International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)13(1)pp. 55-55
Background: Recently, the importance of chemokines and their receptors in carcinogenesis and the protective role of aerobic exercise in primary cancer development and progression is highlighted. Based on the facts that endurance exercise may result in hypoxia condition, and in addition, the effect of exercise therapy on the levels of CCL2, CCR2, and their related receptors in breast cancer (BC) model has not been investigated so far, therefore we aimed to evaluate the effect of eight-week noncontinuous aerobic training on the levels of CCL2, CCL5, and their related receptors; CCR2 and CCR5 in female BALB/C mice with BC. Methods: Thirty-two BALB/C mice (4-5 weeks old) were randomly divided to four 8-member groups of control and experimental. The experimental group received 8 weeks of noncontinuous aerobic exercises (AEs) while the control group did not receive any exercises during these 8 weeks. After last of experiment, 5 ml of blood was taken from each rat's lower inferior vein. The plasma levels of CCL2 and CCL5 were measured by ELISA and CCR2 and CCR5 by western blot. Tumor volume also measured in each step. Data were analyzed using the ANOVA test and the SPSS v. 0.24 Software. Results: After 8 weeks of participation in noncontinuous AEs, a statistically significant decrease was made between the control and experimental groups in terms of CCL2, CCL5, and CCR2 levels, as well as tumor volume. However, there was no significant difference between groups in terms of CCR5 level. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the 8 weeks of noncontinuous AEs did not result in CCR5 reduction while resulting in a statistically significant decrease in CCL2, CCL5, CCR2, and tumor volume.
Nobari, H., Kargarfard, M., Minasian, V., Cholewa, J.M., Pérez-gómez, J.
Journal Of The International Society Of Sports Nutrition (15502783)18(1)pp. 20-20
OBJECTIVE: Betaine supplementation may enhance body composition outcomes when supplemented chronically during an exercise program. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of betaine supplementation on development-related hormones, body composition, and anthropometrics in professional youth soccer players during a competitive season. METHODS: Twenty-nine players (age, 15.45 ± 0.25 years) were matched based upon position and then randomly assigned to a betaine group (2 g/day; n = 14, BG) or placebo group (PG, n = 15). All subjects participated in team practices, conditioning, and games. If a subject did not participate in a game, a conditioning protocol was used to ensure workload was standardized throughout the 14-week season. Growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), testosterone, cortisol, height, weight, and body composition were assessed at pre-season (P1), mid-season (P2) and post-season (P3). Anthropometric variables were also measured following a one-year follow-up (F). RESULTS: Significant (p < 0.05) group x time interactions were found for testosterone and testosterone to cortisol ratio (T/C). Both variables were greater in BG at P2 and P3 compared to P1, however, the testosterone was less in the PG at P3 compared to P2. There was no significant group by time interactions for GH, IGF-1, lean body mass, or body fat. There was a significant (p < 0.05) group x time interaction in height and weight at F, with the greater increases in BG compared to PG. CONCLUSION: Betaine supplementation increased testosterone levels and T/C ratio in youth professional soccer players during a competitive season. Betaine supplementation had no negative effects on growth (height and weight) and may attenuate reductions in testosterone due to intense training during puberty.
Kargarfard, M., Shariat, A., Lam, E.T.C., Shaw, B.S., Shaw, I., Shariat a., A.
Acta Medica Bulgarica (03241750)42(2)pp. 61-67
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) are highly sought-after in order to achieve muscle growth and better physical attributes. The study was conducted to measure the prevalence and attitudes towards the use of AASs among university students. 1008 male students from Isfahan University, Iran, between the ages of 18 and 25 years (23.3 ± 1.2 years) completed a questionnaire that investigated participation in bodybuilding, level of sport competition, participation in sports and recreational activities, AASs use, prevalence, knowledge among users, attitudes, as well as intent to continue using AASs in the future. 8% of respondents had used AASs and 6% currently use AASs. 71% of users believed using only a small amount of AASs or using AASs with anti-toxic drugs would not result in any harm, 10% indicated that AASs were harmless and 19% admitted to taking AASs despite knowing the adverse effects. 33% of respondents believed that they needed to use AASs to ensure athletic success and 26% believed that athletes should be allowed to use AASs without consequence. The prevalent use of AASs is a public health concern which implies that educational programmes at university level are needed to educate students about the adverse effects of AASs use.
Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness (18271928)55(5)pp. 488-494
Aim: The aim of this study was to compare BMI and the effects of a session of acute exercise on serum beta-endorphin levels among the sprint swimmers and runners. Methods: In a semi-experimental study, 15 healthy skilled male swimmers (mean and SD of age: 21.64±2.35, weight: 75.25±9.81 kg, height: 180.31±4.75 cm), and 14 healthy skilled runners (age: 21.38±2.76, weight: 69.78±6.86 kg, height: 182.21±5.22 cm), purposefully and voluntarily participated in this study. Venous blood samples of the subjects were taken in three stages 1) basic conditions; 2) immediately after each field of specialized training, with an intensity equal to 80-85% VO2max 30 minutes after exercise in the fasting state. Data was analyzed using with repeated measures (ANOVA). Results: The body composition and anthropometric variables assessed in the study were not signiicantly different between the 2 groups, except BMI, which was significant (P<0.05). The baseline p-endorphin serum levels were significantly higher in swimmers than runners (P=0.009). There were significant differences between levels of beta-endorphin of male sprint runners and swimmers in the three periods before, immediately after and 30 minutes after exercise (P<0. 05). Conclusion: The results showed that Increased fat storage may underlie the higher BMI observed in swimmers compared to runners and B-Endorphin Serum Levels was in swimmers more than runners and an acute exercise session signiicantly increases the levels of beta-endorphin serum hormone in sprint swimmers and runners.
Eatemady-boroujeni, A., Kargarfard, M., Mojtahedi, H., Rouzbehani, R., Dastbarhagh, H.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)32(282)
Background: In the recent studies, effects of the physical activity and regular exercise in preventing and postponing diabetes type 2, increase in insulin sensitivity, and improvement in glucose metabolism has been observed. Purpose of this study was to survey the effects of aerobic training and resistance training on lipid profile in patients with diabetes type 2. Methods: 45 patients with diabetes type 2 were selected by the targeted sampling method and divided into two aerobic training, resistance experimental, and control groups. Experimental groups exercised for 8 week, 3 sessions per week, each session 45 to 70 minutes. In this period, the control group had no regular exercise. In this study, multiple variables like triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was measured before and after training course. Finally, the results were analyzed using repeated measure test in significance level of 95%. Findings: Results of this study showed a significant improvement in TG and HDL levels after aerobic training course and meaningful improvement in HDL level after resistance training course. Conclusion: Aerobic training course had more effect on improvement of lipid profile rather than resistance training course.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)31(262)
Background: Millions of athletes participate every year in the Ramadan fasting of all around the world. However, few findings are available on the effects of Ramadan fasting on athletic performance. The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in cardiorespiratory responses, body composition, and blood lipids due to moderately and heavy aerobic exercise training during the fasting month of Ramadan in athletes. Methods: Sixty-six trained healthy men from Yazd city, Iran, were selected as purposeful and then randomly assigned into 3 groups: only fasting (F, n = 22), fasting plus exercise (FE, n = 22), and only exercise (E, n = 22). In addition to the fasting, subjects in the FE group also participated in an aerobic exercise-training program [65-85% maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max)] for 4 weeks during Ramadan. Body weight, body mass index, fat percentage, VO2 max, and blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC) low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides (TG) were measured at baseline and after Ramadan. Findings: The VO2 max and HDL level of the FE group was increased compared to pre-fasting, whereas the total cholesterol and blood glucose were significantly reduced at the end of the 29-day fasting Ramadan period (P < 0.05). No significant changes were observed between groups in body composition and blood lipid profile. A significant different in predicted Vo2 max was observed in the athletes group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that Ramadan fasting combined with exercise training had no adverse effect on the subjects when performing aerobic exercise at submaximal level. In addition, fasting and exercise increase maximum oxygen consumption and improve total cholesterol, triglyceride and blood glucose in athletes.
Introduction: Muscular weakness, particularly weakness of lower limb muscles is a symptom of Parkinson disease, which, together with other symptoms, will result in a variety of movement disorders. This research is designed to assess the effectiveness of a water-based exercise program on the lower limb muscles strength of Parkinson patients' knee joints.
Yarahmadi, M., Askari, G., Kargarfard, M., Ghiasvand, R., Pozveh, M.H., Mohamadi, H., Asadi, A.
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)5(12)pp. 1594-1600
Background: Flavonoids consider as a large group of plant metabolites that 6,000 types of them have been identified till now. In some studies, it has been shown that they can increase aerobic performance and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max).The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of anthocyanin (as one of the most important kind of flavonoids) supplementation on body composition, exercise performance and muscle damage indices in athletes.
Keyhani, D., Kargarfard, M., Sarrafzadegan, N., Sadeghi, M.
