Journal Of Research In Health Sciences (22287809)19(3)
Background: Hyperkyphosis is often accompanied by forward head and shoulder postures. Together, these three disorders are called “Upper Cross Syndrome (UCS)”. We aimed to perform a photogrammetric analysis of UCS among teachers and to determine the effects of National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM) exercises with ergonomic training interventions on the syndrome. Study design: A semi-experimental study. Methods: Photogrammetric analysis was performed using the UCS software among teachers in order to determine the angles of forward head, rounded shoulders, and hyperkyphosis. Twenty-three teachers were selected purposefully and enrolled in Fasa City in 2018. They were randomly divided into experimental (n=12) and control (n=11) groups. Experimental group attended 12 wk of NASM exercises with ergonomic intervention but the control group did not participate in any regular exercise. The data were analyzed using paired t-test and differential independent t-test (P[removed]
Nuri r., R., Mahmudieh b., , Damirchi a., A., Rahmani-nia r., , Rahnama, N., Emami h., H.
Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services (16069366)22(91)pp. 1-10
Background and Objective: IGFs (Insulin-like growth factors) and some binding proteins can cause occurrence and recurrence of breast cancer. Since the role of combined exercise training on these factors is not clear, therefore, the aim of this study was to look at the changes of IGF axis and some binding proteins in postmenopausal women with breast cancer after 15 weeks of combined exercise training. Materials and Methods: Twenty- nine women with breast cancer (58.27 ± 6.31 years) who underwent surgery, chemotherapy and radiation- therapy with current hormone therapy were divided into two groups of experimental and control. Subjects of the experimental group performed 15 weeks of combined exercises including walking (2 sessions per week) and resistance training (2 sessions per week that differed from walking days). Data were analyzed by using ANCOVA (p< 0.05). Results: Combined exercise training had significant effect on IGF-1 levels (P= 0.001), IGFB-3 levels (P= 0.000) and IGF-1: IGFB-3 (P= 0.000) in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. After 15 weeks, IGE -1 reduced in the experimental group up to 9 percent and IGFB-3 increased by 28 percent. On the other hand, exercise training had no significant effect on the IGFB-1 (P= 0.652) in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Conclusion: While the IGF axis factors and some binding proteins play an important role in breast cancer and its recurrence, it seems that changes in these factors through combined exercise training programs can delay its recurrence.
Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences (15614107)16(6)pp. 26-32
Background and Objective: Decreasing muscle strength and the quality of life (QOL) are some major problems for hemophilic patients. The purpose of this study was to compare two treatment protocols, including land-based and water-based exercise therapy on muscle strength and QOL in patients with hemophilia for 8 weeks. Methods: In this experimental study, thirty-eight patients with hemophilia (type A) were randomly assigned into land-based exercise therapy, hydrotherapy and control groups. The participants in hydrotherapy group performed hamstring stretching and quadriceps strengthening exercises in water while the patients in land-based exercise therapy group followed the same exercises outside the water three days in a week for 8 weeks and the subjects in control group have their everyday life. The muscle strength and QOL were evaluated using hand held dynamometer and WOMAC questionnaire at base line and after interventions, respectively. Findings: The patients who completed the interventions had significant increase in hamstring (Mean±SD: hydrotherapy: post-test 17.7±4.8; exercise therapy: post-test 17.3±8.1; control: post-test 12.3±6.6) strength and quadriceps (Mean±SD: hydrotherapy: post-test 20.9±5.5; exercise therapy: post-test20.2±7.7; control: post-test (15.2±6.8) and improvement in QOL compared to subjects in control group (p<0.001). More significant (p<0.01) improvement in QOL (hydrotherapy: post-test 26.4±9.1; exercise therapy: post-test 26.4±9.1; control: post-test 43.4±6.4) was found in participants of WET group in comparison to those in LET group, although no significant (p>0.05) difference was detected between the WET and LET therapeutic programs in changes of quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength at baseline and after finishing the treatment protocols. Conclusion: Both interventions can improve quality of life and muscle strength of knee joint in patients with knee joint arthropathy due to hemophilia, although the influence of water-based exercise therapy program in improving QOL protocol is more than land-based exercise therapy method.
Journal Of Kerman University Of Medical Sciences (20082843)21(5)pp. 437-445
Methods: In the present study, 35 men (mean ± standard deviation of: age = 22.6±2.9 years, height = 175.5±8.3 cm, and weight =77.6±9.3 kg) were selected via convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three groups, including the vibration technique (n=12), resistive exercise (n=12), and control (n=11). The first two groups followed their own specific protocol 3 days per week for 8 weeks, and were forbidden from participating in any sport or physical activity. Pain intensity and active angle reproduction error (AARE) for 45˚ knee flexion were assessed using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Biodex system.
