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Publication Date: 0
pp. 104-118
Mohammadi, A. ,
Hosseini, D. ,
Sarfjoo, Mohammad Reza ,
Mirsafaei, Razieh Publication Date: 0
Corrosion is a common phenomenon between materials and substances in their environment. Corrosion limits the use of metals for various purposes and increases costs in industries. Many advanced methods have been reported to prevent the corrosion of metal tools. This chapter discusses many topics related to corrosion mechanisms, inhibition routes, corrosion analysis, and mechanisms of waterborne polyurethane and its composites for corrosion protection. Waterborne polyurethane is an eco-friendly polymer that is ideal for a wide range of applications due to its properties, such as flexibility at low temperatures, moisture resistance, resistance to pH changes, quick drying, and easy cleaning. To create an effective coating, it is necessary to prepare highly stable dispersions with practical inhibitory effects, proper packing, high cross-linking density, suitable additive content, and strong adhesion to the substrate. In this chapter, the current literature and research on using waterborne polyurethane and its composites as an anti-corrosion coating are studied in detail to provide a comprehensive overview of how anticorrosion coatings work and what can improve their anti-corrosion properties. © 2023 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Publication Date: 0
41pp. 177-204
Hole Transport Materials (HTMs) play a pivotal role in a diverse array of cutting-edge optoelectronic devices prevalent in today's technological landscape. These materials are indispensable for the functionality and performance optimization of various technologies, including displays like Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) and photovoltaic devices like Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs). The continuous advancement of OLEDs and PSCs over recent decades has spurred the innovation and development of a multitude of HTMs, each characterized by unique structural features. Presently, a notable trend is observed in the utilization of specific small organic molecules, such as carbazoles, as constituents of HTMs. Carbazole-based HTMs exhibit exceptional photovoltaic properties when compared to their counterparts and can be synthesized at a reduced cost, thus driving further exploration and refinement in this domain. Consequently, there is a concerted effort to gain comprehensive insights into the characteristics and capabilities of this category of HTMs, with a particular emphasis on Carbazole-Based Hole Transport Layers (HTLs). Therefore, Leveraging the intrinsic attributes of Carbazole-Based HTLs, researchers have focused on elucidating critical parameters such as Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO)-Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) energy levels, Glass Transition Temperatures (Tg), hole mobilities, among others. These data serve as invaluable assets for researchers engaged in interdisciplinary fields spanning chemistry, materials science, electrical engineering, and physics. This investigation stands as a succinct yet comprehensive resource, delving into the intricacies of Carbazole-Based HTLs within the contexts of OLEDs and PSCs. By offering valuable insights and understanding into the design and optimization of HTMs, this study serves as a guiding beacon for researchers, catalyzing further advancements in the field of optoelectronics. © 2024 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 0
Engineering Materials (16121317) pp. 119-135
Solar cells based on semiconductor heterojunction demonstrate tunable interfaces and high efficiency, showing great potentials in future applications. In heterojunction solar cells, charge transport materials play critical roles in carrier conductivity, recombination kinetics, and charge collection efficiency, which in turn significantly influence the photovoltaic parameters as well as the stability of solar cells. Traditional inorganic and molecular conductors exhibit high promises in optoelectronic properties, however, they are somewhat facing challenges in high material cost, poor device stability, and sophisticated fabricating processes. Alternatively, conducting polymers have been recently recognized as promising charge transport materials due to their advantages of high conductivity, tunable work function, controllable transmittance, and high stability. Careful design and optimization of polymer chemical structures have promoted fast development in tuning their optoelectronic properties and enhancing photovoltaic performance. Therefore, in this chapter, we summarize the recent progress of strategies in designing new conducting polymer materials as a charge transport medium for solar cell application. The current challenges and prospects in the future development of polymer-based charge conductors are discussed. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Publication Date: 0
Engineering Materials (16121317) pp. 365-413
Electrically conductive epoxy thermosets are getting widespread consideration due to the fast-growing advanced engineering material industry. There are known platforms for encapsulating semiconductors, equipment constituents, electric circuit board substances, aerospace, etc. Currently, various efforts are being made to manufacture conductive epoxy-based nanocomposites, and a systematic and comprehensive understanding is required to move the achievements a step ahead. The conduction mechanism appears as a result of conductive network formation created in the presence of a specific type of additives, namely electrically conductive fillers. Conductive fillers are powders, fibers, and other materials added to epoxy resin to make it easier for electrons to pass through. This chapter describes how the electrical conductance of epoxy thermosets is improved using different types of conductive fillers. The emphasis is on conventional electrically conductive agents (e.g., metals, carbonaceous fillers, and intrinsically conductive polymers) as well as green ionic mixtures, including multi-functioning ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. The latter category is important since ionic mixtures can play simultaneously as epoxy hardening compounds and curing catalysts, in addition to their role as electrically conductive agents. Numerous examples of recent and current research activities are given to introduce a complete background of achievement. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Polyurethanes (PUs) are one of the most diverse categories of polymers. They are available in different forms, such as adhesives, coatings, elastomers, and foams. PUs have unique properties such as desired mechanical, chemical, and abrasion resistance properties. But one of the disadvantages of typical PUs is using organic solvents, which are harmful to human health and the environment. In this regard, the researchers introduced and developed an environmentally friendly alternative to solvent-based PUs, called waterborne polyurethanes (WBPUs). WBPUs, without or with little volatile organic compounds (VOCs), can form thin films with excellent adhesion on many substrates, including metal, glass, and wood at room temperature. Other characteristics of WBPUs are low viscosity, non-toxicity, nonflammability, and cost-effectiveness. Due to the non-dissolution of typical PUs in water, it is necessary to use specific strategies to disperse them in water, by using various processes and raw materials. In this chapter, after an introduction to waterborne polyurethanes, their structure, required raw materials, synthesis methods, and various applications are discussed. In the end, the challenges of this type of polyurethanes are addressed, especially in the preparation process and their industrialization. © 2023 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Garza, Andrea Rodríguez ,