Arya Atherosclerosis (22516638)9(2)pp. 150-156
BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated changes in autonomic function after training in patients with cardiovascular diseases, particularly patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Heart rate recovery (HRR) is a strong predictor of mortality in CAD patients. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of supervised exercise training on autonomic function, which were assessed by heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and rate-pressure product (RPP) in CHF patients. METHODS: 65 patients aged 57-82 years with CHF were assigned to two groups randomly. The first group received a supervised 8-week aerobic training program of 30-45 min sessions, 3 days per week on alternate days, while controls received standard medical care and were followed up. Body weight, body mass index, functional capacity, resting heart rate, HRR, resting systolic blood pressure, peak heart rate, peak systolic blood pressure, and RPP were measured before and after the study period. Medications and diet recommendations remained unchanged in both groups during the study period. RESULTS: The exercise group consisted of 33 patients with mean age of 61.54 ± 5.89 years and the controls were 32 patients with mean age of 60.94 ± 5.03 years. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures revealed a statistically significant difference in the exercise group compared to the control group regarding body mass index, resting heart rate, heart rate recover, functional capacity, peak heart rate, peak systolic blood pressure, peak RPP after 8 weeks (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, a multidisciplinary CR program with supervised exercise training support significantly improves functional capacity and autonomic function in CHF patients. Therefore, a supervised and guided exercise training program is safe and beneficial for patients with CHF with different etiologies.
Kargarfard, M., Mehrabi, M., Hamidi-tehrani, J., Rouzbehani, R.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)31(256)
Background: It has been shown that adults with multiple sclerosis (MS) have less leg strength than their peers, as well as impaired balance, which led to an increased prevalence of falling in this population. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of 8-weeks aquatic exercise training in balance, walking endurance and speed in women with MS. Methods: Twenty-one women patient with clinically-definite relapsing-remittent MS who were registered through the Isfahan MS Association (Iran) participated in this randomized clinical trial. Patients were randomized into two groups: exercise training (n = 10) or control (n = 11). The exercise training group participated in an 8-weeks aquatic exercise program of 45-60 minutes sessions, 3 days per week on alternate days; while the controls received standard medical care and follow-up. Balance, walking speed and walking endurance were measured by using the Berg Balance Scale, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and 6-minute walk time at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks. The obtained data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures. Findings: After 2 months period, walking speed and endurance improved significantly in the exercise group compared with the controls (P < 0.05). The exercise group showed significant improvement in balance, walking speed and endurance during all of the aquatic exercise periods compared with baseline (P < 0.05). The difference in balance scores between the exercise and control groups was not significant after exercise-based water program (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that aquatic exercise training in women with MS improves balance, walking speed and endurance. However, aquatic exercise training may lead to additional benefit beyond optimal medical treatments and should be a cornerstone in the management of all patients with MS.
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)4(1)pp. 50-56
Background: This study was to evaluate the effect of a period of aquatic exercise therapy on muscle strength and joints range of motion in hemophilia patients. Methods: This was a semiexperimental, pretest, post-test study with a control group. This semi-experimental study comprised twenty men suffering moderate hemophilia were selected by convenience sampling method from patients of a referral hospital. They were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups of equal number. The hemophilia patients who were referred to Sayedo-Shohada Hospital enrolled in this study. Twenty men suffering moderate hemophilia were selected using convenience sampling method and then divided randomly into intervention and control groups (10 patients in each group). Subjects of aquatic exercise therapy group underwent activity in water in three sessions (45-60 minutes) per week for 8 weeks, while the control group was only under follow-up and during this period did not experience any effective physical activity. The patients' muscle strength and joint range of motion were evaluated through standard laboratory tools, using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex, Systems III) and a standard goniometer in the beginning and at end of the study. Finally, data was analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: The strength of the muscles around the knee joint (to perform extension and flexion movements) increased significantly in the case group while the control group experienced a significant reduction of strength in left leg, but in right leg remarkable change was observed. Range of motion in all joints was improved in the case group, while the control group did not improve significantly. Conclusion: The results showed that aquatic exercise therapy can be a useful method to improve joints' strength and range of motion in hemophilia patients in order to improve their daily functioning and quality of life.
BACKGROUND: Current guidelines recommend cardiac rehabilitation programs (CRP) as a means to improve functional status of patients after coronary revascularization. However, research supporting this recommendation has been limited and positive effects of CRP on diastolic function are controversial. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an 8-week CRP on left ventricular diastolic function. METHODS: This randomized, clinical trial included 29 men with ST elevation myocardial infarction (MI) who had received reperfusion therapy, i.e. coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). They were randomized to a training group (n = 15; mean age: 54.2 ± 9.04 years old) and a control group (n = 14; mean age: 51.71 ± 6.98 years old). Patients in the training group performed an 8-week CRP with an intensity of 60-85% of maximum heart rate. Exercise sessions lasted 60-90 minutes and were held three times a week. At the start and end of the study, all patients performed symptom-limited exercise test based on Naughton treadmill protocol. Pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography was also used to determine peak velocity of early (E) and late (A) waves, E/A ratios, and the deceleration time of E (DT). RESULTS: Left ventricular diastolic indices (E, A, E/A ratio, DT) did not change significantly after the CRP. Compared to baseline, patients in the training group had significant improvements in functional capacity (8.30 ± 1.30 vs. 9.7 ± 1.7) and maximum heart rate (118.50 ± 24.48 vs. 126.85 ± 22.75). Moreover, resting heart rate of the training group was significantly better than the control group at the end of the study (75.36 ± 7.94 vs. 79.80 ± 7.67; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: An 8-week CRP in post-MI patients revascularized with PCI or CABG led to improved exercise capacity. However, the CRP failed to enhance diastolic function.