Olamazadeh s., , Taghian f., F., Barakatain m., M., Rahnama, N.
Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche (03933660)173(4)pp. 185-195
Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aquatic exercises on respiratory, fatigue and lactate level in panic disorders patients. Metods. Thirty-eight women patients with panic disorders (age 35.8±8.3 yrs, weight 67.7±13.2 kg, height 183.5±5.3 cm) were selected after medical screening, and were randomly divided into two control (N.=19) and experimental (N.=19) groups. Pulmonary indices and forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow in one second (FEV), volume rate of FEV1% were measured using spirometer and fatigue was measured using multidimensional fatigue inventory questionnaire, blood lactate level in resting position using lactometer. All variables were measured in rest and at the end of the 12 th week intervention. The experimental group participated in a 12-week aquatic exercise (one-hour, three sessions per week with the maximum heart rate reserve intensity of 50-85%), while the control group continued their normal life. Paird-samples t-test was used for analyse of data (P<0.05). Results. The results of this study showed that, FVC, FEV and FEV1% increased significantly after 12 weeks of aquatic exercise intervention (P<0.05). The fatigue reduced significantly (P<0.05) significant changes in blood lactate levels (P<0.05) was observed. Conclusion. It can be concluded that aquatic exercise could be used as a supplementary therapeutic method in improving fatigue and respiratory factors, for treatment of panic patients.
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)5(1)pp. 83-88
Background: Pain and limited range of motion (ROM) are the crucial subsequent results of joint hemorrhages in individuals with bleeding disorders and hemophilia. Exercise interventions are particularly recommended in treatment of such patients. The purpose of this study was to detect the influences of conventional exercise therapy and hydrotherapy on the knee joint complications in patients with hemophilia. Methods: A total of 40 patients engaging hemophilia A were randomized into one of three groups: Therapeutic exercise (N = 13), hydrotherapy (N = 14) or control (N = 13). While the first two groups followed their specific programs for 4 weeks, routine life-style was maintained by subjects in the control group in this period. To evaluate the pain level and knee ROM the visual analog scale and standard goniometer were utilized, respectively. The outcome was measured at baseline and after completing the prescribed protocols. Data analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and Scheffe statistical tests (P < 0.05). Results: Both experimental groups experienced more significant decreasing in pain level (P < 0.001) and knee flexion and extension ROM (P < 0.001) in comparison to the control group. Although the pain was significantly (P < 0.01) more alleviated in participants treated through hydrotherapy in comparison to exercise therapy, the difference in ROM improvement was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Using hydrotherapy in addition to usual rehabilitation training can result in beneficial effect in terms of pain and knee joint ROM. However, it appears that hydrotherapy is more effective in reducing pain.
Daneshjoo, A., Mokhtar a.h., A.H., Rahnama, N., Yusof a., A.
Biology of Sport (20831862)30(4)pp. 281-288
The study investigates the effects of the 11+ and HarmoKnee injury prevention programmes on knee strength in male soccer players. Under-21-year-old players (n=36) were divided equally into: the 11+, HarmoKnee and control groups. The programmes were performed for 24 sessions (20-25 min each). The hamstrings and quadriceps strength were measured bilaterally at 60°·s-1, 180°·s-1 and 300°·s-1. The concentric quadriceps peak torque (PT) of the 11+ increased by 27.7% at 300°·s-1 in the dominant leg (p<0.05). The concentric quadriceps PT of HarmoKnee increased by 36.6%, 36.2% and 28% in the dominant leg, and by 31.3%, 31.7% and 20.05% at 60°·s-1, 180°·s-1 and 300°·s-1 in the non-dominant leg respectively. In the 11+ group the concentric hamstring PT increased by 22%, 21.4% and 22.1% at 60°·s-1, 180°·s-1 and 300°·s-1, respectively in the dominant leg, and by 22.3%, and 15.7% at 60°·s-1 and 180°·s-1, in the non-dominant leg. In the HarmoKnee group the hamstrings in the dominant leg showed an increase in PT by 32.5%, 31.3% and 14.3% at 60°·s-1, 180°·s-1 and 300°·s-1, and in the non-dominant leg hamstrings PT increased by 21.1% and 19.3% at 60°·s-1 and 180°·s-1 respectively. The concentric hamstrings strength was significantly different between the 11+ and control groups in the dominant (p=0.01) and non-dominant legs (p=0.02). The HarmoKnee programme enhanced the concentric strength of quadriceps. The 11+ and HarmoKnee programmes are useful warm-up protocols for improving concentric hamstring strength in young professional male soccer players. The 11+ programme is more advantageous for its greater concentric hamstring strength improvement compared to the HarmoKnee programme.
