تاریخ اسلام (20086431)(شماره 3 - پاییز 97 _ مسلسل 75)pp. 111-148
یکی از کاربردهای دانش تاریخ در فقه، کمک به ارزیابی مقدمات استدلال اجتهادی است. دانشمندان مسلمان درباره شمول خمس نسبت به درآمدها در زمان رسول اکرم(ص)دیدگاههای مختلفی دارند. بررسی تاریخی شواهدی که برخی از فقهای شیعه برای اثبات خمس درآمدهای فردی در زمان پیامبر(ص) مطرح میکنند مسئله اصلی این پژوهش است. یافتههای این مقاله نشان می‌دهد که این بررسی میتواند به عنوان نمونهای برای ارزیابی مقدمات تاریخی به کار رفته در قیاس استدلال فقهی معرفی شود.
تاریخ اسلام (20086431)(شماره 3 - پاییز 96 _ مسلسل 71)pp. 39-60
مسئله خلق قرآن، از جمله رویدادهای پُرآوازه دوران مأمون و جانشینان او، یک نزاع کلامی صرف نبود که مخالفان و موافقان آن، با استدلال و احتجاج به بیان دیدگاه خود بپردازند؛ بلکه با عنوان «محنت» به یک موضوع سیاسی و اجتماعی تبدیل شد و با تقسیم مسلمانان به دو دسته «باورمندان» و «غیرباورمندان» به آن، منازعات و مجادلات فراوانی را دامن زد و تا آنجا پیش رفت که انسجام فکری جامعه اسلامی را هم تهدید کرد. خلفای عباسی نیز در پی بهرهبرداریهای خود از این ماجرا بودند.
این مقاله، با رویکردی تاریخی و با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی، کوشیده است مفهوم خلق قرآن و عوامل مطرحشدن این موضوع از سوی معتزله و عباسیان، و سرانجام سیاست امام هادی(ع) را در برخورد با این مسئله بررسی کند. یافتههای پژوهش نمایانگر آن است که امام هادی(ع) همچون امامان پیش از خود، در برخورد با این مسئله، سیاستی متفاوت با دو جریان فکری حاکم، یعنی معتزله و اهل حدیث و نیز دستگاه خلافت پیش گرفتند. امام هادی(ع) موضوع خلق قرآن را یک فتنه میدانستند و بر همین اساس و با تدبیر ایشان، شیعیان از ورود به این بحث بیحاصل خودداری کردند.
تاریخ اسلام (20086431)(شماره 3 - پاییز 96 _ مسلسل 71)pp. 7-38
امام علی‌بن‌محمد(ع)، رهبری و پیشوایی فکری و فرهنگی شیعیان را در عصری پُرتلاطم و سرشار از فتنه و آشوب سیاسی در فاصله سال‌های 220 تا 254هجری بر عهده داشت. آن حضرت، علاوه بر دارابودن مقام امامت الهی، از یک تربیت متعالی، بصیرت و آگاهی و هوش و دانش فرهنگی گسترده و رفتار فرهنگی والا برخوردار بود. امام هادی (ع) به همین سبب، برای مهندسی و راهبری فرهنگی، دارای استراتژی و انگیزه قوی فرهنگی بود. ازاین‌رو، دارای راهبرد برای رهبری و هدایت فرهنگ جامعه و نظام‌سازی فرهنگی، توسعه علمی و تربیتی بود. آن امام همام، با تأکید بر پیشرفت علم و دانش، توصیه به تعلیم و تولید علم و اندیشه، ایجاد کانون ارتباطات سرّی وکالت، کادرسازی و تربیت نفوس، تدوین منشور سبک زندگی، وضع قانون و ترسیم حقوق شهروندی، تبیین قواعد همزیستی مسلمانان با اهل کتاب و مبارزه فرهنگی با رفتار جاهلی خلفای عباسی همچون متوکل، موفق به تغییرات فرهنگی در میان امت اسلامی گردید و مسیر را برای تحصیل سلامت و سعادت جامعه اسلامی هموار ساخت.
