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Mazandarani, M. ,
Khanzadeh, M. ,
Namroodi, S. ,
Hoseinifar, S.H. ,
Paknejad, H. ,
Ahmadi golsefidi, M. ,
Beikzadeh, B. Fish and Shellfish Immunology (10959947) 166
Streptococcosis and Yersiniosis are prominent diseases affecting rainbow trout farming, frequently leading to large-scale fish deaths and substantial financial setbacks for producers. This study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity of formalin-killed vaccines (injection form) and assess the seasonal influences on streptococcosis and yersiniosis in rainbow trout. In this study, 1500 fish were divided into two groups: a vaccinated group (VG, vaccinated against both streptococcosis and yersiniosis) and an unvaccinated control group, with three replicates per group in each season. The average fish weights (mean ± SD) for each season were as follows: spring, 52.90 ± 2.02; summer, 54.84 ± 2.90; fall, 55.45 ± 3.57; and winter, 56.12 ± 2.90. No notable changes were observed in blood indices such as hematocrit, red blood cells, and hemoglobin, except for white blood cells during spring (P = 0.0127) and fall (P = 0.0202), between the vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups (NVG) (P > 0.05). Serum biochemical indices, including total protein, cortisol, and glucose, were notably higher in the VG relative to the NVG in all seasons except summer (P < 0.05). Additionally, immune criteria, including serum lysozyme, bactericidal activity against S. iniae (in all seasons), complement activity, mucus lysozyme (in all seasons), total mucus Ig, and blood NBT, were notably elevated in the VG versus the NVG in all seasons except summer (P < 0.05). In addition, serum antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase were notably higher in the VG relative to the NVG in all seasons except summer (P < 0.05). Antibody titers against streptococcosis and yersiniosis were notably higher in the VG against the NVG in all seasons except summer (P < 0.05). The VG revealed notably higher expression of immune-antioxidant genes, including Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2–Related Factor 2, Interleukin-1 beta, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 relative to the NVG in all seasons except summer (P < 0.05). Overall, injection vaccination in spring and fall, when the weather is cooler, provides the most effective immune response, antioxidant activity, gene expression, and antibody production against streptococcosis and yersiniosis in rainbow trout. Winter also has some beneficial effects, but summer is unsuitable for injection vaccination due to high temperatures. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd
Bmc Veterinary Research (17466148) 20(1)
Background: In this study, the protective immunity and immunogenicity of the monovalent and bivalent Streptococcus iniae and Vibrio harveyi vaccine were evaluated in Asian seabass. To analyze immune responses, 1200 Asian seabass with an average weight of 132.6 ± 25.4 g were divided into eight treatments in triplicates (50 fish per tank) as follows: S. iniae immunized by injection (SI), V. harveyi immunized by injection (VI), bivalent S. iniae and V. harveyi (SVI) immunized by injection, S. iniae immunized by immersion (SIM), V. harveyi (VIM) immunized by immersion, bivalent S. iniae and V. harvei (SVIM) immunized by immersion, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) by injection (PBSI) and control group without vaccine administration (CTRL). Blood and serum samples were taken at the end of the 30th and 60th days. Then the vaccinated groups were challenged with two bacteria (S. iniae) and (V. harveyi) separately and mortality was recorded for 14 days. Results: This study reveals that there is no significant difference in the hematological parameters on the 30th and 60th days of the experiment in the vaccine-immunized groups compared to the CTRL group (P > 0.05). Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in the amount of serum albumin level, respiratory burst activity, and serum bactericidal activity in the vaccine-immunized groups compared to the CTRL group on the 30th and 60th days of the experiment (P > 0.05). Total protein on the 60th day (in the VI and SVI groups), globulin on the 30th day (in the VI and SVI groups) and the 60th day (in the VI group) compared to the CTRL and PBSI groups had a significant increase (P < 0.05). Complement activity (in the VI and SVI groups) and lysozyme (in the SI and SVI groups) increased significantly compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Serum antibody titer against S. iniae had a significant increase in the SI, VI, SVI and SVIM groups compared to the CTRL and PBSI groups (P < 0.05). Serum antibody titer against V. harveyi had a significant increase in the groups immunized with the vaccine compared to the CTRL and PBSI groups (P < 0.05). A significant increase in the relative percentage survival (RPS) following challenge with S. iniae in the SVI (86.6%), SI (83.3%,) and VI (73.3%) groups were observed compared to the CTRL (43.3%) and PBSI (40%) groups (P < 0.05). Also, a significant increase in the RPS after challenge with V. harveyi in the SVI group, VI 86.6%, SVI 83.3%, VIM 80% and SVIM 76.6% were observed compared to the CTRL (46.6%) and PBSI (50%) groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Overall, the results demonstrated that the bivalent vaccine of S. iniae and V. harveywas able to produce significant immunogenicity and RPS in Asian seabass © The Author(s) 2024.