Rahnama, N., Bambaeichi e., E., Bagherian, S., Nezhadroomazi, S.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)30(196)
Background: Triathlon is a popular sport match that combines swimming, cycling, and running into a single event. During each stage, athletes have specific positions which may affect their spinal curvatures. The aim of this study was to compare forward head posture, thoracic kyphosis, and lumbar lordosis in triathlon athletes and non-athletes. Methods: This study included 40 Iranian male triathlon athletes and 40 non-athletes. Each athlete had to complete a questionnaire about training procedures and his experience of participation in a triathlon. The degrees of forward head, kyphosis, and lordosis were measured using a goniometer and a flexible ruler. Findings: The mean degree of forward head in triathlon athletes (44.58° ± 7.11°) was significantly (about 20%) greater than non-athletes (28.55° ± 7.24°). A significant difference was observed in mean kyphosis between triathlon athletes and non-athletes (45.86° ± 6.68° vs. 43.03° ± 5.6°). However, no significant difference was found between triathlon athletes and non-athletes in mean lordosis (32.96° ± 5.85° vs. 33.76° ± 4.16°). Conclusion: It can be concluded that posing specific postures during the 3 stages of a triathlon increases forward head posture and kyphosis among athletes. Therefore, stretching and strengthening exercises are recommended to prevent athletes from developing these abnormalities.
Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche (03933660)171(6)pp. 767-773
Aim. Physical activity inversely associated with inflammatory markers. Active old people as compared with non-active have the lower level of IL-6, TNF-α and CRP. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic exercises on inflammatory markers in elderly women (75-60 old years). Methods. Twenty old women were chosen and then randomly were divided into two groups; control (mean±SD, age 68 ± 4 years, height 1/55±0/4 m, weight 72/67 ± 14/62 kg) and experimental (age 69 ± 3 years, height 1.56±0/5 m, body weight 68/36 ± 15/90 kg). Weight, body fat percent and waist to hip ratio were assessed by the body composition analyzer. The inflammatory markers IL - 6, TNF-α and CRP were measured before and after aerobic exercise program (walking three sessions per week, for 3 months) by ELIZA. Paired t-test and analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. Results. Significant reduction was observed in body weight (68 vs. 64 kg), fat percent (38 vs. 35%), body mass index (28 vs. 26) and waist to hip ratio (1/02 vs. 1/01) in experimental group after the training period (P<0.05). But no significant difference was found for control group in these variables (P>0.05). Following training modality TNF-α and CRP levels decreased significantly (P<0.05), but no change was observed in IL-6 (P>0.05). No significant changes were found for the control group in inflammation markers (P>0.05). It can be concluded that aerobic training would be recommended as an appropriate modality for the elderly women for improving their health and reducing cardiovascular risk factors.
Nuri r., R., Kordi, M.R., Moghaddasi, M., Rahnama, N., Damirchi a., A., Rahmani-nia f., F., Emami h., H.
Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics (19984138)8(2)pp. 238-242
Context: Studies have shown that physical activity or exercise training may decrease the metabolic syndrome. Aim: The aim of the present study is to clarify the effect of combination exercise training on metabolic syndrome parameters in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Setting and Design: Twenty nine postmenopausal women (58.27 ± 6.31 years) with breast cancer were divided into two groups randomly as experimental group (n=14) and control group (n=15). Materials and Methods: Subjects of experimental group were performed 15 weeks combination exercise training including walking (2 sessions per week) and resistance training (2 sessions per week that was different from walking days). Before and after 15 weeks, fasting insulin and glucose, insulin resistance, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) were calculated. Also, Vo2peak, rest heart rate (RHR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were measured in two groups. Statistical Analysis Used: Mean values of two groups in pre and post test were compared by independent and paired t-test for all measurements (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Significant differences were observed for VO2peak, RHR, BW, BMI, WHR, SBP, fasting insulin and glucose, HDL-C and TG between experimental and control groups after 15 weeks (P< 0.05). Conclusions: Combination exercise training can improve metabolic syndrome parameters in postmenopausal women with breast cancer.