این مقاله، به روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی به بررسی مهندسی فرهنگیِ امت اسلامی توسط امام هادی(ع) خواهد پرداخت و این فرضیه را به آزمون خواهد گذاشت که: «امام هادی(ع) به عنوان یک رهبر الهی، با شناخت جریان‌های فکری و فرهنگی زمانه خود با محوریت هدایت جامعه، مسیر مدیریت فرهنگی را با بهره‌گیری از راهبردهای متنوع در بستر فرهنگی هموار نمود و موفق به ایجاد تغییرات هوشمندانه و هدایت جامعه گردید.»
تاریخ اسلام (20086431)(شماره 1- بهار 97 - مسلسل 73)pp. 167-202
با آغاز سده هشتم هجری، همزمان با تحول در نظام مذهبی ایلخانان، زمینه گسترش بیشتر اندیشه شیعی فراهم گردید و دانشمندان شیعه در راستای دفاع از اندیشه خویش، آثار بسیاری را در حوزههای مختلف پدید آوردند؛ از جمله این تلاشها، تدوین آثاری در انساب علویان و سادات بود که نویسندگانی چون: ابنطقطقی (709ق)، ابنفوطی (723ق)، ابنمعیّه (776ق) و ابنعنبه (828ق) آن را بر عهده گرفتند.
در این پژوهش که به شیوه توصیفی و تحلیلی و با استناد به منابع تاریخی، رجالی و کتابخانهای سامان یافته، به این سؤال پاسخ داده میشود که نقش مورخان شیعه در تدوین کتب انساب در سده هشتم چه بوده و با چه هدفی صورت گرفته است؟ یافتههای پزوهش، نشانگر آن است که انساب‌نگاری شیعیان در این قرن، همچون دیگر ادوار، با هدف بازشناسی ذریه رسول خد(ص) با توجه به شرافت این خاندان و تفاوت آنها با دیگر مسلمانان در برخى حقوق و احکام شرعى، انجام شده است
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (14740591)15(3)pp. 261-277
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (14740591)16(1)pp. 29-41
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (14740591)16(2)pp. 151-163
Carbon nanotubes are widely used in the design of nanosensors and actuators. Any defect in the manufactured nanotube plays an important role in the natural frequencies of these structures. In this paper, the effect of vacancy defects on the vibration of carbon nanotubes is investigated by using an atomistic modeling technique, called the molecular structural mechanics method. Vibration analysis is performed for armchair and zigzag nanotubes with cantilever boundary condition. The shift of the principal frequency of the nanotube with vacancy defect at different locations on the length is plotted. The results indicate that the frequency of the defective nanotube can be larger or smaller or equal to the frequency of perfect one. The results also show that with the reduction in the tube length, the variations of principal frequency are enhanced. However, the frequency variation is insensitive to the nanotube diameter. As the number of vacancy defects increases, shift in the natural frequency also increases as expected. © 2008 IEEE.