Basati, F., Kargarfard, M., Sadeghi, M., Golabchi, A., Rouzbehani, R.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)30(187)
Background: The positive effects of cardiac rehabilitation programs (CRPs) on cardiovascular patients have been demonstrated. However, their effectiveness in improving systolic function and preventing remodeling process needs to be further evaluated. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an 8-week CRP on left ventricular systolic function and mass in patients after myocardial infarction. Methods: A total number of 29 male patients with myocardial infarction were allocated into cardiac training group (n = 15; mean age = 54.2 ±9.04 years) and control group (n = 14; mean age = 51.71 ± 6.98 years). Patients in the training group performed an 8-week CRP with an intensity of 60-85% of maximum heart rate. The program was performed 3 times a week and each session lasted 60 minutes. Before the CRP and at the end of the study, all patients underwent 2-dimentional echocardiography for left ventricular systolic function and mass to be assessed. Findings: Our findings showed that the 8-week CRP improved left ventricular systolic function in the patients. At the end of the CRP, left ventricular end diastolic dimension increased in the control group. On the other hand, end diastolic volume and end systolic volume decreased significantly in the training group. In addition, ejection fraction and stroke volume increased significantly in the training group. Although left ventricular mass decreased in the training group, the difference between the two groups was not significant. Conclusion: An 8-week CRP in post-myocardial infarction patients can lead to improved systolic function and decreased left ventricular mass and thus prevent cardiomegaly.
Basati, F., Sadeghi, M., Kargarfard, M., Yazdekhasti, S., Golabchi, A.
Journal Of Research In Medical Sciences (17357136)17(1 SPL.1)
BACKGROUND: Supervised exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programs (CRP) have been suggested to all patients, especially after myocardial infarction. However, the effects of cardiac rehabilitation on systolic function are controversial. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an 8-week cardiac rehabilitation on left ventricular systolic function and left ventricular mass in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and revascularization. METHODS: This study included 29 men with MI after reperfusion therapy, i.e. coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The patients were randomized into a training group (n = 15, mean age: 54.2 ± 9.04 years) and a control group (n = 14, mean age: 51.71 ± 6.98 years). The training group performed 8 weeks of CRP with an intensity of 60-85% of maximum heart rate, 3 times a week. Each session lasted for 60 minutes. Before and at the end of the study, all patients underwent 2-dimentional echocardiography for left ventricular systolic function and left ventricular mass to be assessed. RESULTS: After 8 weeks of CRP, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) increased significantly in the training group (48.53 ± 10.41 vs. 59.13 ± 5.90; p < 0.001). Moreover, the difference in LVEF between the training and control groups were significant after the course (59.13 ± 5.90 vs. 55.90 ± 9.60; p < 0.001). In addition, stroke volume increased significantly (57.22 ± 7.84 ml vs. 64.03 ± 12.80 ml; p < 0.001) while left ventricular systolic volume decreased significantly (42.89 ± 17.32 ml vs. 31.00 ± 8.34 ml; p < 0.001) in the training group. CRP was decreased left ventricular mass in the training group (229 ± 42 vs. 196 ± 34; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A 2-month CRP in post-MI patients led to improvements in systolic function and reductions in left ventricular mass and thus cardiomegaly.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)30(178)
Background: Parkinson's disease is one of the most common central nervous system damaging diseases which mainly affects the elderly. The variety of disorders and complications associated with the disease puts the patients in so much trouble. Some of these problems include difficulty in walking and taking steps, veer, displacement, imbalance, and bent posture. Such problems have a negative effect on patients' daily functions like sitting and getting up, dressing, and personal hygiene. The purpose of this study was to survey the effects of an exercise training program in water on balance among patients with Parkinson's disease. Methods: The present quasi-experimental study used a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical society included all Parkinson's disease patients who had referred to neurologists in Isfahan, Iran. A total number of 20 female patients were purposefully and voluntarily selected and randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups (n = 10 in each group). Subjects in the experimental group performed three 60-minute sessions of aquatic exercise therapy per week for 8 weeks. During the same period, the control group only received medications and was followed up. In the beginning and at the end of the period, the patients' balance was assessed by Berg balance score. Data was analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) at a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. Findings: In this study, balance scores of the experimental group significantly improved after the exercise period (P ≤ 0.05). However, there was no significant change in the control group (P ≥ 0.05). In addition, after 8 weeks of aquatic exercise training, balance scores of the experimental group showed a significant increase compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that exercise therapy in water can be used as a useful and effective method to improve balance and in turn daily functioning of Parkinson's disease patients.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)30(204)