Emami h., H., Rahnama, N., Nuri r., R., Damirchi a., A., Rahmani-nia f., F., Afshar-nejad t.,
Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche (03933660)171(5)pp. 633-638
Aim. Studies indicated that decreased sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) can increase the risk of breast cancer and its recurrences in postmenopausal women. On the other hand, it is possible that exercise training can be positive effect on SHBG levels. Therefore, the aim of current study was to clarify the effect of combination exercise training on SHBG in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Methods. Thus, 29 postmenopausal women with breast cancer that received surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy divided into two groups; intervention and control. Subjects of intervention group were performed 15 weeks combination exercise training including walking (2 sessions per week) and resistance training (2 sessions per week different from walking days). Pre and post of 15 weeks, body weight, BMI and serum SHBG levels were measured into two groups. Data were analyzed using by ANCOVA and significant levels set as P<0.05. Results. The findings of present study demonstrated that combination exercise training has significant effect on body weight, BMI and serum SHBG levels (P<0.05). In intervention group, body weight and BMI were decreased and SHBG levels were increased, after 15 weeks. Conclusion. Combination exercise training can increase serum SHBG levels in postmenopausal women with breast cancer, significantly. Because of elevated serum or plasma SHBG levels can reduce risk of breast cancer and its recurrences, combination exercise training during treatment can reduce recurrence of breast cancer by increased levels of SHBG.
Samadi a., , Gaeini, A., Kordi, M.R., Rahimi m., M., Rahnama, N., Bambaeichi e., E.
Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness (18271928)52(2)pp. 151-157
Aim. Previous studies have indicated that exercise-induced muscle damage might be attenuated by coingestion of protein and carbohydrate supplement. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of three various ratios of carbohydrateprotein (CHO+PRO) supplements on resistance exercise-induced muscle damage indices. Methods. Twenty-eight untrained male students voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: 1) CHO+PRO 2:1 ratio, N.7; 2) CHO+PRO 3:1 ratio, N.8; 3) CHO+PRO 4:1 ratio, N.7; 4) placebo group, N.6. They performed a single bout of resistance exercise (whole body: 3 setx8-10 reps with 70-75% IRM), with eccentric concentration. Every group consumed prepared CHO/PRO beverages (9% concentration, 10 mL/ kg/bw -1 at different ratios) or the same amount of placebo beverage before and in 15 min intervals during exercise. Blood samples were taken before the exercise bout and also at 1 and 24 h post-exercise. In addition, muscle soreness scores were recorded before and 1, 24, and 48 h postexercise. Repeated measures ANOVA (between-within design) and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze dependent measures (α0.05). Results. Serum creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin (Mb) increased in all groups compared with pre-exercise but the significant difference among groups was observed in 24 h postexercise, in a way that both CK and Mb levels were higher in placebo group. Muscle soreness increased for all groups from pre to postexercise, but there was not any significant difference among groups at any time point. Conclusion. Findings of this study showed that CHO+PRO decreased serum CK and Mb at 24 h post exercise, but did not affect muscle soreness at any time points after exercise. Moreover, there were no significant differences between various ratios of CHO-PRO supplementation.
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)3(7)pp. 493-498
Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two types of rehabilitation techniques, including aerobic and strengthening exercises on patients with knee rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: 48 male patients with knee RA were randomly assigned into 3 groups, including aerobic exercises, strengthening exercise, and control. The two first groups completed their treatment protocol for 8 weeks, 3 days per week. Visual Analogue Scale, WOMAC questionnaire, 6-minute walking test, standard goniometer were used to assess pain severity, functional ability, walking ability, knee joint ROM respectively at baseline and after applying therapeutic interventions. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P < 0.05 significant level. Results: Participants had a mean ± SD age of 58.6 ± 7.8 years (height 1.72 ± 0.07 m, weight 81.0 ± 6.4 kg) with no significant difference between three groups. Both therapeutic interventions reduced pain significantly (P < 0.001) compared to the control group, without significant difference between the two experimental groups. The patients fulfilled aerobic exercise attained higher levels of function and walking ability compared to strengthening group significantly (P < 0.001). The knee range of motion (ROM)wassignificantly (P < 0.001) improved in the two experimental groups in comparison to controls, the strengthening group had more significant (P < 0.001) improvement. Conclusions: It can be concluded that an aerobic exercise program improves functional and walking ability in patients with knee RA, and strengthening exercise has more efficient effect on knee ROM, both aerobic and strengthening exercises can equally relieve pain.