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (14740591)21(2)pp. 131-145
The issue of the purchase of land in one country, in this case Iran, by other countries, in this case Britain and Russia, is one of great significance because of light it may throw on the strength or weakness of national sovereignty, and the ways and degree to which it may be undermined.1 It can also show the strategies deployed by the country challenged to protect its territorial integrity, as here in the case of Iran. The intricacies of foreign landownership patterns thus have implications for international relations, on which they can provide telling detail in terms of contemporary power politics. The details of land purchase also demonstrate considerable differences as between the two outside powers involved in terms of their objectives in Iran, and thus challenge a tendency in the literature to see them as similar. At the same time, from this particular study, Qajar Iran, which is so often represented as weak, näýve and ineffectual in the face of the challenge of great power intervention, emerges as having dealt skilfully with this particular form of intrusion with a variety of stratagems that were not without success for much of the nineteenth century. Finally, the whole issue can be demonstrated as having become inextricably entwined with internal policies of reform which sought to strengthen the government of Iran by centralisation and growing taxation on those who were hitherto exempt. This movement, however, which occurs late in the period, that is to say in the early twentieth century, was to stall during its very weak second decade. Despite the significance of the subject of foreign land ownership and tenancies in Iran in the Qajar period, no detailed study of it exists. Issawi notes that there was a considerable amount of land purchase in Astarabad, Gilan and Azerbaijan byRussian subjects,who became settled there during the second half of the nineteenth century.2 In 1864 Eastwick observed that Gilan was the residence of a large number of Russian prot́eǵees.3 They were especially dominant in Rasht, where they held entire villages by right of mortgage. However, as will be shown, the picture was more complex than it appeared, it varied from region to region, and in particular there was a contrast between the north and the British-dominated south. The nature of the claims of foreigners on land also evolved over time, much depending on the impact of the central government and of foreign trade. Within this framework the present study sets out to examine broadly the ways in which land was acquired between the signing of the Treaty of Turkmanchai in 1828 and the breakdown of Iranian government central control by 1911. It will consider not only claims and ownership themselves, but also the ways in which land was acquired and by what rights, including the legal arguments deployed for and against foreign ownership and leaseholds. It is hoped that the article will thereby trace changes in Iran both in terms of foreign relationships and influence, and in internal development. © 2011 The Royal Asiatic Society.
Firouzkouhi, M.,
Zargham-boroujeni, A.,
Nouraei, M.,
Yousefi, H.,
Holmes, C.A. International Emergency Nursing (1878013X)21(2)pp. 123-128
Background: Nurses have played a major role in taking care of the wounded across the centuries. One of the most important roles of Iranian nurses in wartime has been working in chemical emergency departments. This study investigated the nature of nursing practice in chemical emergency departments created in the context of the Iran-Iraq War fought during 1980-1988. Method: This is a history methodology design with oral history and in-depth interview to detect nurses 'actual experiences in chemical emergency departments while taking care of the chemically injured military forces. Findings: Today's nurses emphasize finding new ways to fulfill the present nursing needs and to combine theory and practice in an appropriate framework.Having a retrospective approach to utilize nurses' experience can well clarify the future way to achieve this goal. Conclusion: This study revealed the way the nurses prepared to take care of the chemically injured in miserable situations and their practice in chemical emergency departments. It highlighted their awareness of wartime nursing and the challenging experiences it brings. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Iranian Studies (00210862)46(3)pp. 415-442
This article reveals the story of Russia's attempts to colonize Astarabad and Mazanderan provinces of Iran in the early twentieth century. By backing and sponsoring Russian settlements there, the Russian government sought to eventually annex the territories in the northeast of Iran. Drawing on Russian and Iranian sources, the article follows the development of the settlements from their spontaneous beginning in 1907 to a state-supported colonization project by 1914. After the Russian government tried to accelerate colonization of the occupied Iranian territories during the First World War, this ambitious project came to an end with the Bolshevik coup of 1917. © 2013 The International Society for Iranian Studies.
Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies (17489423)6(2)pp. 177-198
This article explores a new window into Safavid political history - Safavid dream narratives. In that era, dreams were told to justify the kings' deeds and to legitimise their hegemony. These dreams, the symbols in the dreams, and the way they were interwoven into the political affairs of the time reflect the widely held beliefs of the people in dreams and dream interpretation. Moreover, dream narratives divulge how political and religious goals could be pursued and achieved through dream-telling and dream interpretation. This article examines why, and in which periods, dreams were appropriated by Safavid kings as legitimising instruments. The author will analyse influential dream narratives from a wide range of Safavid texts and determine the different categories of dreams that were related.
Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies (17489423)6(1)pp. 53-74
After the fall of the Buyids at the hands of the Seljuq Turks and the Seljuqs' entry into Baghdad, the apparatus of the 'Abbasid caliphs and the Sunnis once again gained control of Baghdad. However, this should not be considered as having been to the downfall or detriment of the Shi'a, because it is in this period that we come across three powerful and influential forces in Baghdad: first, the 'Abbasid caliphs and the Sunnis; second, the Seljuqs; and third, the Shi'a. Despite the fact that the Seljuqs were followers and defenders of the Sunnis, their relationship with the 'Abbasid caliphs had many ups and downs which saw them turn from allies to foes over time. Similarly, the position of the Seljuqs in relation to the Shi'a was not such that they felt the Imami Shi'a were a force that acted in opposition to them; rather, in certain instances, the Shi'a would be treated favourably, peaceably, and respectfully by the Seljuq rulers. In this article we aim to show that in the period when the Seljuqs ruled Baghdad, the Shi'a were recognized as a third effective power broker in the political and social scene, and there was no clear unified stance between the caliphs and the sultanate against the Shi'a.
Firouzkouhi, M.,
Zargham-boroujeni, A.,
Nouraei, M.,
Yousefi, H.,
Holmes, C.A. Contemporary Nurse (10376178)44(2)pp. 225-231
Background: During the 8 years of Iran-Iraq war, the work of Iranian nurses was essential and efficiently performed, and played a very important role in maintaining the wellbeing of the forces. A review of nurses' activities reveals their experiences and the nature of their activities, an area of study that has not been given due consideration. Method: By adopting the oral history method and in-depth interviews with the participating nurses it was possible to demonstrate the significance and humanistic nature of their work. Findings: The majority of the health care assistants and nurses who joined the armed forces, despite not having prior training in this area of nursing, were able to adapt themselves to the situation very quickly and perform their task successfully. Conclusion: Nurses' efforts and experiences and their outstanding achievement, contributes to our understanding of wartime nursing. © eContent Management Pty Ltd.
Journal of Vibroengineering (13928716)16(6)pp. 2779-2789
In this paper, the dynamic stability analysis of a simply supported beam excited by a sequence of moving masses is investigated. All components of the mass acceleration including the centripetal, the Coriolis and the vertical one are considered. The periodical traverse of masses across the beam results to a linear time-periodic problem. The Floquet theory and the Incremental Harmonic Balance (IHB) method are implemented to obtain the boundary between stable and unstable regions in the parameters plane. A new approach for identifying the conditions of resonance is investigated by presenting an intuitive definition of resonance for time-varying systems. This approach enables the IHB method to determine inherent curves of resonance conditions besides its ability to find the boundary curve separating the stable and unstable regions. Numerical simulations confirm the correctness of resulted curves. © JVE INTERNATIONAL LTD. JOURNAL OF VIBROENGINEERING 2014.
Acta Mechanica (16196937)226(4)pp. 1241-1253
A Timoshenko beam excited by a sequence of identical moving masses is studied as a time-varying problem. The effects of centripetal and Coriolis accelerations besides the vertical component of acceleration of the moving mass are considered. Using Galerkin procedure, the partial differential equations of motion which are derived by Hamilton’s principle are transformed to ordinary differential equations. The incremental harmonic balance method is implemented to determine the boundary curve of instability and other companion curves of resonance in the parameter plane. A new approach for identifying the conditions of resonance is investigated by presenting an intuitive definition of resonance for time-varying systems. The influence of employing different deformation theories on the critical parameter values of stability and resonance curves is studied. The validity of the instability and resonance curves is examined by numerical simulations and also ascertained through comparing with those reported in the literature. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Wien.