Archives of Microbiology (03028933) 206(3)
Trueperella pyogenes (T. pyogenes) is an opportunistic pathogen that causes infertility, mastitis, and metritis in animals. T. pyogenes is also a zoonotic disease and is considered an economic loss agent in the livestock industry. Therefore, vaccine development is necessary. Using an immunoinformatics approach, this study aimed to construct a multi-epitope vaccine against T. pyogenes. The collagen adhesion protein, fimbriae, and pyolysin (PLO) sequences were initially retrieved. The HTL, CTL, and B cell epitopes were predicted. The vaccine was designed by binding these epitopes with linkers. To increase vaccine immunogenicity, profilin was added to the N-terminal of the vaccine construct. The antigenic features and safety of the vaccine model were investigated. Docking, molecular dynamics simulation of the vaccine with immune receptors, and immunological simulation were used to evaluate the vaccine’s efficacy. The vaccine’s sequence was then optimized for cloning. The vaccine construct was designed based on 18 epitopes of T. pyogenes. The computational tools validated the vaccine as non-allergenic, non-toxic, hydrophilic, and stable at different temperatures with acceptable antigenic features. The vaccine model had good affinity and stability to bovine TLR2, 4, and 5 as well as stimulation of IgM, IgG, IL-2, IFN-γ, and Th1 responses. This vaccine also increased long-lived memory cells, dendritic cells, and macrophage population. In addition, codon optimization was done and cloned in the E. coli K12 expression vector (pET-28a). For the first time, this study introduced a novel multi-epitope vaccine candidate based on collagen adhesion protein, fimbriae, and PLO of T. pyogenes. It is expected this vaccine stimulates an effective immune response to prevent T. pyogenes infection. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.). © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.
Aquaculture Reports (23525134) 35
Immunostimulants, including seaweed, can play a significant role in increasing the immune response and preventing the occurrence of diseases in aquatic animals. These stimulants increase the fish's disease resistance by strengthening the nonspecific immune system. This study aimed to investigate the effects of red macroalgae extract Laurencia caspica (Lc) on mucosal immunity, growth, serum biochemical parameters, serum and mucus bactericidal activity, digestive enzymes, and disease resistance against S. iniae and A. hydrophila in Nile tilapia. Fish with an average weight of 100 ± 2 g were fed with Lc algae extract at four levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 2%) for 50 days. The weight gain (WG), food conversion ratio (FCR), and specific growth rate (SGR) significantly increased compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The bactericidal activity of the serum was no significant effect on Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae), (P > 0.05). However, it was a significant increase in the mucus (P < 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant increase in the bactericidal activity of serum and mucus against Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) (P < 0.05). The biochemical activity of serum was not significant in the amount of total protein (Tp), albumin (Alb), globulin (Glb), and cholesterol (Chol) (P > 0.05), although triglyceride (TG) in Lc 2% on the 25th day had a significant increase compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Lysozyme (except Lc 0.5% on the 50th day) and total immunoglobulin (Ig) (in all groups) of the mucus had a significant increase compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The activity of digestive enzymes such as trypsin and α-amylase on the 25th and 50th days in Lc 1 and 2% increased significantly compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Lipase enzyme activity in all algae extracts groups increased substantially on the 25th and 50th days compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The survival rate of fish challenged with S. iniae and A. hydrophila was significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.0001). Overall, it can be concluded that Lc algae extract can increase mucosal immunity. Also, the Lc extract induces fish resistance to S. iniae and A. hydrophila and can improve Nile tilapia growth. © 2024 The Authors
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20087802) 14(1)pp. 22-22
Archives of Microbiology (03028933) 205(4)