Rejaei, S.F., Mojtahedi, H., Marandi, S.M., Rahnama, N., Movahedi, A., Bambaeichi e., E., Khayambashi, K.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)30(186)
Background: Cardiac biomarkers are factors that are used in the diagnosis of heart tissue damage and acute myocardial infarction. The main purpose of this study was to compare 3 types of endurance, resistance, and combined exercise on cardiac biomarkers, i.e. cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and creatine kinase isoenzymes MB (CK-MB), in active men. Methods: A total number of 15 healthy active young men with a mean age of 23 ± 1.60 years, mean height of 173 ± 3.75 cm, mean weight of 69 ± 8.74 kg, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) of 51.48 ± 1.84 mL/kg.min were selected. Each subject performed the 3 types of exercise with 7-day intervals. Blood samples were obtained before and immediately after exercise and cardiac biomarkers were evaluated. Statistical analyses were conducted using paired t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings: Our results indicated that CK-MB increased significantly after resistance, endurance, and combined exercise (pretest value = 20.87 ± 2.39; posttest values = 25.98 ± 3.86, 26.34 ± 4.21, and 27± 2.66, respectively; α = 0.01). However, the 3 types of exercise did not result in significantly different CK-MB levels. CTnT levels did not change significantly after resistance, endurance, or combined exercise (pretest value = 0.65 ± 0.11; posttest values = 0.48 ± 0.11, 0.65 ± 0.11, and 0.77 ± 0.11, respectively; α = 0.01). Nevertheless, cTnT levels were higher after endurance and combined exercise compared to resistance exercise. Conclusion: The results indicated that despite the increased amounts of CK-MB which might have been caused by the nature of exercises and muscle damage due to intense muscular activity, none of endurance, resistance, and combined exercises triggered significant changes in cTnT levels in active men. Therefore, these types of exercise cannot be followed by heart damage.
Mogharnasi m., , Gaeini, A., Sheikholeslami vatani d., D., Rahnama, N., Arjmandi, B.H., Bambaeichi e., E.
Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche (03933660)170(5)pp. 307-313
Aim. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acute and prolonged periods of aerobic training and detraining on novel inflammatory marker the predictive of cardiovascular disease in Wistar rats. Methods. Forty-two male rats divided randomly into two groups: aerobic training group (experimental) (N.=24) and control group (N.=18; without any training program). Experimental group trained for 12 weeks, three times a week, with the definite speed and duration. To study the effects of detraining, six trained rats were taken off of training regimen after 24 sessions of training. The blood samples were gathered in different phases of training. A cellular adhesion molecule (sICAM-1) was measured with ELISA kits following the manufacturer's protocol. Data were analyzed by two way ANOVA and different and independent t-test. Results. The results showed that sICAM-1 levels were decreased insignificantly (P=0.179) in the first 8 weeks, but a significant decrease was observed in sICAM-1 concentration (P=0.001) as the training continued to 36 sessions. Also, it was revealed that by detraining, the gained adaptation faded out and the body was exposed to the danger of atherogenesis damages (P=0.07). Conclusion. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that the measurement of sICAM-1, is beneficial for the diagnosis of different environmental factors on vascular disorders and that the regular aerobic training would be a helpful mean in prophylaxis and reduction of atherosclerosis by lowering the concentration of sICAM-1.
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)2(1)pp. 20-23
Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of high-intensity intermittent exercise and carbohydrate supplementation on cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) in soccer players. Methods: Twelve elite soccer players were selected and divided equally into three groups of carbohydrate (CHO), placebo (P) and control (C). Blood samples were taken in six phases and were analyzed with the chemiluminescence method. Results: Results showed that three bouts of 90-min exercise along with carbohydrate supplementation did not have any significant effect on the level of cTnI indices. However, there was a significant difference in CK-MB values after the second and third sessions compared with the first day (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In summary, exercises with less duration and intensity like soccer do not seem to be effective on cTnI and CK-MB. When the overall intensity of exercise was moderate, it appeared that carbohydrate supplementation had less effect on the alteration of biochemical markers of the myocardial muscle.
