Articles
Publication Date: 2024
European Journal of Science and Theology (18410464)20(4)pp. 97-115
Despite the numerous reasons of substance dualists on the immaterial existence of the mind, which according to them is the true self and soul, various contradictory theories have emerged about it by observing the effects of neurological disorders on mental states and personality traits. These theories can be classified into three kinds: those that deny the survival of the immaterial existence of the self/mind/soul, those that deny its immaterial substantiality, and those that consider its existence as a delusion. Meanwhile, substance dualists often suggest the theory of instrumentalism, which is prone to errors. However, a more accurate solution has been suggested that acknowledges emergent substance dualism and considers the hierarchical dependence of the emergent soul on the body. In proportion to the development and complexity of the body and the neural complex system, various levels of the soul (from the vegetative level to existence in itself for itself the autonomous human rational soul) and proportionate mental properties emerge. At all levels, the body has bottom-top causality for the soul, and its function or malfunction. The dependence of the soul at lower levels on the body is essential (intrinsic), and bodily injuries can destroy this level of the soul essentially; the dependence of ‘in itself and for itself existence’ of the rational soul (autonomous level) upon the body is accidental. Because of these intrinsic and accidental emergentist co-dependences of the body and soul/mind substance, various neural injuries can cause mental disorders to emerge as disturbing properties for the soul/mind substance. Such injuries can also submerge some (intact) mental emergent properties. So, the simple, in-itself-for-itself, autonomous, or separable existence of the soul/ mind-substance (after the destruction of the body) is intact from the accidental disturbing emergent properties of the body and intrinsically is hostage to what it has earned voluntarily and consciously. © 2024, Ecozone, OAIMDD. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2023
Journal of Philosophical Investigations (22517960)17pp. 89-111
The goal of science is to explain reality and the world, and the goal of philosophy is also ontology. Philosophical views on scientific opinions and scientific opinions have had a direct influence on the way of worldview and ontology. Since the early twentieth century, the scientific flow of reduction affects logic and philosophy, psychology and sociology, and even theology and religion. On the other hand, the new emergent flow of emergentism in opposition to reductionism flourished in the late twentieth century. The philosophical and analytical validation of these two seemingly contradictory views promotes the levels of scientific methods and approaches, as well as philosophical views, especially philosophies such as the philosophy of religion, the philosophy of psychology, and the philosophy of sociology. Reductionism is trying to coordinate with unity, realize the unity of sciences, eliminate the waste of scientific theories, and provide the possibility of a stronger justification. On the other hand, emergentism involves the hierarchical plurality of the world's creatures. On the other hand, emergentism involves the hierarchical plurality of the world's creatures which causes the classification of science. Each level and class have its lows, rules, and concepts per se. Reductionism is unable to explain the plurality of facts and levels of existence; But emergentism with its theoretical framework explains both the continuum, unity and multiplicity of reality means the hierarchical plurality of reality. the reduction merely is an essential step in understanding and discovering down-up causality that is used as one of the theoretical concepts of emergentism and somewhat explains the cause of the relationship between the layers of existence. But reduction strategy is not successful in recognizing and explaining the existence of layers and classes of science. Reductions with a priority look at reality are subject to selfish judgment and preference, but in emergentism, reality and ontology determine and identify the methodology and epistemology. © The Author(s).