Trueperella pyogenes (T. pyogenes) is a zoonotic pathogen that is cause a variety of pyogenic diseases in animals. The complex pathogenicity and various virulence factors are important challenges to produce an effective vaccine. According to previous trials, inactivated whole-cell bacteria or recombinant vaccines were unsuccessful in preventing disease. Thus, this study aims to introduce a new vaccine candidate based on a live-attenuated platform. For this purpose, first T. pyogenes was subjected to sequential passage (SP) and antibiotic treatment (AT) to lose their pathogenicity. Second, Plo and fimA expressions as virulence genes were evaluated by qPCR and then mice were challenged with bacteria from SP and AT culture by intraperitoneal route. Compared to the control group (T. pyogenes-wild type), plo and fimA gene expressions were downregulated and vaccinated mice have a normal spleen appearance in contrast to the control group. In addition, there was no significant difference between bacterial count from spleen, liver, heart and peritoneal fluid in vaccinated mice and the control group. In conclusion, this study introduces a new T. pyogenes vaccine candidate based on a live-attenuated strategy that mimics natural infection without pathogenicity for further investigation on vaccines against T. pyogenes infections. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Nikaein, D. ,
Malekmadani, H. ,
Beikzadeh, B. ,
Mardanpour, R. ,
Khosravi, A.R. ,
Moghadami, S.M. Current Medical Mycology (24233439) 9(4)pp. 1-8
Background and Purpose: Interest in probiotic use for respiratory allergies has increased. In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of cell wall extract of Saccharomyces boulardii on Aspergillus fumigatus as an allergenic fungus and its effectiveness in reducing inflammatory cytokines in A549 cells sensitized with A. fumigatus conidia. Materials and Methods: Cell wall of S. boulardii was prepared and challenged by A. fumigatus conidia at various concentrations. Secretory protease activity was tested using the Casein method. The A. fumigatus allergen 1 (Asp f1) gene expression was calculated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In another experiment, qRT-PCR was used to examine gene expression of interleukin 13 and interleukin 17 by A549 lung epithelial cells exposed to A. fumigatus conidia and treated with different concentrations of S. boulardii cell wall extract. Results: Saccharomyces boulardii cell wall extract significantly reduced the protease activity of A. fumigatus at concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/ml (P<0.05). The Asp f1 gene expression was significantly down-regulated in each concentration of S. boulardiicell wall extract (P<0.05). Aspergillus fumigatus conidia upregulated the expression of IL-13 and IL-17 in A549 cells, and S. boulardii cell wall extract could downregulate the expression of the mentioned cytokines at concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/ml (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that S. boulardii cell wall extract could be a candidate for IL-13- and IL-17-induced Aspergillus-mediated allergy and asthma therapies. Nevertheless, future studies need to be conducted on the safety of S. boulardii cell wall extract in vivo and its effects on other arms of allergic hypersensitivity. Copyright© 2023, Published by Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences on behalf of Iranian Society of Medical Mycology and Invasive Fungi Research Center.
Veterinary Research Communications (01657380) 47(3)pp. 1347-1355
Diseases are the most significant challenge in the development and stability of aquaculture. In this study, the immunogenic efficiency of polyvalent streptococcosis/lactococcosis and yersiniosis vaccines was evaluated by injection and immersion methods in rainbow trout. The 450 fish with an average weight of 50 ± 5 g were divided into three treatments and three replications as follows: injection vaccine treatment, immersion vaccine treatment and control group without vaccine administration. Fish were kept for 74 days and sampling was done on days 20, 40 and 60. Then, from the 60th to the 74th day, the immunized groups were challenged with three bacteria Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae), Lactococcus garvieae (L. garvieae) and Yersinia ruckeri (Y. ruckeri) separately. A significant difference was observed in the weight gained (WG) in the immunized groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The relative survival percentage (RPS) after 14 days of challenge with S. iniae, L. garvieae and Y. ruckeri in the injection group compared to the control group increased respectively (60%, 60% and 70%), (P < 0.05). Also, RPS in the immersion group had an increase respectively (30%, 40% and 50%) after the challenge with S. iniae, L.garvieae and Y. ruckeri compared to the control group. Immune indicators such as antibody titer, complement and lysozyme activity significantly increased in comparison to the control group (P < 0.05). In general, it can be concluded that applying three vaccines by injection and immersion method has significant effects on immune protection and survival rate. However, the injection method is more effective and more suitable than the immersion method. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.
