Articles
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research (17359791)
In recent scholarly discourse, natural theology’s forefront initiative has been the construction of theistic arguments grounded in empirical observations. A notable focus within this domain is the cumulative argument (CA) approach. The CA posits that individually modest arguments, when synergized, can forge a more compelling collective case. This approach bifurcates into deductive and non-deductive methodologies, both scrutinized through a descriptive-analytical lens across three evaluative tiers: 1. Merits: The CA challenges atheistic and agnostic skepticism, bolstering theistic convictions. 2. Solvable Critiques: The CA process is complex and challenging for the general public, it overlooks competing hypotheses, and a mere 50% likelihood assigned to premises fails to substantiate conclusive acceptance. 3. Critiques: The CA blurs distinctions between belief accuracy probability and rationality degree; it also grapples with assigning definitive values to probability multipliers. This paper culminates with an exploration of the CA’s implementation within Islamic intellectual traditions, illustrating its application in affirming divine existence and underpinning methodologies like suspicious density and prophetic veracity, ultimately aiming to convince counterparts through reasoned dialogue. Although it has some limitations, CA is both rational and defensible when it effectively reinforces core theoretical beliefs and religious practices, including worship and ethics.
اندیشه دینی (22516123)(86)pp. 49-69
Based on naturalism in the discussion of evolution, human cognitive faculties have been produced through natural selection, genetic mutation and other blind stages of random mutation of genes, and the ultimate goal of these powers is survival and reproduction (adaptation). Therefore, these faculties do not seek to produce correct beliefs, but their main task is to adapt the living organism to the surrounding environment and thus survive. One of the most significant criticisms of atheistic naturalism is the Bayesian evolutionary argument (BEA). The model of BEA against naturalism is taken from Bayes’ theorem. Despite some strengths of BEA in the criticism of naturalism, since BEA does not pay attention to some requirements of Bayes' theorem, it needs reflection and completion: First, this argument does not pay attention to assigning any particular value. Second, the reliability of cognitive faculties sometimes requires suspension. Third, the reliability of beliefs is classified in different types. Fourth, the Bayesian argument ignores other evidence related to the reliability of cognitive faculties. Fifth, the result “probability of the reliability of cognitive faculties is 1” is a false result according to Bayes' verification theory. Sixth, independent evidence may temporarily rescue naturalism and evolution from self-defeating, but self-defeating naturalism can be proven through other arguments, and therefore self-defeating is still valid. This paper has two goals: I. analysis of BEA in rejection of naturalism. II. provide additions and suggestions to completing it.
Khamineh Y.,
Ghiasvand M.,
Panahi-Alanagh S.,
Rastegarmand P.,
Zolghadri S.,
Stanek A.,
Rismanchian, M.,
Ebadi, A.,
Khodaeian, N.,
Amoosoltani, M.,
Bahramian, L.,
Fathi, M. Nutrients (20726643)(7)pp. 3159-3171
Lifestyle, nutrition, and metabolic status are central to maintaining women’s reproductive health. With the rising prevalence of infertility, the need for effective strategies to preserve and enhance women’s reproductive well-being has become increasingly urgent. Quercetin, a plant-derived polyphenol, has attracted growing interest for its potential to support reproductive health, regulate the hormonal balance, and improve fertility. This narrative review examines Quercetin’s role in women’s reproductive health and delineates its possible mechanisms of action in female reproductive system disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome, recurrent miscarriage, and cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancer (EC). By highlighting the biological pathways through which quercetin may exert its effects, this article underscores the need for further research and clinical trials to validate its therapeutic potential and its applications as a bioactive compound in foods aimed at enhancing women’s reproductive health. © 2025 by the authors.
European Journal of Science and Theology (18410464)20(4)pp. 97-115
Despite the numerous reasons of substance dualists on the immaterial existence of the mind, which according to them is the true self and soul, various contradictory theories have emerged about it by observing the effects of neurological disorders on mental states and personality traits. These theories can be classified into three kinds: those that deny the survival of the immaterial existence of the self/mind/soul, those that deny its immaterial substantiality, and those that consider its existence as a delusion. Meanwhile, substance dualists often suggest the theory of instrumentalism, which is prone to errors. However, a more accurate solution has been suggested that acknowledges emergent substance dualism and considers the hierarchical dependence of the emergent soul on the body. In proportion to the development and complexity of the body and the neural complex system, various levels of the soul (from the vegetative level to existence in itself for itself the autonomous human rational soul) and proportionate mental properties emerge. At all levels, the body has bottom-top causality for the soul, and its function or malfunction. The dependence of the soul at lower levels on the body is essential (intrinsic), and bodily injuries can destroy this level of the soul essentially; the dependence of ‘in itself and for itself existence’ of the rational soul (autonomous level) upon the body is accidental. Because of these intrinsic and accidental emergentist co-dependences of the body and soul/mind substance, various neural injuries can cause mental disorders to emerge as disturbing properties for the soul/mind substance. Such injuries can also submerge some (intact) mental emergent properties. So, the simple, in-itself-for-itself, autonomous, or separable existence of the soul/ mind-substance (after the destruction of the body) is intact from the accidental disturbing emergent properties of the body and intrinsically is hostage to what it has earned voluntarily and consciously. © 2024, Ecozone, OAIMDD. All rights reserved.
Journal of Philosophical Investigations (22517960)17pp. 89-111
The goal of science is to explain reality and the world, and the goal of philosophy is also ontology. Philosophical views on scientific opinions and scientific opinions have had a direct influence on the way of worldview and ontology. Since the early twentieth century, the scientific flow of reduction affects logic and philosophy, psychology and sociology, and even theology and religion. On the other hand, the new emergent flow of emergentism in opposition to reductionism flourished in the late twentieth century. The philosophical and analytical validation of these two seemingly contradictory views promotes the levels of scientific methods and approaches, as well as philosophical views, especially philosophies such as the philosophy of religion, the philosophy of psychology, and the philosophy of sociology. Reductionism is trying to coordinate with unity, realize the unity of sciences, eliminate the waste of scientific theories, and provide the possibility of a stronger justification. On the other hand, emergentism involves the hierarchical plurality of the world's creatures. On the other hand, emergentism involves the hierarchical plurality of the world's creatures which causes the classification of science. Each level and class have its lows, rules, and concepts per se. Reductionism is unable to explain the plurality of facts and levels of existence; But emergentism with its theoretical framework explains both the continuum, unity and multiplicity of reality means the hierarchical plurality of reality. the reduction merely is an essential step in understanding and discovering down-up causality that is used as one of the theoretical concepts of emergentism and somewhat explains the cause of the relationship between the layers of existence. But reduction strategy is not successful in recognizing and explaining the existence of layers and classes of science. Reductions with a priority look at reality are subject to selfish judgment and preference, but in emergentism, reality and ontology determine and identify the methodology and epistemology. © The Author(s).
