Introduction: Livability is a general concept that is associated with a number of other concepts and words, such as sustainability, quality of place and healthy community. Livable settlements define habitat as a suitable place for work and life. Livability theory was based on Abraham Maslow's work on human needs. The increasing importance of livability is due to increased awareness of unsustainable life patterns and unhealthy and unsustainable consumption, which in the long term reduces the capacity of environmental resources for supporting the population. In the field of quality of life this theory has been generally developed by Wienhown who believes that people are happier and are more satisfied in a community that meets their needs better. In general, the livability coin has two faces: Livelihoods and ecological stability. Thus, one of the dimensions of livability is stable livelihood. One of the solutions for increasing the sustainability of rural livelihoods is livelihoods diversity. This phenomenon leads to poverty reduction due to the emphasis on better job opportunities for empowerment of rural households. Livelihood diversity is an effective strategy for dealing with economic and environmental stresses and a tool for poverty reduction. One of the examples of livelihood diversity is border exchange in border settlements. The definition of border exchange, its environmental result and its role in the sustainability or instability of rural settlements is discussed here forth. Material and Methods: Kurdistan province is geographically located between northern 34° 44' to 36° 30' latitude and 45° 31' to 48° 16' longitude. Currently, Kurdistan Province has 10 counties, 27 districts, and 29 towns. Kurdistan Province, with an area of 28203 square kilometers, is located adjacent to the eastern part of Iraq. Villages with border license totaling 10817 households have been studied as a statistical society. In the present research, in terms of research methodology we used both quantitative and qualitative methods. For theoretical framework, both livability theory and livelihood diversity theory have been used. In order to investigate the research problem, a deductive strategy was used and for collecting data two conventional methods of library studies (books, theses, journals, the results of censuses, relevant statistics, photographs, pictures, films, documentaries, etc.) and surveying were used. For statistical analysis of quantitative data, SPSS software and related statistical tests such as independent T and Wilcoxon were used. For analysis of qualitative data, researcher's views, opinions of scholars, statements by the officials of the city's and field investigations have been used. Result and discussion: The average of the effects of border exchanges on the stability of villages before and after the temporary border marketplace was 22.77 and 17.62, respectively, which had a mean difference of 5.15 before and after the construction of temporary border markets. Also, the standard deviation of border exchanges before and after the construction of temporary border marketplace is 2.84 and 1.36, respectively. To examine the effect of temporary border marketplace, the Wilcoxon test was used. The results showed that the average rating in the period before the construction of temporary border markets (45.22) was for environmental destruction and the results were higher than the average of the group after the construction of temporary border marketplace (13.5). Therefore, it can be said that with construction of temporary border markets, environmental results, including the destruction of forest areas and its implications were reduced. The value of the Wilcoxon test is (8.05) and its significance level is 0.05 at 0.000. Based on the significance level, the difference between the dependent variable in two periods before the construction of the temporary border marketplace and after the construction of temporary border marketplace, it is meaningful. Therefore, the first hypothesis of the research on the existence of a relationship between border exchanges and environmental evolution and the second hypothesis regarding the positive results of border exchanges in the livability of the settlements of the border villages of Kurdistan province after the construction of temporary border marketplaces are confirmed. Livelihood diversity is an effective strategy for dealing with economic and environmental stresses and a tool for poverty reduction. One example of the diversification of rural livelihoods is border exchange; the phenomenon of border exchanges is now in legal ways, including temporary marketplaces, border licenses and electronic border credit cards. This phenomenon is an appropriate alternative for diversifying rural livelihoods, fair distribution of income, population stability, socioeconomic and spatial justice, protection of the environment, especially the preservation of forested areas. Applied studies show that reliance on non-agricultural livelihood diversity strategies are beneficial due to increase in household income. In this framework, border exchange is one of the examples of diversification of rural livelihoods with positive economic results. On the other hand, as it is derived from the questionnaires, the use of pressurized irrigation and reduction of water losses in the fields, the participation of local people in environmental NGOs, for example the Green Chia Association, participation in forest fire extinguishing, along with reduced fertilizer and pesticide use in agricultural fields, reduced animal hunting, reduced overharvesting, reduce of human waste and animal waste in the rural range and out of rural range, reduce in the population's dependence on forests and pastures are quite evident. Conclusion: It is obvious that with changes in the financial and income resources of the border residents, the desire to improve livelihoods and increase satisfaction has expanded. The development of environmental protection, such as decreasing environmental destruction, reduction of pesticide and fertilizer use, increasing participation in non-governmental environmental institutions, participation in firefighting, reducing the unconventional use of forests and their products and decreasing disposal of human and animal waste in the rural environment and forest arenas are positive environmental impacts of border exchanges. Obviously, if this phenomenon is extended to other parts of the county, with the improvement of livelihoods, the fields of cultural, political, physical and environmental development will accrete and increase. An adverse event caused by rising income is construction of garden houses and villas, mostly with urban residents. With necessary means such as educating people, coherent supervision in the areas of desirability can be managed. Therefore, the diversification strategy of rural livelihoods based on the capability of each region, using the potential of the border is a useful solution. This strategy reduces livability limitations of rural settlements. © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.