BMC Bioinformatics (14712105) 24(1)
Background: Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is one of the important bacteria that cause foodborne diseases and invasive infections in children and elderly people. Since NTS infection is difficult to control due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant species and its adverse effect on immune response, the development of a vaccine against NTS would be necessary. This study aimed to develop a multi-epitope vaccine against the most prevalent serovars of NTS (Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis) using an immunoinformatics approach and targeting OmpA, OmpD, and enterotoxin (Stn). Results: Initially, the B cell and T cell epitopes were predicted. Then, epitopes and suitable adjuvant were assembled by molecular linkers to construct a multi-epitope vaccine. The computational tools predicted the tertiary structure, refined the tertiary structure and validated the final vaccine construct. The effectiveness of the vaccine was evaluated via molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and in silico immune simulation. The vaccine model had good binding affinity and stability with MHC-I, MHC-II, and toll-like receptors (TLR-1, 2, 4) as well as activation of T cells, IgM, IgG, IFN-γ and IL-2 responses. Furthermore, after codon optimization of the vaccine sequence, this sequence was cloned in E. coli plasmid vector pET-30a (+) within restriction sites of HindIII and BamHI. Conclusions: This study, for the first time, introduced a multi-epitope vaccine based on OmpA, OmpD and enterotoxin (Stn) of NTS that could stimulate T and B cell immune responses and produced in the prokaryotic system. This vaccine was validated in-silico phase which is an essential study to reduce challenges before in vitro and in vivo studies. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2023, The Author(s).
Aquaculture Nutrition (13535773) 2023
Natural immune stimulants are among the most effective chemicals for boosting immunity and fish welfare. This study aims to investigate the effects of red macroalgae extract (Laurencia caspica) on hematological, immunological, antioxidant, biochemical, and disease resistance against S. agalactiae in Nile tilapia for 50 days. For this purpose, fishes were assigned to four dietary treatments group in which the base meal was supplemented with 0.5%, 1%, and 2% of L. caspica extract. On days 25 and 50 of the experiment, samples were taken to investigate the hematological, immunological, biochemical, and antioxidant parameters. The white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin, and neutrophils significantly increased after 50 days of feeding with the L. caspica extract, but until the 25th day, no significant difference was observed among the treatments except for hemoglobin. Immunological parameters (including Immunoglobulin M [IgM] and complement 3 [C3]) were significantly higher in treated groups compared to control both 25 days and 50 days posttreatment. However, on the 25th day, no significant difference was noticed between treatments and control in the case of lysozyme activity. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) considerably increased in comparison to the control group on the 50th day, but no significant difference was observed on the 25th day. In addition, feeding with L. caspica significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activities on the 25th day (L. caspica 1% and 2% in peroxidase [POD] and superoxide dismutase [SOD] in all groups) and 50th day (catalase [CAT], SOD and L. caspica 1% and 2% in POD) in the spleen. The survival rate of fish challenged with Streptococcus agalactiae was considerably greater than the control group. Finally, it can be concluded that L. caspica extract is an immunological stimulant that induces fish resistance to S. agalactiae. Copyright © 2023 Majid Khanzadeh et al.