Zavaleta, Gabriel Alejandro Nagore ,
Haider, Farhan ,
Mohammadi, A. ,
Burujeny, S.B. Publication Date: 0
Waterborne polyurethanes (WBPUs) have been studied as potential lightresponsive polymers due to their outstanding performance after incorporating light-sensitive components without decreasing their mechanical and physical properties. Photoluminescent WBPUs are lightresponsive WBPUs that can be synthesized by adding nanofillers such as carbon quantum dots and incorporating fluorophores like fluorescein, rhodamine, anthraquinone, naphthalene, and benzophenone as chain extenders or as grafting groups. These photoluminescent WBPUs can be applied as surface coatings, labels, LEDs, and fluorescent sensors. Similarly, by covalently bonding a chromophore to the WBPUs matrix, a self-colored WBPU can be synthesized, which is usually a better option than physically blending the WBPU with a coloring dye. By covalent bonding, the self-colored WBPU has lower color migration and higher water resistance and can be used in coatings, packaging, and textiles. Photochromic WBPUs have also attracted considerable attention due to their various potential applications. Photochromic WBPUs have been developed by adding small photochromic molecules (chromophores) within the polymer backbone. Different molecules such as spiropyran, spirooxazine, and azobenzene have been used to synthesize photochromic WBPUs. © 2023 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Publication Date: 0
pp. 74-88
A new field of two-dimensional (2D) physics has been opened by 2D atomic crystals represented by graphene in recent years. Despite a relatively short research history, the exceptional electrical and optical characteristics of 2D semiconductors make them highly attractive for electronic and optoelectronic purposes. The electronic and optical properties of 2D semiconducting materials (SCMs) are significantly influenced by the molecular orbital (MO) delocalization and stacking effects. These effects play a crucial role in determining the performance and efficiency of these materials in various applications, including electronics, optoelectronics, and energy devices. The phenomenon of MO delocalization in 2D SCMs refers to the spread of electronic wavefunctions over multiple atoms within the material. In these materials, the interaction between adjacent layers leads to the formation of new electronic states called interlayer coupling or interlayer hybridization. This delocalization affects the electronic band structure of the material, including the position of the conduction and valence bands, the bandgap, and the effective masses of charge carriers. Moreover, the consideration of stacking effects is of utmost importance for 2D SCMs. The stacking arrangement of layers can influence the electronic properties, such as the bandgap, optical properties, and the anisotropy of charge transport of 2D SCMs. These effects can alter the exciton dynamics, light-matter interactions, and emission characteristics of these materials. © 2025 Anuj Kumar and Ram K. Gupta.
In recent years, non-fullerene acceptor materials have garnered significant attention and utilization in organic solar cells (OSCs) devices, primarily owing to their favorable optical properties and the ease of tuning their electronic energy levels through synthetic methods. The utilization of non-fullerene acceptors represents a prominent focal point in the ongoing research and development of bulk-heterojunction OSCs. Notably, recent advancements in this area have led to remarkable enhancements in power conversion efficiency (PCE), with PCE levels surpassing the 20 \% threshold. Perylene diimide (PDI), a prominent example of a non-fullerene acceptor material, has emerged as a subject of extensive investigation due to its favorable attributes such as high electron affinity and excellent charge transport properties. Its widespread study stems from its capacity for efficient light transmission and electron capture. Through an in-depth examination, the article elucidates the impact of PDI-based acceptor materials on OSC device efficiency and outlines the evolving landscape of their application in renewable energy technologies. © 2024 IEEE.
Hydrogels are polymers that are three-dimensionally cross-linked and possess an impressive capacity to absorb large quantities of water or biofluids while maintaining their integrity. Hydrogels have unique properties that make them highly valuable in diverse industries, including food, packaging, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, biomedical and bioengineering applications, manufacture of technical and electronic devices, and adsorbents for the removal of pollutants for environmental applications. In order to effectively improve the properties of hydrogels, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have been introduced into their structure. Incorporating these nanomaterials not only increases the mechanical characteristics of hydrogels but also offers a wide range of versatile properties, such as electrical, thermal, optical, acoustic, magnetic, and more. Metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides (MXenes) are highly regarded among the available 2D nanomaterials due to their exceptional combination of metal conductivity, solubility, high dimensionality, and adjustable properties. Hydrogels incorporated with MXenes offer exciting and versatile properties such as hydrophilicity, metal conductivity, and wide adjustable properties. Moreover, hydrogels, an excellent and versatile platform, can significantly improve the stability of MXene nanosheets. With respect to hydrogel structures and gelation mechanisms, MXene-based hydrogel possesses amazing properties and has great potential for different applications such as energy storage, catalysis, tissue engineering, and so on. © 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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