Background: Dopamine (DA) is a neurotransmitter with an important role in regulating brain processes involved in movement. Serotonin is a brain chemical that helps the transmission of messages throughout the nervous system. This neurotransmitter performs many functions including mood, appetite, and the sleep/wake cycle regulations. Previous studies have demonstrated that exercise increases brain serotonin and dopamine function in humans. Therefore, it has recently been suggested as an alternative to treat drug addiction. This study aimed to assess the effects of an eight-week aerobic exercise program on the concentration of DA and serotonin in addicted women in the central prison of Isfahan (Iran). Methods: Thirty addicted women in the central prison of Isfahan (mean age: 32.6 ± 8.0 years) were randomly divided into two groups of aerobic exercise training (n = 15) and control (n = 15). The aerobic training group performed a supervised 60-minute aerobic exercise training session three times a week for eight weeks. The control group was only followed-up without any effective physical activity. Blood samples of the subjects were tested both at baseline and after eight weeks. Data was analyzed by SPSS16. Findings: After eight weeks, the aerobic training group demonstrated significant improvements in serotonin and DA levels compared to the baseline values (P < 0.01). Significant differences were also observed between the two groups in serotonin and DA levels after eight weeks (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that aerobic training program is an effective intervention in addicted women.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)29(171)
Background: Massage therapy is one of the methods used to improve and prevent sports injuries. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an athletic massage after acute eccentric exercise on physical performance and perceived recovery in male body building athletes. Methods: Thirty male body building athletes were selected and randomly divided into two groups of experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15). They performed 5 sets of ten maximal eccentric contractions at a level of 80 ± 5% of a one-repetition maximal contraction of the knee flexors and extensors at maximal angular velocity. The experimental group received athletic massage using massage techniques for 30 minutes immediately after exercise, whereas the control group was instructed to maintain their current lifestyle. Physical performance and perceived recovery were assessed using the Sargent jump test and perceived recovery questionnaire before and immediately after exercise, and at 2, 24, 48 and 72 hours after exercise. The obtained data was analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings:: Significant reductions in physical performance as well as significant increments in uscle soreness were observed in both groups after acute exercise. However, the results showed significant improvements in physical performance and perceived recovery in the experimental group compared with the control group 24 hours after massage therapy (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that a massage therapy session may improve the physical performance and perceived recovery following acute eccentric exercise in male body building athletes. However, it may not be beneficial in the treatment of strength and functional declines.
Mehrabi, E., Kargarfard, M., Kelishadi, R., Mojtahedi, H.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)30(183)
Background: Obesity is a major public issue. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the prevalence of obesity and overweight would increase to 1.5 million individuals by 2015. Obesity is an important risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, some cancers. In addition, obesity and percent of body fat seem to be associated with respiratory problems, although the mechanism of this correlation is not very clear. The purpose of this study was examining the relationship between anthropometric characteristics, body composition, and lung function in obese, overweight, and normal students. Methods: In this study, 283 secondary school students in Isfahan, Iran [age: 12.79 ± 0.88 years old, body mass index (BMI): 20 ± 39.9 kg/m2] were selected using cluster random sampling. Subjects were divided into 3 groups of obese (BMI ≥ the 95th percentile; n= 50), overweight (the 85th ≤ BMI ≤ the 95th percentile; n = 62), and normal (the 15th percentile ≤ BMI ≤ the 85th percentile; n = 171). Pulmonary function was assessed using Spirometric methods. In addition, anthropometric characteristics and body composition were measured. Findings: Our results showed the three groups of normal, overweight and obese students to be significantly different in terms of the average lung capacity and volume. Moreover, significant negative correlations were observed between anthropometric characteristics and indicators of body composition and lung function. Least significant difference post hoc test results also showed that lung function in normal students was greater than overweight and obese students. In addition, the prevalence of normal weight, overweight, and obesity among the studied students were 60.4, 21.9, and 17.7, respectively. Conclusion: Based on our results, obesity has a specific effect on lung function and reduces lung capacity and volume. However, the exact mechanism has not been well understood. Therefore, further studies in this field are required.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)29(167)
Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of heavy resistance exercise on the circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol in male body building athletes. Methods: In this balanced, crossover study, 15 healthy resistance-trained men (mean age, weight and height: 21.45 ± 1.10 years, 76.50 ± 4.20 kg, and 178.30 ± 3.60 cm, respectively) with three years of previous experience in resistance exercise were selected. At the time of study, the subjects were involved in a resistance training program of at least three sessions per week. The testing period included two test days per week, incorporating a total of two days of rest and two days of exercise. Subjects were randomly selected to participate on the rest and exercise days. The heavy resistance exercise protocol consisted of three, ten-repetition sets using 75% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Saliva samples were obtained every two hours for a maximum of 16 hours during each testing day. The repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was followed by post-hoc LSD test. The significance level was considered as P ≤ 0.05. Findings: There was a significant increase in the level of salivary cortisol immediately after the heavy resistance exercise session (P ≤ 0.05). There were no significant differences between the exercise and control days in circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol (P ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that heavy resistance exercise had a significant effect on cortisol release immediately post exercise, but did not significantly affect the waking circadian rhythm in male body building athletes.
