International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (17351472)21(2)pp. 1619-1636
The waste collection problem is one of the critical problems in today’s world, and ignoring this issue or the existence of a fault in this system can cause huge costs and damages. The advanced countries in the world are trying to improve the efficiency of their waste collection system with modern methods to solve the challenges of this system. The application of Internet of Things (IoT) and RFID tags is an interesting field of research in urban waste management systems. This study develops three models for urban waste collecting. The ST model is a traditional and static method currently used in many cities. The DSA is a semi-modern model based on greedy algorithms in which RFID tags are installed on garbage bins. The DAIoT model is a modern system working with IoT equipment installed on trucks and waste bins. This model uses a combination of greedy algorithm and harmony search metaheuristics. The main purpose of this study is to schedule the waste collection system and vehicle routing to reduce trucks' gas emissions and empty garbage bins on time. The results on Isfahan city show that compared to the traditional ST model, the DSA model causes a 2% reduction in gas emissions and a 6.7% reduction in the number of required trucks and improves system performance in critical situations. The DAIoT model, as the best model, causes a 33.9% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and a 60% reduction in the number of trucks compared to the traditional ST model. © 2023, The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Iranian Society of Environmentalists (IRSEN) and Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University.
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment (14359537)80(7)pp. 5725-5742
Water inflow caused by tunneling can have severe impacts on the springs’ discharge rate. If these impacts have not been predicted beforehand, technical, economic, and environmental challenges could occur. While there are a few methods for evaluating the risk of water drawdown, their shortcomings create the need to develop a new one. First, in this research, five main tunneling projects in Iran were studied for evaluating the influence of tunneling on spring’s discharge, and a comprehensive database that contains information on 111 springs located in the vicinity of these tunneling projects was developed. Then, by learning from previously developed methods’ shortcomings and using an appropriate decision analysis method (Analytic Hierarchy Process or AHP), a new model was proposed for evaluating the risk of discharge reduction in springs located in the vicinity of tunneling projects. This new model, named TIS (Tunneling Impacts on Springs), was developed based on four important parameters of a) volume of water inflow toward the tunnel, b) distance between spring and tunnel, c) hydraulic connectivity, and d) aquifer recharge potential. In the next step, using data recorded in the database, TIS values were calculated for each spring, and using suitable statistical methods, the obtained TIS values were classified based on the actual behavior of springs. For using this model in practice, all springs must be checked using a screening process. In this process, according to some limitation criteria (including distance from the tunnel, groundwater condition in tunnel, spring origin), unimportant springs are excluded from the list and only springs with possible influence from tunneling are considered for further assessments. This helps to investigate the in-risk springs more effectively. © 2021, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Saberinasr, A.,
Morsali, M.,
Hashemnejad, A.,
Hassanpour j., J. Environmental Earth Sciences (18666299)78(6)
Pollution by heavy metals and potentially toxic elements is one of the main problems in tunneling construction in geothermal and volcanic areas. Kerman tunnel, located in the central parts of Iran (average base level of 2370 m and length of ~ 38 km), plays a key role in water transportation from Safa dam to Kerman city. The tunnel is located at the Kerman Cenozoic volcanic belt as a southern part of Urmia–dokhtar volcanic belt. The overburden of basement rocks above the tunnel axis is up to 850 m thick and the tunnel cuts across granite, diorite, andesite, trachyandesite and flysch rocks. Based on the geothermal fluids’ evidences in the area, this study made an attempt to determine the hydrochemical characteristics and the origin of the elements in groundwater. This can identify the geological hazards in the tunnel route. To this end, 31 groundwater samples were collected from 12 boreholes and were then chemically analyzed. The results showed that the cations and anions had widely varying concentrations. High to ultra-high concentrations of As, B, Fe, Al, HCO3 and SO4 were significant properties of the water samples. The results of different diagrams, ion ratios and multivariate statistical analysis, especially principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), confirmed that the unique water compositions and characteristics resulted from rock–water interaction and mixing of geothermal and meteoric water. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Morsali, M.,
Nakhaei, M.,
Rezaei, M.,
Hassanpour j., J.,
Nassery, H. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology (14709236)50(2)pp. 126-132
The accurate estimation of groundwater head in tunnels is a critical issue in tunnelling and in designing the lining and its sealing potential. This study was conducted to estimate the actual groundwater pressure on the lining of the tunnel in the Karaj-Tehran water conveyance tunnel. High water pressure (over 400 m) was estimated from the water level in boreholes whereas low water pressure (5 m) was measured at piezometers installed in the tunnel. In this regard, estimation of the groundwater head based on the water inflow into the tunnel is considered as a new approach. Water head and permeability, as fundamental parameters for the estimation of water inflow into the tunnel, are estimated through analytical methods and experimental studies prior to the tunnel boring. Because the actual data for water inflow into the tunnel are available, the water head can be estimated based on the volume of infiltrated water. Using these techniques, the water pressure along the tunnel axis is estimated to be between 5 and 170 m in different zones. This method is recommended for water head estimation in other tunnels with similar geological properties. © 2017 The Author(s).
Environmental Earth Sciences (18666299)76(5)
The presence of a gassy ground condition is an important problem in tunneling. In this study, the effects of groundwater H2S and CH4 emissions are investigated and characterized together with the factors that created these conditions in Nosoud tunnel in Iran. Through the geological investigations, the presence of these gasses was not detected prior to the construction of the tunnel. Groundwater sampling indicated that about 1 L of H2S is released per 100 L of the water inflow into the Nosoud tunnel under normal conditions. However, the volume of the released gas was varying with the changes in the groundwater discharge rate. Thus, estimation of groundwater inflow into the tunnel is necessary for predicting the volume of gas emission. Based on the experience of the Nosoud tunnel excavations, there are several geological and hydrogeological factors that must be considered as the indicators of gas emissions during tunneling. Considering the importance of ground water gas emission into the tunnels located in gassy conditions, the present work was conducted to predict the H2S seepage before the excavation using geological and hydrogeological indicators. © 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Groundwater and gas inflow toward the tunnel being excavated in Aspar Anticline (at the west of Kermanshah, Iran) cause some problems during construction. Aspar Anticline consists of limestone units from Illam Formation which in Iran is known as a resource formation for Petroleum and natural gas. Detailed investigations (based on result of physical and chemical tests performed on different samples taken from the water and air of the Tunnel) show that about 1 lit H2S gas can be solved in 100 lit water and enter to the Tunnel. It is obvious that solved gas can released in Tunnel by decreasing water pressure and disturbance of water. This study shows that there is a strong relationship between geological and hydrogeological parameters and concentration of gas in the tunnel. These parameters can be considered as indices for identifying potential of gas and water inflow toward the tunnel before excavation. Also, in this paper, the problems related to gassy and water inflow in the tunnel, being constructed with double shield TBM machine are discussed. © ISRM International Symposium - 5th Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium 2008, ARMS 2008. All rights reserved.