Firouzkouhi, M.,
Zargham-boroujeni, A.,
Nouraei, M.,
Rahnama m., ,
Babaiepur m., Journal of Military Medicine (17357667)17(3)pp. 127-136
Aims: This study aimed to study the effects of imposed war on nursing in Iran, in the midand post-war eras. Methods: This study was done using historical research methodology and oral history method, with in depth reviews. Eighteen nurses who had participated in war were interviewed in order to elaborate on their experiences of war. Results: The themes extracted from the nurses interviews were: introduction of male nurses, the nursing curriculum change due to war, professional deployment of nurses in the second half of war, improving the management skills of the nurses, improvement of the professional nursing, augmenting the emergency and intensive care centers, all of which were presented in narration. Conclusion: Regarding the results of this study, several aspects of war caused many changes in nursing. Skilled nurses were introduced during war who led nursing to being professional and developed.
Acta Mechanica (16196937)227(4)pp. 1213-1224
The problem of an elastic beam under the periodic loading of successive moving masses is investigated as a pragmatic case for studying dynamic stability of linear time-varying systems. This model serves to highlight the odds of multi-solutions coexistence, a form of hidden instability which reveals dangerous as it may be precipitated by the slightest disturbance or variation in the model. Since no engineering model perfectly represents a physical system, such situations for which Floquet theory naively predicts stability are potentially inevitable. The harmonic balancing method is used in order to thoroughly explore the stability diagrams for detecting these instability gaps. Although this phenomenon has also been described in other physical systems, it has not been addressed for beam–moving mass systems. This result may find particular importance in applications involving self-induced vibrations of elastic structures and hence also appears of practical relevance. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Wien.
Nonlinear Dynamics (0924090X)89(3)pp. 2141-2154
In this paper, the dynamic stability of a simply supported beam excited by the transition of circulating masses is investigated by preserving nonlinear terms in the analysis. The intermittent loading across the beam results in a time-varying periodic equation. The effects of convective mass acceleration besides large deformation beam theory are both considered in the derivation of governing equations which is performed through adopting a variable-mass-system approach. In order to deal with the coupling between longitudinal and transversal deflections, the inextensibility assumption is implicitly introduced into the Hamiltonian formulation to reduce the model order. An appropriate interpretation is presented in order to maintain this approximation reasonable. Different semi-analytical methods are implemented to find the domains of stability and instability of the problem in a parameter space. By accounting the non-autonomous form of the governing equations, a qualitative change in behavior due to nonlinear terms is demonstrated which has not been addressed in previous studies. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
Journal of the History of Philosophy (00225053)28(21)
At the beginning of the establishment of the Islamic government, the Messenger of God (SAWS) started to take purposeful measures in order to strengthen his newborn governance. One of his outstanding measures was to codify a general treaty among all the people of Medina including the Jews, which allowed for peaceful coexistence in the town. Among the Jewish tribes inhabiting Medina, Banu Qaynaqa' signed the treaty with the Messenger of God. However, for some reasons to be discussed in the article, later on they took the pathway of hostility and enmity to Islam and the Prophet. Having become unable to oppose the Prophet and Muslims, eventually they surrendered and were banished from Medina in accordance with the divine decision. The opposition between Banu Qaynaqa' and the Messenger of God is among the cases addressed by Quran. The present article aims to answer the question what is the Quran's attitudinal and authorship approach to the opposition. In view of the philosophy of the revelation of Quran, i.e. the guidance of the humankind, it seems that the Qur'anic historical working-through of historical events including Ghazwa Banu Qaynaqa' is unique from both attitudinal and authorship perspectives and directed at the objective of guidance, which distinguishes Quran from historical sources. © 2018 Johns Hopkins University Press. All rights reserved.
Iran and the Caucasus (16098498)22(2)pp. 123-138
In the reports of Chinese travellers submitted to the Emperors, they mentioned the places they had visited or heard of. Although some scholars have tried to identify these Chinese names as specific places in the Iranian Plateau and its bordering plains, their locations are still somewhat vague and debatable. This article discusses the place-names mentioned in Chinese sources and attempts to verify that they could have denoted the localities along the ancient Great Khorasan Road and other routes, which were once the main sections of the Silk Road. Among them, the route that Chinese traveller Gan Ying might have passed before he reached the western frontier of the Arsacid Empire will also be discussed in this study. © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2018.