Sinaei, M., Kargarfard, M., Talebi, A., Sharifirad, G.R., Arbzade, A.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)29(166)
Background: Previous studies have often focused on plasma beta-endorphin (?-EP) and cortisol responses to either sub-maximal or maximal exercise. However, little research has been conducted on the effects of professional exercise sessions on? -EP and cortisol secretion levels. The aim of this study was to assess changes in plasma?-EP and cortisol levels in male sprint runners after one session of 200 meters run exercise training. Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 14 healthy male elite runners (mean age: 21.38 ± 2.76 years, mean weight: 69.78 ± 6.76 kg, mean height: 182.21 ± 5.22 cm, and mean body mass index of 20.99 ± 1.62 kg/m2) purposefully and voluntarily participated in this study. After a two hour exercise session, the subjects ran 200 meters in 23 seconds with an intensity equivalent to 80-85% of maximum oxygen consumption. Venous blood samples were taken from the right arm of the subjects to measure levels of?-EP and cortisol before exercise, immediately after specialized training, and 30 minutes after exercise. Serum blood samples were separated immediately in a refrigerated centrifuge at +4°C. They were then transferred to a -70°C refrigerator for future assessments.?-EP and cortisol were measured using enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings: Levels of?-EP among male sprint runners significantly differed between the three measurements (P ≤ 0.05). The paired comparison test showed a significant difference between the Mean?-EP level before training and in the recovery period (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, no significant differences in cortisol levels were observed (P ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that an acute exercise session caused significant increases only in levels of serum?-EP hormones among sprint runners.
Introduction: Muscle-Skeletal disorders are the most common problems in hemophilia patients that can affect the quality of life and psychological factors in these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a period of aquatic exercise therapy on the quality of life, depression and anxiety in hemophilia patients. Materials and Methods: In a semi-experimental study, 20 patients who referred to Isfahan Sayedo-Shohada hospital voluntarily were selected and then randomly in two experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. Subjects of aquatic exercise therapy group started their activity in water for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week about45 to 60 minutes, while the control group was only followed-up and during this period they did not experience any exercise. The quality of life, depression and anxiety variables of patients were measured by standard questionnaires in the beginning and end of eight week aquatic exercise therapy. Results: The results showed significant improvement in quality of life, depression and anxiety variables in aquatic exercise therapy group patients, compared with the control group after 8 week aquaticexercise therapy (p<0.05). Conclusion: Results of this study showed that aquatic exercise therapy can be used as an effective and helpful method to prevent and treat hemophilia patients because it leads to improve multi-dimensional variable quality of life, depression and anxiety in hemophilia patients.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)29(149)
Background: Epidemiological studies indicate that elevated serum levels of homocysteine and C-reactive protein (CRP) is independently associated with risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 12 weeks aerobic training on levels of serum homocysteine and CRP levels in obese women. Methods: 20 healthy obese female students with similar age and weight were randomly devided in intervention and control groups. The intervention group was trained in an aerobic exercise program for 12 weeks (3 sessions weekly). This program was a treadmill exercise with 50-65 percent maximum heart rate intensity for 30-45 minutes in each session. Weight, body fat percentage, body mass index and waist to hip ratio were measured in the beginning and the end of the study for all of the subjects by using the analysis of body composition. In addition homocysteine and CRP levels in the fasting state were evaluated with ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method before and after the exercise program. Data were analyzed by the Paired t-test and covariance analysis test. Findings: The mean age in both groups were 25 ± 5 years. The results showed a significant decrease in weight, fat percentage, body mass index, waist to hip ratio parameters and homocysteine and CRP levels in exercise group after 12 week exercise period. At the end of the study we found statistically significant differences in weight, fat percentage, body mass index, waist hip ratio parameters and homocysteine and CRP levels between 2 groups. Conclusion: According to our result, a 12 week regular aerobic exercise program, with moderateintensity play an important role in weight control in obese individual and decrease their cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Kargarfard, M., Basati, F., Sadeghi, M., Rouzbehani, R., Golabchi, A.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)29(131)
Background: Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention is an integral part of the treatment of patient with cardiovascular disease to date, however the effect of this programs on systolic and diastolic function is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks cardiac rehabilitation program on diastolic function and functional capacity in patients with myocardial infarction. Methods: twenty-nine post myocardial patient enrolled in this study, which was completed in cardiac rehabilitation group (15 men) and control group (14 men). Echocardiographic measures of diastolic filling and functional capacity by symptom limited exercise test based on naughton protocol on treadmill were performed at baseline and after 8 weeks of training. Data were analyzed using repeated analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in P < 0.05 level. Finding: After 8 weeks cardiac rehabilitation program, diastolic filling indicators did not change significantly (E velocity, A velocity, E/A ratio and deceleration time). But functional capacity increase significantly in cardiac rehabilitation group. But, functional capacity, resting HR and maximal HR improved significantly in the training group compared to the control group. Conclusion: This study revealed that Cardiac rehabilitation program for 8 weeks significantly improves functional capacity in post myocardial patients but diastolic function did not change significantly. It seems likely that the improvement in functional capacity largely pertain to non cardiac effects.