Rahnama, N., Namazizadeh, M., Etemadifar, M., Bambaeichi e., E., Arbabzadeh, S., Sadeghipour, H.R.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)29(136)
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive disease which influences the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of nervous system and women are diagnosed with the disease 2 to 3 times more frequently than men. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influences of yoga on depression in women with multiple sclerosis. Methods: Thirty women with multiple sclerosis from Isfahan multiple sclerosis Association volunteered to participate in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups of 15 people: control (age: 31.06 ± 9.7 y; height: 159.46 ± 3.83 cm; and weight: 59.1 ± 11.37 kg) and experimental (age: 35.73 ± 8.3 y; height: 161.9 ± 4.46 cm; and weight 59.53 ± 10.48 kg). The experimental group practiced yoga for 8 weeks (two sessions a week) under the supervision of a yoga teacher in class, and also one session a week at home for 60-75 minutes, while the control group performed only their everyday activities. The depressions of all subjects were evaluated at the beginning and in the end of the study using Beck questionnaire. Date was analyzed using student t-test. Finding: The depression in the experimental group decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after 8 weeks of yoga. No significant change was observed in the control group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that yoga can be considered as a useful modality in treatment of the depression disorder in women with multiple sclerosis.
Sadeghipour, H.R., Rahnama, A., Salesi, M., Rahnama, N., Mojtahedi, H.
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)1(4)pp. 242-246
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between C-reactive protein (CRP) with physical fitness, physical activity, obesity, and selected cardiovascular risk factors in schoolchildren. Methods: Forty-four boy schoolchildren (mean ± SD: age 10.25 ± 0.75 years, height 144 ± 0.2 cm, body weight 46.1 5± 4.59 kg, body mass index 22.16 ± 2.16 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in this study. Physical fitness and physical activity were assessed using the 20-meter fitness test. Adiposity was estimated using body mass index. Blood samples were taken after an overnight fast and measured for CRP, LDL, HDL and cholesterol. Pearson's correlation was calculated to determine the relations between these factors. Results: Mean (SD) CRP concentration was 1.07 (0.82) mg/l. A significant correlation was observed between CRP and VO2max (r=-0.45, P= 0.001), body mass index (r=0.55, P=0.000) and cholesterol (r=-0.35, P=0.04). No significant relation was found between CRP and physical activity, LDL and HDL (P> 0.05). Moreover, significant associations were observed between body mass index and VO2max (r=-0.33, P=0.02) and physical activity (r=-0.43, P=0.04). Conclusions: Body mass index was the most powerful predictor of serum concentrations of CRP in schoolchildren. It may be an important factor to control body weight to prevent an increase in serum CRP in children and to help the primordial prevention of chronic diseases.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)28(106)pp. 143-148
Background: Rate of injuries among female athletes is higher than male. Cyclic sex hormones fluctuation during the menstrual cycle might play an important role in this respect. The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of female athletes' injuries in different phases of menstrual cycle. Methods: Athletes from twenty clubs participated in Iran league competition (2006-2007) were studied. Information of menstrual cycle and athletes' injuries was collected using injury report form completed by athletes and team physicians. Findings: The rate of injuries, ligament injury and also anterior cruciate ligament injuries were significantly higher in luteal phase, compare to ovulation and follicular phases (P < 0.01). When data were analysed based on the duration of each phase, more injuries were observed in the ovulation phase. Conclusion: There is circamenstrual variation in female athlete's sport injuries. So, for minimising rate of injury, female athletes should avoid from dangerous situations in training and competition during ovulation phase.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)28(108)pp. 316-326
Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are a common health related problem throughout the world and a major cause of disability in the workplace, especially in the development countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8-week corrective exercise on musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) among workers of Loabiran industry. Methods: Ninety-one workers of Loabiran industry participated in this study. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to study the prevalence of MSD. After primarily evaluations from 91 workers, thirty-one workers identified as having MSD involved in corrective exercise program for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week, each session 45 to 90 minutes). Findings: Regarding MSD, a significant difference between different sites of body was found (P < 0.05); low back (26.3 %), shoulder (18.9 %) and knee (17 %) were the most prevalent sites. The severity and rate of disorders decreased significantly following 8-weeks training in low back, shoulder, knee, neck and hand/wrist areas (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that prevalence of MSD among workers of Loabiran industry was relatively high and corrective exercise program was effective to decrease it. So, corrective exercise for reducing risk level would be recommended.
