According to the owners of the “necessity in relation” theory, explaining the nature of moral sentences and solving Hume's "Is/Ought" problem, are two things that are intertwined and Addressing one, is the same as addressing the other. This theory has been proposed in order to achieve very important issues in ethics, such as generality, certainty, realism, absolutism and having criteria for evaluating the moral system. Therefore, a critical look at this theory is very important. The aim and purpose of the article is to evaluate the “necessity in relation” theory, both in explaining the nature of moral sentences and in solving Hume's problem. The authors' approach has two stages. In the first stage, some foundations for evaluating a theory in solving the "Is/Ought" problem are presented. The second stage is done by presenting four critiques (based on the foundations presented in the first stage) around the ambiguities and foundations of this theory. According to the authors of the article, there are four criticisms on the “necessity in relation” theory: 1- circle and succession; 2- incompatibility with deontological ethics; 3- begging the question fallacy; 4- Denial of ethical primary self-evidents. The method used in this research is a descriptive-analytical inferential and problem-oriented style.
Law as the Elemental Component of Rational Life in Mulla Sadra's Philosophy
Law is one of the fundamental components in the realization of a rational life. The law is established in order to guide the individual or the society towards the realization of expediency or away from corruption. According to Mulla Sadra, God did not create the human race as a singular species, but rather, human beings have a social and civilized life. They have to participate and cooperate in their existence and survival. A partnership that is based on following a kind of tradition and law. Our emphasis in the current research is that what Mulla Sadra intended about the law, in general, is not compatible with Sharia; Rather, he has considered a more general meaning of the law. In this paper, in the light of the analysis of the general meaning of the law and using a logical-analytical method, we have reached findings such as an explanation of the dependence and connection of the law with the religion and public good of the people, clarification of the position of security by relying on the implementation of the law concerning social systems, and an analysis of the role of law in both the internal and external realm of man. The results reveal that the transcendental philosophy of Mulla Sadra has a suitable capacity for the establishment of rational life in society because the alignment of reason and religion in the context of the adherence of politics to Sharia will lead to the formation of social and individual norms.
Nasri nasrabadi, M., Ganjvar, M., Emami jome, S.M.
اندیشه دینی (22516123)(88)pp. 117-139
The issue of human agency _ in the sense that human being is possess action; the act which belongs to him and can be attributed to him _, is so important in the humanities that diviation criteria of great currents can be found in its given role. In other words, human knowledge, first of all, requires the recondition of an acting human being, and since a human being is an agent, actor and phenomenon-creating, is the subject of humanities. But describing a human being as an "agent" and considering his "agency" is completely dependent on our explanation of what "action" and agency are. The present work, with a wisdom approach and based on foundamentals of transcendental wisdom, firstly explains the truth of intention by referring to two completely related headings and philosophical keywords, means "ultimate cause" and "free will", and follow their role on action and finally, it shows intention as the first ever voluntary act in the chain of principles of human voluntary actions on the one hand, and also the ultimate cause of his action on the other hand, by determining the quality of the connection and voluntary union of the agent with the layers of his applied self, It forms the entire identity and the individuation of action and therefore human agency in terms of quality and quantity is tied to his intention to perform an action.
Analyzing the indicators of rationality from Mulla Sadra's perspective is considered to be one of the influential issues in the improvement, modification, and enhancement of the quality of social life. The indicators of rationality, according to its position and nature, as well as the application of rationality, can be explained in three axes: First, avoiding prejudice and stagnation and promoting rational free-thinking; Second, identifying the apparent thinkers and avoiding their thoughts and beliefs; And third, warning against the tendency to autonomous rationality. This paper has found the root of all three axes with a descriptive method and content analysis. The root of the first axis is the lack of analysis of the indicators of rationality. The damage of the second axis lies in neglecting to explain the ratio of value with the components of rationality. But the third axis is rooted in superficiality. The findings show that we can promote and improve social life by relying on rationality coordinates and with the support of Mulla Sadra's two suggestions i.e. attention to the ultimate end of wisdom and avoidance of imitation.