Journal of Mechanics (18118216)34(4)pp. 483-494
This study investigated the effects of considering surface and nonlocal energy parameters on the buckling analysis of double piezoelectric nanoplate (DPNP) embedded in elastic foundations and thermal environments. Both in-phase and out-of-phase modes of buckling and various boundary conditions are studied and compared with each other. The governing equations were derived by drawing on the principle of virtual work and then solved by employing the finite difference method. Finite difference solution was validated using Navier's method and journal references. A parametric study was also launched in order to investigate the effects of the external electric voltage, nonlocal parameters, different boundary conditions, elastic foundations and thermal environments on the surface effect of DPNP buckling. The obtained numerical results showed that the influence of surface stress on in-phase and out-of-phase modes of buckling of the DPNP was enhanced by augmenting the nonlocal parameters and external electric voltage; on the other hand, it was found to be decreased by increasing elastic foundations and temperature changes. In addition, the value of surface stress effects for the in-phase mode was higher than that of the out-of-phase one. Copyright © The Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 2018.
Archive of Applied Mechanics (14320681)88(8)pp. 1411-1428
Elastodynamic behavior analysis of structures under moving loads is of great interest in most engineering fields. In this study, dynamic instability due to parametric and external resonances of simply supported thin rectangular plates on an elastic foundation under successive moving masses is investigated as a linear time-periodic problem. Effects of all components of moving mass inertia are considered in the analysis. The governing partial differential equation of motion is transformed to a set of ordinary differential equations using the Galerkin method. A comprehensive study of resonance conditions is carried out for two cases: (1) the masses move on a rectilinear path parallel to the longitudinal edges of the plate, and (2) a sequence of moving masses along the diagonal of the plate. Homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is employed as a semi-analytical method to obtain stable and unstable zones in a parameters space in additions to external resonance curves. In order to validate the HPM results, Floquet theory is applied to the state-space equations. A good agreement between two methods is observed. The results of this study are useful for the design of road pavements resting on foundation soil, slab-type bridges, airport pavements, and decks of ships on which aircrafts land. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences (00207403)142pp. 191-215
This paper deals with the induced instability due to parametric resonance of rectangular plates traversed by inertial loads and lying on elastic foundations. The extended Hamilton's principle is employed to derive the partial differential equation associated with the transverse motion of the plate. Subsequently, this equation is transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations by the Galerkin method. Including vertical, centripetal and Coriolis acceleration terms related to the moving mass transition in the analysis leads to governing equations with time-varying mass, damping and stiffness coefficients. Particularly, the intermittent passage of masses along rectilinear paths, or the motion of an individual mass along an orbiting path, permits to subcategorize the problem as a parametrically excited system with periodic coefficients. By applying the incremental harmonic balance (IHB) method, the stability of the induced plate vibrations is investigated, revealing an emersion of instability tongues in the parameters plane. Semi-analytical results are provided for various boundary conditions of the plate which got verified through direct numerical simulations and other results reported in the literature. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
Iranian Studies (00210862)51(4)pp. 499-515
Qianling Mausoleum (乾陵) which is located in the northwest of Xi'an, is the tomb of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty (唐高宗, r. 649–83 AD) and his Empress Wu Zetian (武則天, r. 690–705 AD). In this mausoleum, there are two statues of Pērōz, son of Yazdegird III (632–51 AD), and another Persian nobleman who have been recognized by western scholars. However, scholars’ attention has been limited to a general and mistaken description of the statues. This paper reassesses both statues in order to give some new insight into the head of one of the statues found at the Qianling Mausoleum. © 2018, © 2018 Association For Iranian Studies, Inc.