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20087802) 14(1)
“Lifestyle” is the way or style of people living in a special time and place and includes behaviors and functions of individuals which are formed in a specific geographical, economic, political, cultural, and religious context and influenced by them. Lifestyle as an essential and efficient agent, impacts different aspects of human health, including immune functions. In the Islamic lifestyle, many recommendations have beneficial effects on human health. Islamic lifestyle influences human immunity with comprehensive recommendations and rules for different stages of life from the beginning until death. Breastfeeding is strongly emphasized in the Islamic lifestyle with an essential role in passive immunity. The quality of breastfeeding has been noticed; therefore, some spiritual words during breastfeeding have been recommended, such as the name of God, which affect the mother’s and baby’s immune systems via the neuro‑immuno‑endocrine network. Islamic lifestyle, especially in nutrition and attention to permission and forbidden foods, can prevent obesity and nutritional disorders and therefore may influence infection spread and prevention of diseases. In addition, there is a good synchronization between the hours of prayer “Salat”, circadian rhythm, and immune response. In fasting according to Islamic rules (Sawm), moderate hunger and thirst may result in the enhancement of T cell function, cytokine production, and NK cell activity and diminish the negative effects of cholesterol on the immune system. Emphasis on the necessity of paying attention to maintain spiritual health and piety (Taghva) and encouraging marriage are other examples of Islamic lifestyle‑related recommendations with beneficial effects on human immune functions. Hence, it is believed that Islamic teaching presents patterns for a healthy life style that could be beneficial for the immune system. © 2023 International Journal of Preventive Medicine Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow.
Erfanmanesh, A. ,
Mohajerfar t., T. ,
Nikaein, D. ,
Mokhtari a., ,
Beikzadeh, B. Iranian Journal Of Fisheries Sciences (15622916) 21(1)pp. 187-201
Yersinia ruckeri (Y. ruckeri)-associated disease remains a problem in fish farming, despite widespread vaccine use. Y. ruckeri is still one of the main causes of economic loss in the aquaculture industry. In this study, we developed outer membrane vesicles (OMV) as a new antigen and compared its efficacy with the classical antigen (whole-cell bacteria). Rainbow trouts were immunized with Y. ruckeri-derived OMVs and formalin-inactivated whole-cell bacteria by immersion route. The fish were then subjected to an intraperitoneal challenge with live bacteria during 2-10 weeks post-immunization. Subsequently, relative percentage of survival (RPS), antibody titer, lysozyme serum activity, lymphocyte percent and kidney pathological signs were evaluated. The OMV morphology was confirmed by electron microscopy. OMV and whole-cell bacteria immunized fish had higher RPS relative to the control group, but whole-cell bacteria resulted in higher RPS than the OMV group. Moreover, in the whole-cell bacteria group antibody titer was higher than the control and OMV groups. Lymphocyte percentage and lysozyme level in the whole-cell bacteria group was increased compared to OMV and control groups. Y. ruckeri's pathological damage was observed in the control group, while only eosinophilic secretions were identified for both immunized groups. These findings proved the protection of Y. ruckeri-derived OMV against Y. ruckeri, but whole-cell bacteria in the immersion method had a better effect on disease protection. © 2022 Iranian Fisheries Research Organization. All rights reserved.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595) 40(662)pp. 130-138
Background: Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections around the world. Given the importance of this infection in public health, extensive efforts have been made to develop vaccines. Previous research has been limited to the inactivated vaccine or using an adhesion protein as a vaccine candidate, and no effective vaccine for the disease has been suggested until now. This study aimed to design a vaccine based on epitopes of parasite adhesion proteins to be used as an immunogenic protein using immune-informatics tools. Methods: First, AP33, AP51 and AP65 protein sequences were retrieved. Epitopes of B and T lymphocytes were then predicted. Antigenicity, non-allergenicity and non-toxicity of epitopes were evaluated and vaccine structure was designed. Then the physical, chemical and structural properties of the vaccine were determined and finally, the ability of the vaccine to bind to TLRs was investigated. Findings: A total of 9 lymphocytes B and T epitopes were selected and a vaccine construct was designed based on them. Immuno-informatics evaluations showed that the designed vaccine is safe, hydrophilic and stable at different temperatures and conditions, that can bind to TLRs and activate innate immunity. Conclusion: Based on the results, the polypeptide construct can be a suitable candidate for Trichomoniasis vaccine. © 2022 Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved.