Introduction: The prevalence of anemia in pregnancy is nearly 8% in the first quarter, 12% in the second quarter and 29% in the third quarter based on hemoglobin levels. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a selected aerobic exercise period on hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cells count in pregnant women after delivery. Materials and Methods: This Study was a quasi-experimental. From all women who were referred to the maternity unit of the clinic in Shahreza, 40 inactive pregnant women in second trimester aged 20-35 years were selected and then randomly divided in two experimental (n=20) and control (n = 20) groups. The women in the experimental group had selected aerobic exercise under an experienced instructor for 8 weeks (three sessions of 45 minutes per week with the intensity of 40-75 percent of maximum heart rate reserve), while the control group was only followed up. Blood hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels and also red blood cells count were measured before and after exercise in both groups. Results: A significant improvement were observed in the blood hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and also the number of red blood cells in the women of the experimental group following 8 weeks exercise with compared to the baseline levels of those variables and also to the control group (P<0.01). Unlike the control group, the experimental group showed an increase in blood hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and also number of red blood cells (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the selected aerobic exercise program is an effective and safe method in reducing disease of anemia in pregnant women in second trimester.
Kargarfard, M., Poursafa, P., Rezanejad, S., Mousavinasab, F.
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)2(3)pp. 145-150
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of exercise on the aerobic power, serum lactate level, and cell blood count among active individuals in the environments with similar climatic characteristics differing in their level of air pollution. Methods: This trial comprised 20 volunteer students of Physical education in The University of Isfahan, Iran. Two places with the same climate (altitude, temperature, and humidity), but low and high level of air pollutants air were selected in Isfahan, Iran. Participants underwent a field Cooper test with a 12-minute run for fitness assessment. Then the aerobic power, serum lactate, and cell blood counts were measured and compared between the two areas. Results: The study participants had a mean (SD) age of 21.70 (2.10) years and body mass index (BMI) of 24.44 (2.32) Kg/m2. We found a significant decrease in mean Vo2 max, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, as well as significant increase in mean lactate level, white blood cell count and mean corpuscular volume in the higherpolluted than in the lower-polluted area. No significant difference was documented for other parameters as platelet counts or maximum heart rate. Conclusions: Exercise in high-polluted air resulted in a significant reduction in the performance at submaximal levels of physical exertion. Therefore, the acute exposure to polluted air may cause a significant reduction in the performance of active individuals. The clinical importance of these findings should be assessed in longitudinal studies.
Sinaei, M., Kargarfard, M., Sharifi g.r., G.R., Rouzbehani, R., Arabzadeh, A.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)29(136)
Background: Most previous studies were concentrated on plasma beta-endorphin (ß-EP) and cortisol responses following sub-maximal or maximal exercise; however, little researches have been conducted on the efficacy of sports specialized exercise sessions in ß-EP and cortisol secretions. The aim of this study was to assess changes in plasma beta-endorphin and cortisol levels in male sprint swimmers after one session of swim exercise training. Methods: 15 healthy male elite swimmers as purposefully and voluntarily participated in an semiexperimental study. After a practice session for 2 hours long swimming, participants were swimming in a 50 meters standard pool with an intensity equivalent to 80-85 percent of maximal oxygen consumption. Venous blood samples were taken from the right arm of the subjects to measure levels of beta-endorphin and cortisol in the three steps: 1. Basic conditions, 2. Immediately after specialized training, and 3. 30 minutes after exercise. Serum blood samples separated immediately in refrigeratored centrifuge in +4 °C and then were transferred to assess the variables to the refrigerator -70 °C. Beta-endorphin and cortisol were measured by ELISA kit. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA test. Finding: There are significant differences between levels of beta-endorphins of male sprint swimmers in the three periods of time before, immediately after and 30 minutes after exercise (P < 0.05). The paired comparison test showed a significant difference between the mean beta-endorphin before and recovery period in the swimmers (P < 0.05). Also, results showed that the changes of cortisol levels in three steps were not significantly different. Conclusion: The results showed that an acute exercise session increase only serum beta-endorphins hormones in sprint swimmers.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)29(148)pp. 988-996
