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This study seeks to understand the relationship between historical sources and the identity-oriented approach of some Islamic historians. To conduct this research, the views of Sayf ibn 'Umar al-Tamimi, are examined who is one of the earliest and most referential Akhbãris and conquerors. Sayf, like some other writers, is consistent in emphasizing the role of the 'Arabs in the conquest and events of Islamic history; but he came to this conclusion with a different premise and exaggerated in this regard. This is the main question of the article: What environmental factors and social conditions led to the creation of an identity-oriented approach in Sayf, what goals did Sayf pursue in his historiography, and how did he find a way to achieve it? In this research, these questions have been answered; using a historical research method based on data description and analysis. Important variables were effective in Sayf's view; Such as: the element of 'Arab nervousness and tribal system, the positions of the Sassanids towards the 'Arabs, the Islamic conquest, the policy of the Umayyad caliphate and the role of the Iranians in the 'Abbasid caliphate. According to Sayf, the 'Arabs had a continuous history. He took advantage of the Ayyam al-'Arab , mental structures, historical facts, the surrounding society, and his ideal fantasies. According to this research, Sayf was the representative of the revival of 'Arab identity against the Iranians.
تاریخ نامه ایران بعد از اسلام (2251757X)(35)pp. 139-168
With the rise of the Safavid government, Shiite scholars had to theorize this institution of monarchy in political jurisprudence. However, the lack of an exemplar and the inconsistency of the model of monarchy with some theological thoughts of Shiites was considered a challenge in this practice. Eventually, by maintaining the theological foundations, believing that any type of government in the occultation era is usurped, they compromisingly came to terms with the monarchy concept and considered it necessary. In this model, the Sultan, a divine gift, was at the head of the society and should never be disobeyed. Although during the constitutional period, some scholars were in favor of the continuation of this idea, some Shiite jurists considered some of the components of the Ma'mouleh monarchy to be the source of Iran's economic and political crises. They proposed a law-bound sultan in their written works and statements, which openly challenged some of the components of the Ma'mouleh monarchy. This article, with a descriptive-analytical method and based on library sources, especially the political treatises of Iranian scholars, aims to answer the question "What factors have caused the change in the discursive approach of Shia scholars regarding the monarchy?". First, the discourse of the Ma'mouleh monarchy with its components and also the background of thinkers' interest in this discourse is analyzed. Then the discourse of constitutional monarchy along with its components is dissected. Since the turning of the discourse requires the weakening of the previous discourse and the existence of an alternative discourse in the second stage, in the end, the change of the economic context and the inefficiency of the Ma'mouleh monarchy and the flaw in this discourse is explained, and also the simultaneousness of this flaw which is accompanied by the existence of alternative governance, that is the conditional monarchy is discussed. Therefore, these two data together include the reasons and factors of this discursive turn of the leading scholars. This change of discourse was therefore important for the leading scholars, which was a necessary introduction to the fundamental reforms of the government in Iran.
Taiwanese Journal of Mathematics (10275487)(2)pp. 787-802
In the present paper we shall first introduce the notion of the algebra F(S, T) of two topological *-semigroups S and T in terms of bounded and weakly continuous *-representations of S and T on Hilbert spaces. In the case where both S and T are commutative foundation *-semigroups with identities it is shown that F(S, T) is identical to the algebra of the Fourier transforms of bimeasures in BM(S*, T*), where S* (T*, respectively) denotes the locally compact Hausdorff space of all bounded and continuous *-semicharacters on S(T, respectively) endowed with the compact open topology. This result has enabled us to make the bimeasure Banach space BM(S*, T*) into a Banach algebra. It is also shown that the Banach algebra F(S, T) is amenable and is a compact topological group, where denotes the spectrum of the commutative Banach algebra as a closed subalgebra of wap (S ×T), the Banach algebra of weakly almost periodic continuous functions on S × T.