Khakrizi, A.A. ,
Yahyaraeyat, R. ,
Ashrafi tamai, I. ,
Beikzadeh, B. ,
Salehi, T.Z. Iranian Journal Of Veterinary Science And Technology (2008465X) 14(2)pp. 11-18
Salmonellosis is considered to be a zoonotic disease, the transmission of which through oral-fecal contact is unavoidable because pet care has been popular recently. On the other hand, excessive use of human antibiotics to treat animals resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella serotypes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of bacteria and antibiotic resistance to select the appropriate antibiotic for disease control. In this study, the presence of Salmonella serovars in the fecal samples of 256 pet dogs was investigated by enrichment and selective culture. Moreover, the existence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, as well as phenotypic antimicrobial resistance, were assessed. Of the total of 256 fecal samples, 21 samples (8.2%) of pet dogs were positive for Salmonella, including S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Infantis, and S. Senftenberg. Based on our findings, all serovars carried virulence genes invA, invF, sitC, fimA and S. Typhimurium resistant to ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (50%), oxytetracycline (75%), florfenicol (50%) and lincospectin (100%). While S. enteritidis, S. infantis, and S. senftenberg were sensitive to ampicillin, amikacin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin. S. Infantis was also sensitive to all antibiotics. In conclusion, our findings suggest that pet dogs are potential sources of Salmonella strains that carry resistance and virulence genes. Thus, healthy pet dogs could play an important role in human salmonellosis. © 2022 The author(s).
Khodaeipour, A. ,
Eftekhari, Z. ,
Afrasiabi, A. ,
Beikzadeh, B. ,
Mamaghani, M.J. Journal of Veterinary Research (20082525) 76(3)pp. 372-380
BACKGROUND: The veterinary Rabies vaccine was produced using BHK-21 cells and PV strain. Although various protocols have been suggested for virus purification, they have an adverse effect on the final production and require further optimization. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to optimize the concentration and purification of the virus for rabies vaccine production. METHODS: First of all, the Pasteur virus strain (PV) was cultured by using BHK 21 cells with DMEM media contain bovine fetal serum (7 %) for five days. Subsequently, the virus purification was done via tangential flow filtration (TFF) system. The quality of purifying viruses was an assessment with titration and SDS-PAGE. Secondly, the virus inactivation was optimized using Minitab software based on three factors, namely time, temperature, and concentration. Afterwards, the inactivity of the samples was tested on mice. Finally, the virus potency was evaluated by the National Institute of Health (NIH) method. RESULTS: The viral titration test in TFF samples revealed that viral titer increased in comparison with the control group (P<0.05). The SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified and concentrated samples showed that the purified virus via TFF had a higher purity compared to the not-concentrated samples. Moreover, the NIH test indicated a 10-fold increase in potency result in the TFF group. CONCLUSIONS: The present study implied that the TFF method is highly suitable for condensation and purification of a high volume of viral fluid and could be applied on an industrial scale to increase the potency of the vaccine produced. © 2021 University of Tehran. All rights reserved.
Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics (21645515) 15(2)pp. 407-411
During the past 3–4 decades, an increasing amount of evidence has pointed to the complex role of the antigen dose or T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation strength on the subsequent type, duration and “flavor” or quality of the response. Antigen dose was initially shown to impact Th1/Th2 bias, and later also shown to differentially affect development and induction of Tregs, Th17, T-follicular helper (Tfh), cells, and others. In recent years the quality of both CD4/8 T cells during infections, cancer and/or autoimmunity has turned out to be critical for subsequent disease outcome. Importantly, different vaccination strategies also lead to different types of T cell responses, and the role of the antigen dose is emerging as an important factor as well as a tool for investigators to utilize in fine-tuning vaccine efficacy. This commentary will highlight essential background of how antigen dose can impact and affect the quality of T cell responses, and discuss how this translates in different vaccine settings. © 2018, © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Erfanmanesh, A. ,
Beikzadeh, B. ,
Mohseni, F.A. ,
Nikaein, D. ,
Mohajerfar t., T. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms (01775103) 134(2)pp. 89-97
Streptococcus iniae is a pathogenic bacterium which causes septicaemia, while Shewanella algae is an opportunistic pathogen found in marine environments. In this study, we investigated an uncommon coinfection of these 2 bacterial species which resulted in systemic disease and cutaneous ulcers in a barramundi Lates calcarifer farm in the Persian Gulf, Iran. Culture, molecular and histopathological specimens were taken from different organs. In histopathology, results indicated deep bacterial ulceration of skin and subcutaneous muscles. Haemorrhage and hyperaemia were the most common signs observed in visceral organs. In culture, Gram-positive cocci were grown from visceral organs while Gram-negative bacilli were isolated from ulcers. In molecular examination, Streptococcus iniae and Shewanella algae were identified from visceral and ulcer samples, respectively, by PCR of the 16S rRNA gene. The disk diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated bacteria, with Shewanella algae being resistant to most routinely used antibiotics. In this study, a mixed infection of 2 bacterial species was found; we conclude that systemic streptococcosis could act as a predisposing factor for Shewanella penetration into skin and subsequent ulcer formation. Coinfections are very common in mammals; however, this subject has received little attention in other species, such as fish, and particularly in aquaculture. This study highlights the potential significance of coinfections in barramundi, the effect on the severity of the disease and the potential for new opportunistic pathogens arising. © Inter-Research 2019.