Journal Of Research In Medical Sciences (17357136)15(3)pp. 127-132
BACKGROUND: Consumption of energy drinks has become widespread among athletes. The effectiveness of Red Bull and Hype energy drinks on selected indices of maximal cardiorespiratory fitness and blood lactate levels in male athletes was examined in this study. METHODS: Ten male student athletes (age: 22.4 ± 2.1 years, height: 180.8 ± 7.7 cm, weight: 74.2 ± 8.5 kg) performed three randomized maximal oxygen consumption tests on a treadmill. Each test was separated by four days and participants were asked to ingest Red Bull, Hype or placebo drinks 40 minutes before the exercise bout. The VO2max, time to exhaustion, heart rate and lactate were measured to determine if the caffeine-based beverages influence performance. ANOVA test was used for analyzing data. RESULTS: A greater value was observed in VO2max and time to exhaustion for the Red Bull and Hype trial compared to the placebo trial (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in pre and post-test heart rate for two drinks (p > 0.05). For blood lactate levels no significant changes were observed before and two minute after the test (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ingestion of Red Bull and Hype prior to exercise testing is effective on some indices of cardiorespiratory fitness but not on the blood lactate levels.
Rahnama, N., Nuri r., R., Rahmaninia, F., Damirchi a., A., Emami h., H.
Journal Of Research In Medical Sciences (17357136)15(2)pp. 78-83
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise training on maximum aerobic capacity, resting heart rate (RHR), blood pressure and anthropometric variables of postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Methods: Twenty nine women with breast cancer who received surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy with current hormone therapy were divided into two groups; intervention and control. Subjects in the intervention group performed 15 weeks combination exercise training including walking for 25 to 45 minutes (2 sessions per week) and resistance training for 60 minutes (2 sessions per week that were different from walking days). In pre and post tests, VO2max, RHR, blood pressure, body weight, body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were measured in both groups. Data was analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: Significant differences were observed for VO2max, RHR, body weight, BMI and WHR between intervention and control groups after 15 weeks (p < 0.05). In fact, exercise training had positive effects on the VO2max, RHR, body weight, BMI and WHR in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. No significant different was found for blood pressure between two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: It can be concluded that exercise training may improve maximum aerobic capacity, RHR and anthropometric variables in postmenopausal women with breast cancer.
Rahnama, N., Younesian, A., Mohammadion, M., Bambaeichi e., E.
Journal Of Research In Medical Sciences (17357136)14(6)pp. 335-341
BACKGROUND: The association between the lipid profiles level and the incidence and severity of coronary heart disease (CHD) is very pronounced in epidemiological studies, and an inverse relation between physical fitness and the incidence of coronary heart disease has been observed in many studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a soccer match on lipid parameters of professional soccer players. METHODS: Twenty two professional soccer players participated in the study. Blood (10ml) for determination of lipid profiles was obtained at rest and immediately after a 90 minute soccer match. Lipid parameters were measured using Boehringer Mannheim kits and Clinilab and BioMerieux analyser. RESULTS: The results of this study showed that the triglyceride was significantly higher before the match than afterwards (159.09 ± 58.2 vs. 88.63 ± 34.1 mg/dl, p < 0.001), whereas the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was lower before the match than after it (98.04 ± 28.9 vs. 112.31 ± 30.5 mg/dl). Moreover, there were no significant differences in cholesterol concentration (171.4 ± 30.28 mg/dl vs. 173.18 ± 32.75 mg/dl) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration (34.04 ± 5.58 mg/dl vs. 34.4 ± 4.6 mg/dl) between before and after the match. CONCLUSIONS: Although the soccer competitive match has no favourable acute effect on lipid profiles, the lower rate of LDL, cholesterol and triglyceride as well as the higher level of HDL in players suggest a beneficial effect of regular soccer training on arthrosclerosis and perhaps on CHD risk as well.
Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche (03933660)167(5)pp. 221-229
Aim. This study was designed to investigate the effect of continuous training on C-reactive protein (CRP), which is the most sensitive inflammatory marker for predicting of cardiovascular disease. Methods. This study was conducted on obese, female wistar14848 rats (325.6±4.93 g and 21 months old). A pilot study was carried out to investigate the difference in CRP between the obese (226.75±5.12 g and 4 months old) and thin (168.13±5.6 g and 4 months old) young rats, and also between the obese (325.6±4.93 g and 21 months old) and thin (246.87±4.79 g and 21 months old) rats (each group included 8 rats). Then, 32 rats were divided randomly into control and experimental groups and in each group the related sub-groups were chosen randomly. An experimental training programme was carried out for five days a week at a definite treadmill speed for 12 weeks. Blood samples were drawn at three phases of pretraining, mid-training and post-training. High-sensitivity CRP was measured with an immunoturbidimetric method. Results. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed that the reduction in CRP levels was not significant (P=0/08) in the fast six weeks but CRP decreased significantly (P<0.0001) after 12 weeks. Conclusion. It can be concluded that the decline in this inflammatory marker after a period of continuous training attenuated the atherogenesis process.