The development of rural areas, from various aspects, has always been of interest for researchers in less developed communities. These studies, according to the way governments look at development issues, have led the governments to make decisions and implement plans for how to manage rural areas (called politics); the process of studying, planning, as well as making decision and ultimately implementation in the rural environment is called rural policy-making. In Iran, different decisions have always been made to develop rural areas. In this study, we sought to identify the characteristics of policy-making and governance of rural areas and to understand the causes of their inefficiency in order to provide an appropriate model for policy-making and management of rural areas in Iran. Using thematic analysis, the themes of policy-making for managing the rural areas of Iran were investigated. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and studying the related documents. The findings showed three categories of pervasive themes: contexts; influential factors, and outcome dimensions. These three shape the basic concepts and organize themes for appropriate policy-making. In fact, based on the results, policy is appropriate for managing Iran's rural areas; it pays attention to the context and specific characteristics of the rural identity and environment, considers the role of external factors in decision-making and policy outcomes, is aware of the consequences of the previous policies, and leads to stability in policies. © 2021
Climate is an important factor in tourism development, and regarded as invaluable asset in tourism globally. Climate change is currently recognized by most governmental institutions and scientists state this as an important social and environmental issue ahead of the world population, and resources. Here attempts have been made to investigate and analyze the vision and status of tourism climate comfort of Zayandehroud River route at present, and from 2014 to 2039, using HadCM3 model for two A1B and B1 emission scenarios, by PET climate comfort index. The output of the model shows that the ascending trend of temperatures and thereby increased levels of climate comfort can be observed in all stations. The statistical analysis of pet index during 2014-2039 shows a positive trend, followed by a reduction in number of climate comfort days (18 < PET < 29). This indicates that some tourism destinations at the western part of the river are at risk of reduction in number of climate comfort days, because of a higher warming in western areas with a mountainous and colder climate. The impacts of these changes are clear on tourism resources. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
The aim of present study assessment of the positive and negative effects on Agh ghala industrial town on villages around the town. Statistical population this research are residents of Agh ghala industrial town that random sampling method and using the formula of 320 villages have been selected. Validity of the questionnaire using experts views confirmed and determine the reliability of questionnaire with do the pretest calculation of Cronbach's Alpha was conducted(./85). To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics Such as frequency, percentage, mean, coefficient of variation and factor analysis were used. Results of factor analysis positive effects on Agh ghala industrial town in area showed that four factors impacts the social, economic, physical, agricultural in total 61/44 percentage of variance explained and negative impacts industrial town in the area include three factors impacts economic, agricultural and environmental in total 55/10 percentage of variance explained. As the results of factor analysis show establishment of industrial town in terms of social, physical and economic have more positive effects so it can be argued that Agh ghala industrial town in development of their surrounding villages have been effective. © 2015 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.
Background: In any society, children and adolescents are the most important part; so the study of psychological diseases can prevent some of side effects that even can exposure individuals, family and society in difficulties in future. In this level, the weather changes in different regions can make a huge impact on psychological heath level of individuals specially children. Although, geographical and weather changes not only the cause of disease, its side effects can perform different kinds of disease in children. It is obvious that the impact of geography put on individual and society, which directly and indirectly depends on huge growth and society development, get rid of geography power, is possible. Some of these psychological disorders are nail biting, dyslexia, nacturia, depression, and aggressiveness. Methods: This numeric and quantitative study assesed children lived in cold climate regions consist of rurals of Semirom and Freidon shahr and warm climate regions consist of rurals of Naeen and Ardestan in Isfahan province, Iran in 2009. Finding: In all groups of children, 12.85% had psychological and behavioral disorders; 0.02% had nail biting, 2.3% had dyslexia, 1.78% had nacturia, 2.7% had depression, and 7.2% had aggressive behaviors. Nail biting was more in girls than boys. The presence of nacturia in boys was higher P < 0.05). Conclusion: The most prevalent psychological disorder in cold climate was nacturia and in warm climate anxiety and nail biting were the most prevalent disordes.
