Research Output
Articles
Publication Date: 2023/09/23
مطالعات حقوق عمومی (24238120)(3)pp. 1583-1605
Global environmental crimes could destroy human life; thus, they can be considered as major international crime. In the years since World War II, close attention has been paid to the importance of the environment as well as its health. In various treaties, support and protection of environment against war, chemical and nuclear weapons, as well as other crimes were emphasized. The author of this article believes that in order to prevent environmental crimes, they should be recognized as criminal offences and the perpetrators be punished. Only then they can be classified as separate international crime. Moreover, recent developments in the International Criminal Court's approach to environmental crimes make it possible for the Court to recognize them as a separate crime and define its policy in its Statute. As a result, this article seeks to explain the possibility of identifying crimes against the environment as separate crimes.
Publication Date: 2021/09/23
آموزه های فقه مدنی (2251936X)(24)pp. 109-136
Most law scholars and well-known Islamic jurists consider that the fudhuli (unauthorized) regulations are of the the general rules of the agreements (contracts) and have generalized (spread) it to all types of the contracts. This broadness causes that some law scholars think that some fudhuli (unauthorized) rulings is in conflict with the public order. In contrast in the law of England as an excuse to maintain public order there are exceptions to the rule “the impossibility of transferring of title by the unauthorized person (a person has no ownership right)” and in some case the transfer of another person’s property is effective. Moreover, in the law of this country to facilitate the business affairs, the transaction of the agent acting without or outside his authority or the transaction of any person who pretends (claims) as an agent are effective. The disagreement between attitudes about efficiency of the legislation about the transfer of another person’s property originates from the difference of basics of “the transaction (sale) of another person’s property” in these two legal systems. In this paper with differentiating between the fudhuli (unauthorized) transactions of “mora’a” (meaning in the sale there is a right for the third person and the efficiency of the transaction relating to fulfil his right) and “moquf” (meaning ite efficiency relates to the consent of the true owner), it will be revealed that ineffectiveness of the recent transactions has been the theory “assigning the contract of sale to the true owner” and in the law of England the transaction of another person’s property is established in proportion to the ruling pursuant to the basics “agency resulting from ratification” and the Contract management (It’s a term which is used in the law of Iran and not explicitly in the law of England meaning: Contracting in situation that it does not conform to the accepted criteria (rules) by the legislature but the legislature for different social reasons is not going to announce its annulment).
Publication Date: 2021/09/23
مطالعات حقوق خصوصی (25885618)(3)pp. 447-466
Abstract
In judicial proceedings, the law specifies both the procedure for examining the evidence and the rules governing the substance of evidence, and sets out the duties of the litigants and the judge. In domestic arbitration, on the other hand, the brevity of the reference in laws to the evidence and the methods of its evaluation, along with the consensual nature of the arbitration and that it is based on conciliation, has left it uncertain whether the evidence of arbitrations are also subject to the court supervision, which has, in turn, led to controversies about the consequences of non-compliance with the rules of evidence in arbitration. Many jurists have opined that the courts are not allowed to engage in the substance of arbitration and the examination of the evidence as this would violate the independence of arbitration or the agreement of the parties. It will be argued here, however, that since the rules of evidence are connected to the substance of the case, they can be considered as rules that create rights. What we thus advocate is the principle that allows court supervision over arbitral awards both in matters of law and of fact as related to the evidence.
Publication Date: 2020/06/21
مطالعات حقوق عمومی (24238120)(2)pp. 809-836
In recent years, the international community has witnessed the emergence of a non-state actress called "Daesh" that it constitutes a global and unprecedented threat to international peace and security. When Daesh occupied areas of northern Iraq, this event triggered an armed conflict between the Iraqi army and the Daesh armed forces. The main focus of armed conflict, whether international or non-international, is respect for international humanitarian law, including fundamental principles such as the principle of distinction and proportionality. Daesh has contravened numerous international law provisions by its conduct in Iraq. The group has breached several of its IHL obligations as a non-state actor involved in the conflict occurred in Iraq. According to the findings of this article, it seems that Daesh's actions in various respects have provided the threshold for pursuing under international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.
Publication Date: 2020/08/22
آموزه های حقوق کیفری (22519351)(19)pp. 273-304
A
long with the development of international law in both criminal and environmental fields, the concept of ecosystem/ ecocide/ geoside was also invented and used by thinkers. This concept, which focuses on widespread, long-term, and severe environmental damage, has been the subject of much debate and theorizing in recent decades and has been limitedly recognized in the ICC Articles of association as an example of war crimes. In addition, the Statute of the Court has the ability to identify some instances of ecosystem as tools for crimes against humanity or genocide. However, for reasons such as the different nature of environmental crimes and the lack of full coverage of ecosystem cases by the statute, it is necessary for this concept to be recognized as an independent crime and internationally criminalized. This research by using descriptive-analytical method seeks to justify the reason for this criminology and to state the reasons for its necessity and to examine the challenges facing it and to provide solutions in this field. Today, it can be argued that conflicting ecosystems is one of the fundamental global values and one of the universal international obligations, the criminalization of which has become necessary and inevitable at the international level.