Rahnama, N., Reilly, T., Lees, A., Graham-smith p.,
Journal of Sports Sciences (1466447X)21(11)pp. 933-942
Fatigue represents a reduction in the capability of muscle to generate force. The aim of the present study was to establish the effects of exercise that simulates the work rate of competitive soccer players on the strength of the knee extensors and knee flexors. Thirteen amateur soccer players (age 23.3 ± 3.9 years, height 1.78 ± 0.05 m, body mass 74.8±3.6 kg; mean ± s) were tested during the 2000-2001 soccer season. Muscle strength of die quadriceps and hamstrings was measured on an isokinetic dynamometer. A 90 min soccer-specific intermittent exercise protocol, incorporating a 15 min half-time intermission, was developed to provide fatiguing exercise corresponding in work rate to a game of soccer. The exercise protocol, performed on a programmable motorized treadmill, consisted of the different intensities observed during soccer match-play (e.g. walking, jogging, running, sprinting). Muscle strength was assessed before exercise, at half-time and immediately after exercise. A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed significant reductions (P < 0.001) in peak torque for both the quadriceps and hamstrings at all angular velocities (concentric: 1.05, 2.09, 5.23 rad.s-1; eccentric: 2.09 rad.s-1). The peak torque of the knee extensors (KE) and knee flexors (KF) was greater before exercise [KE: 232±37, 182±34, 129±27, 219±41 N.m at 1.05, 2.09 and 5.23 rad.s-1 (concentric) and 2.09 rad.s-1 (eccentric), respectively; KF: 126±20, 112±19, 101±16, 137±23 N.m] than at half-time (KE: 209±45, 177±35, 125±36, 214±43 N.m; KF: 114±31, 102±20, 92±15, 125±25 N.m) and greater at half-time than after exercise (KE: 196±43, 167±35, 118±24, 204±43 N.m; KF: 104±25, 95±21, 87±13, 114±27 N.m). For the hamstrings: quadriceps ratio, significant changes were found (P<0.05) for both legs, the ratio being greater before than after exercise. For fast:slow speed and left:right ratios, no significant changes were found. We conclude that there is a progressive reduction in muscle strength that applies across a range of functional characteristics during exercise that mimics the work rate in soccer.
British Journal of Sports Medicine (03063674)36(5)pp. 354-359
Objective: To assess the exposure of players to injury risk during English Premier League soccer matches in relation to selected factors. Methods: Injury risk was assessed by rating the injury potential of playing actions during competition with respect to (a) type of playing action, (b) period of the game, (c) zone of the pitch, and (d) playing either at home or away. In all, 10 games from the English Premier League 1999-2000 were chosen for analysis. A notation system was used whereby 16 soccer specific playing actions were classified into three categories: those inducing actual injury, those with a potential for injury (graded as mild, moderate, or high), and those deemed to have no potential for injury. The pitch was divided into 18 zones, and the position of each event was recorded along with time elapsed in the game, enabling six 15 minute periods to be defined. Results: Close to 18 000 actions were notated. On average (mean (SD)), 1788 (73) events (one every three seconds), 767 (99) events with injury potential (one every six seconds), and 2 (1) injuries (one every 45 minutes) per game were recorded. An overall injury incidence of 53 per 1000 playing hours was calculated. Receiving a tackle, receiving a "charge", and making a tackle were categorised as having a substantial injury risk, and goal catch, goal punch, kicking the ball, shot on goal, set kick, and heading the ball were all categorised as having a significant injury risk. All other actions were deemed low in risk. The first 15 minutes of each half contained the highest number of actions with mild injury potential, the last 15 minutes having the highest number of actions with moderate injury potential (p<0.01). The first and last 15 minutes of the game had the highest number of actions with high injury potential, although not significant. More actions with mild injury potential occurred in the goal area, and more actions with moderate and high injury potential occurred in the zone adjacent to the goal area (p<0.001). There was no significant difference between home and away with regard to injury potential. Conclusions: Playing actions with high injury risk were linked to contesting possession. Injury risk was highest in the first and last 15 minutes of the game, reflecting the intense engagements in the opening period and the possible effect of fatigue in the closing period. Injury risk was concentrated in the areas of the pitch where possession of the ball is most vigorously contested, which were specific attacking and defending zones close to the goal. Injury potential was no greater in away matches than at home.