Background: The role of physical activities in control and recovery of diabetes type II and increasing insulin sensitivity was always considered. Doing sport activities in watery environments with regard to these patients' physical and mental conditions was much less studied. So, the goal of present research was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks aquatic training on lipid profile in patients with type II diabetes. Methods: In this semi-experimental research, 30 volunteer men with type II diabetes were studied. The subjects were devided in two groups: experimental group (15 patients) and control group (15 patients). The patients in experimental group had an aquatic exercise program for 8 weeks (3sessions in week, each session 45-60 minutes, the intensity of exercise was 60 to 80 percent of maximum heart rate), whereas control group had no regular physical activity. Total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) were measured in 2 groups before and after the exercise program. Data collected were analyzed by ANCOVA test in the end of the study. Findings: Findings of this study showed a significant difference in LDL, HDL, TG, TC and VLDL between two groups. Conclusion: According to our findings a regular aquatic exercise can improve lipid profile in patients with type II diabetes.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)29(142)
Background: Although the role of physical activities in control and recovery of diabetes type II and increasing insulin sensitivity was always considered, doing sport activities in water is welldocumented. So, the goal of present research was to test the effect of eight-week aquatic training on selected physiological factors and blood sugar of patients who suffer from type II diabetes. Methods: In this semi-experimental research, 30 men with type II diabetes in Khomeinishahr township, Iran, were put in two groups of intervention (15 patients) and control (15 patients). The intervention was an eight-week aquatic training (3 sessions in week, each session 45-60 minutes and with intensity of 60-80 percent of maximum heart rate). Whereas the control group had no regular or systematic physical activity. Weight, body mass index (BMI), maximum consuming oxygen, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar and also glycated hemoglobin were measured before and after the intervention in both groups. These data was analyzed by ANCOVA test. Findings: A significant difference was observed in maximum oxygen consumption, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar and glycated hemoglobin between intervention and control groups, whereas this difference in weight and BMI in the two groups was not significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this research indicate that an aquatic training program causes a significant improvement in blood sugar of patients with type II diabetes.
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)1(2)pp. 124-130
Objectives: Supervised exercise cardiac rehabilitation programs have been suggested to all patients specially patients with postmyocardial infarction (MI) for many years. However, limited information is available on the usefulness of exercise rehabilitation programs in chronic MI. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of supervised exercise training on MI patients by measuring both physical and physiological factors. Methods: This was a semi-experimental randomized study. Itincluded seventy two (35 cases, 37 controls) post-MI patients aged 40 to 67 years. They were randomly selected from those with MI based on WHO criteria who were referred to cardiac rehabilitation unit of Isfahan Shahid Chamran cardiovascular research center. After initial measurements including weight, height, functional capacity, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in both resting and exercise states, patients were randomized into either the training group (n=35) or the control group (n =37). The training group had supervised aerobic training program, three times a week, with 60-70% of the maximal heart rate (HR) reserve for two months. After the training program was completed, all measurements were repeated in both groups. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures. Results: Patients in exercise group showed statistically significant improvement in resting HR (81.27±7.75 bpm vs. 74.17±10.11bpm, p≤0.001), resting SBP (125.92±9.30 mmHg vs. 123.54±6.82 mmHg, p≤0.01), SBP peak (150.22±7.12 mmHg vs. 133.54±6.82 mmHg, p≤0.001), HR peak (132.51±3.06 bpm vs. 142.00±3.14bpm, p≤0.001), and exercise capacity (8.49±1.18 METs vs. 9.42±1.19 METs, p≤0.01). Conclusions: The results from the study showed that a 2-month exercise rehabilitation program in post-MI patients is useful for improving both blood pressure and exercise capacity and should be encouraged more commonly.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)28(108)pp. 327-338
Background: The purpose of this study was to compare four resistant training protocols on level of human growth hormone secretion in beginner male athletes. Methods: In a semi-excremental study, 12 healthy male subjects were chosen randomly among beginner athletes with mean age: 22.3 ± 2.2 years, height: 178.5 ± 4.03 cm, weight: 73.9 ± 3.02 kg and body mass index: 23.26 ± 1.1 kg/m2. Bilateral knee extension exercise used as the exercise movement. Each of athletes was participated in four training protocols and concentration of human growth hormone was measured before and immediately after each exercise. Interval between executing each of exercise protocols was one week. Before implementing the exercise protocol, 1RM of bilateral knee extension was measured. Protocol 1 included 5 set at 90% of 1RM, with 3-min rests until tired. In second, third and fourth protocols, after doing last set (fifth set) and 30-seconds of rest, an additional set with 50%, 30% and 20% of 1RM until tired was performed. The obtained data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures for differences among training protocols, Scheffe post hoc comparison and students paired t-test for differences between correlated means. Findings: The executing second protocol (T50) and third protocol (T30), increased human growth hormone concentrations after exercise significantly (P < 0.001); whereas firs protocol (T1) and fourth protocol (T20) caused no significantly change in human growth hormone concentrations after exercise (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The results of present research showed that adding a set of 50% or 30% of 1RM until tired to a training program done by high intensity and low repetition will increase amount of hormone secretion significantly after exercise.
