accordingly, the question examined in this study is: How personality and psychological identity influence in political activities? Recent analyses have demonstrated that personality affects political behavior. According to the mediation hypothesis, the effect of personality on political participation is mediated by classical predictors, such as political interest, internal efficacy, political discussion or the sense that voting is a civic duty. The purpose of this research is examine how the formation personality and psychological identity and type the characters influence in political activities. © Medwell Journals, 2014.
Naghdeali, Z.S.,
Emamjomehzadeh, S.J.,
Masoudnia, H.,
Ghasemi, V. Publication Date: 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology (19950756)8(13)pp. 1024-1031
The aim of this study is to investigate the link between religion and identity crisis in Iran. Identity of Iran influenced of Islam, the West and the Iranian So some people are struggling with these and somehow be an identity crisis, another form of identity crisis takes shape at smaller gatherings such as work, family and… But the question is why people can not make good decisions in the communities are or do the task and obligations. Why are people suffering from an identity crisis? Do solved the identity crisis with religious approach? Although there are many different interpretations of the faith in various community, but in this paper we show how the religious approach to deconstructing identity crisis. © 2014 AENSI Publisher. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2014
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences (discontinued) (20392117)5(23)pp. 2296-2304
The purpose of present study is to represent how the transactional methodology in social sciences is developed by using qualitative approach of grounded theory, setting up focus group workshops and conducting semi-structured interviews with some Iranian professors in the methodology of social sciences. This study used the qualitative approach of the grounded theory. In 2014, focus group workshops were set up, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with the professors of methodology in several groups. It is necessary to use qualitative methods in this research due to the recognition of grounded factors. Findings of this study on the basis of data analysis suggests that causal and structural conditions, confusion in choosing the type of methodologies, and imperfection of each methodology in social sciences lead to the different combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, and conducting transaction among the existing methodologies that is affected by the intervening conditions like mutual impacts of methodology and subject on each other as well as considering everything in its own context resulting in the transactional methodology. To conclude, developing transactional methodology paves the way for producing theories, conducting research to solve problems, fulfilling the local and global needs, and developing human knowledge. Finally, the transactional methodology is proposed as an alternative methodology to study a social phenomenon. © 2014 Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2015
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences (discontinued) (20392117)6(5S1)pp. 319-322
From 2010 onwards, the international system has observed public protests providing the situation for entering a new level of political and social evolutions around the world and the region. The transition from collective action based on class to action based on notions of identity, transition from unilateralism in action to interactive model and relationship-based and transition from economic aims in the form of collective action to symbolic cultural and political aims have been the main elements of evolution of social movement in the recent years. The current article is a response to the reason of incidence of such evolution and why the pluralism and increased access of people to political procedures, development of information and communication technologies, and highlighting the role of civil society, non-governmental organizations and expansion of role of new middle class have resulted in such evolution. Discussions made by authors such as Alberto Melucci regarding the interactive and identity-based action, could be appropriate theoretical frameworks for surveying the process of transition from conventional social movement to new social movement (NSM). From the point of research condition, the current article is a descriptiveanalytical survey and from the point of aim it is an applied survey. © 2015 Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2017
Studies in Critical Social Sciences (15734234)115pp. 226-249
Publication Date: 2017
TQM Journal (17542731)29(1)pp. 37-54
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to revise the Kano evaluation table and separating indifference attributes in order to develop satisfaction and dissatisfaction indexes. Design/methodology/approach: The indifference requirements have been separated and reclassified, and after revising Kano satisfaction and dissatisfaction indexes based on the new evaluation table, the developed Kano model has been examined in the city of Isfahan regarding attributes of candidates in the presidential election of 2013. Findings: According to the new classification, the indifference attributes can be separated into seven types. The results of the case study also show that among 20 priorities of the presidential candidates, payment of subsidy, offering loan and financial facilities are must-be attributes; protecting investment and national production, export incentives and increasing national unity are attractive attributes; and the remaining are one-dimensional attributes. Practical implications: The case study implies that the findings are dependent on the cultural and social context of the respondents. On the other hand, the findings of Kano model analysis are limited to shorttime periods. Originality/value: This research is typically unique in separating indifference attributes and in revising the satisfaction and dissatisfaction indexes of the Kano model. Practically, the application of the Kano model in the presidential election is also a new subject. © Emerald Publishing Limited 1754-2731.
Publication Date: 2017
2025 29th International Computer Conference, Computer Society of Iran, CSICC 2025pp. 1-226
This book examines changes in the Persian Gulf security complex following the United States (US) invasion of Iraq in 2003, focusing on threats to the collective identities of two religious sects-Shia and Sunni. Although there is a growing body of literature examining security in the Persian Gulf, little focus has been given to the theoretical and methodological aspects of the problem. In this volume, Shayan analyses the causes behind the security changes which occurred in the region since 2003 and demonstrates how regional security dynamics are interlinked to perceived sectarian threats on the Shia and Sunni religious identities. This text is essential reading for political scientists, policy makers and scholars of international relations. © The Editor(s) and The Author(s) 2017.
Publication Date: 2018
Cosmos and History (18329101)14(3)pp. 297-320
Farabi’s Virtuous City has a special sociopolitical hierarchy, which at first glance, appears to be original. Now, the following questions are raised: What was Farabi’s main criteria for creating this sociopolitical hierarchy? And to what extent did he drew on historical facts to establish this hierarchy? Findings of the present research indicate that the two components of knowledge and function have been Farabi’s most important criteria for establishing the sociopolitical hierarchy of his Virtuous City. Accordingly, he categorizes the classes of Virtuous City as follows: 1- the ruling class; 2- assistants to the ruler, including Al-Afazel (the nobles), Zuvei al-lasana (speakers), Al-Moqadderoun (specialists), Al-Mujahedun (the military), Al-Maliyun (economic forces); 3- the masses; and 4- the opponents and adversaries, including Navabet and Bahimiyun. It seems that there are similarities between the function of some of these classes and the function of historical classes in the ancient Iran’s monarchy and the Islamic Caliphate system, yet Farabi’s innovation is in integrating them into a whole based on the criteria of knowledge and function and believing that those groups that do not meet the main objectives of Virtuous City -public happiness - may be suppressed. On the whole, it appears that Farabi’s Virtuous City has an organic class system in which not only the autonomy of classes and individuals is not recognized, but also any opposition is violently suppressed. Methodological approach of this article is methodological hermeneutics with an emphasis on Hirsch’s hermeneutics. © 2018 Cosmos Publishing Cooperative. All Rights Reserved.
Publication Date: 2018
Teorija in Praksa (00403598)55(3)pp. 666-683
The present study examines: (i) how online media (i.e. mobile applications, social media, and other traditional online media) influence individuals’ tendency to participate in presidential elections; and (ii) their political orientation (i.e. tending towards Principalist political groups and Reformist groups) in the relationship between social media use and political participation. Multivariate analyses show that only mobile app uses are positively related to the tendency to participate in presidential elections. The results also show that mobile apps and social media and traditional online media influence political orientation among a sample of Iranians that is considered, and that online media thus attracts people’s attention and adds to their tendency to support political reformist parties. © 2018, Ljubljana University, Faculty of Social Sciences. All rights reserved.
Seifouri, F.,
Nia, S.A.M.S.,
Hatami, A.,
Zadeh, S.J.E. Publication Date: 2019
Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy and International Relations (22386262)8(15)pp. 88-116
Globalization and social development, as two independent and interactional discourses, have been investigated in this paper using the globalization indicators in two Khatami's and Ahmadinejad's administrations. Thus, the independent variable of globalization, and the dependent variable of the state of social development of Iran are compared in the two periods of 1997-2005 and 2005-2013 considering the different approaches adopted in the two administrations. The research method is comparative. The research hypothesis is that based on valid statistics, both administrations have been on the path to social development, but Khatami's approach was based on global reformism, and Ahmadinejad's approach was based on indigenous and local thoughts. In terms of theoretical foundations, we have used the generalization model of political-social development. According to this model, development priorities are different in countries with different political and social contexts. Social globalization grew as much as 8.86 in the Khatami's administration, and up to 4.89 in Ahmadinejad's administration. Therefore, the administration type is related to the extent of globalization, and globalization has contributed to the growth and development of social development. It also has provided a platform for the continuation of studies of this trend in a different way, regarding the states and the internal environment of the countries. © 2019 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.
Mogharabi-manzari, M.,
Ghahremani, M.H.,
Sedaghat, T.,
Shayan, F.,
Ali faramarzi, M. Publication Date: 2019
European Journal of Organic Chemistry (10990690)2019(8)pp. 1741-1747
Green cascade approaches, which utilize sustainable and recyclable heterogeneous biocatalysts, can be used in the catalysis of multicomponent organic reactions to synthesize biologically important substances. Three magnetic nanoparticles, iron (II, III) oxide, cobalt ferrite, and nickel ferrite, were prepared by co-precipitation and functionalized with fibrous silica (KCC-1), and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). Laccase immobilized on CoFe 2 O 4 -KCC-1 was used as a heterogeneous biocatalyst for green and one-pot cascade synthesis of 2-amino-5-oxo-4-aryl-4H,5H-pyrano[3,2-c]chromene-3-carbonitriles. The reaction was performed in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) as a synthetic redox mediator. The optimum reaction conditions were found to be as immobilized laccase (100 mg, 95 U) and TEMPO (2 mol-%) in a 100 mm sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.5), 40 °C, and incubation time 17 h. About 80 % of initial activity of the immobilized laccase was retained after 15 independent runs. © 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Publication Date: 2019
Politologija (13921681)95(3)pp. 1-32
Theories of social capital, government performance, Islamic values, and globalization are among the most important tools that can be used to help explain individuals' political attitudes. The present research attempts to address the effects of the abovementioned factors on the political attitude of Arab citizens using the Arab Barometer Wave IV data. The results showed that only 23.2% of citizens disagreed with a democratic political system, while 70.3% and 60.1% expressed their opposition to authoritarian and Shari'ahbased systems. Results of the final model of research indicated that memberships in social associations, on the one hand, increased the tendency of individuals to support authoritarian and law-based political systems and, on the other hand, did not have any significant effect on the tendency toward supporting a democratic political system. It was concluded that improving economic performance not only affected the promotion of the Shari'ahbased political system, but that Political Performance also reduced the inclinations toward Shari'ah and authoritarianism. Furthermore, Political Performance increased the tendency of individuals to favor a democratic system. In addition, although individuals' support for a Shari'ah-based political system had increased, Islamic values did not act as a barrier that would keep individuals away from favoring a democratic political system. Among the variables of globalization, the expansion of communication reduced people's tendencies toward Shari'ah and authoritative political systems, along with a positive effect on strengthening support for democratic systems. Ultimately, Westernization only affected the shrinking support of some Shari'ah-based political systems. © 2019 Mahmoudreza Rahbarqazi, Seyed Javad Emamjomehzadeh, Hossein Masoudnia.