BMC Research Notes (17560500) 11(1)
Objective: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli (ETEC) is the cause of diarrhea and even death in humans and offspring of animals. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of the ETEC was prepared and its potential as a vaccine candidate against enteric colibacillosis in neonatal mice was evaluated. Dam mice intradermally injected with ETEC-derived OMVs and OMVs plus an active form of vitamin D3 (avD3). Mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice and passive immunity protection against ETEC lethality in their offspring was investigated. Results: Immunization of adult mice via ETEC-derived OMV alone and in formulation with avD3 protect offspring from ETEC-induced lethality. Nevertheless, avD3 did not indicate a positive effect on mucosal and systemic immune responses. Only the combination of OMV plus avD3 elicited a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the level of specific IgA antibodies in serum. © 2018 The Author(s).
Cellular And Molecular Immunology (16727681) 13(2)pp. 160-169
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells with the ability to induce primary T-cell responses. They are commonly produced by culturing monocytes in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF (cells produced in this manner are called conventional DCs). Here we report the generation of two functionally distinct subsets of DCs derived from programmable cells of monocytic origin (PCMOs) in the presence of IL-3 or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Monocytes were treated with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and IL-3 for 6 days and then incubated with IL-4 and IL-3 (for IL-3 DCs) or with IL-4, GM-CSF and TNF-α (for TNF-α DCs) for 7 days. Monocytes were then loaded with tumor lysate (used as antigen), and poly (I:C) was added. The maturation factors TNF-α and monocyte conditioned medium (MCM) were added on days 4 and 5, respectively. The phenotypes of the DCs generated were characterized by flow cytometry, and the cells' phagocytic activities were measured using FITC-conjugated latex bead uptake. T-cell proliferation and cytokine release were assayed using MTT and commercially available ELISA kits, respectively. We found that either IL-3DCs or TNF-α DCs induce T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion; the cytokine release pattern showed reduced IL-12/IL-10 and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratios in both types of DCs and in DC-primed T-cell supernatant, respectively, which confirmed that the primed T cells were polarized toward aTh2-type immune response. We concluded that PCMOs are a new cell source that can develop into two functionally distinct DCs that both induce a Th2-type response in vitro. This modality can be used as a DC-based immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases. © 2016 CSI and USTC. All rights reserved.
Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (17359279) 24(SUPPL. 1)pp. 8-19
Background and purpose: As professional antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells are a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity by stimulating T lymphocytes. Recent research has demonstrated the extra ability of the myeloid cells plasticity into different cells in response to environmental stimuli. In the present study, the effect of using combination maturation factors (MCM, TNF-α, poly (I:C)) and ability of myeloid dendritic cell plasticity as fully differentiated cells were examined. Material and Methods: Peripheral blood monocytes in effect of IL-4 and GM-CSF differentiated into immature dendritic cells during 4 days.On day 4 and day 5, the extracts of breast cancer tumor cells as antigen and mentioned maturation factors were added respectively. On day 7 upon confirmation of morphology and function, the culture of a group of them continued until the tenth day (without adding cytokines) and their morphology was compared with dendritic cells in day 7. Results: The generated dendritic cells have been appropriate status in morphology and function and cytokines assay revealed high levels of IL-10 in compared with IL-12. The continuity of dendritic cells culture cause to convert them to morphological macrophage-like cells. Conclusion: Our results support this idea that using a combination of mentioned maturation factors led to generate tolerogenic dendritic cells and in the absence of IL-4 and GM-CSF reuse, without medium exchange and high levels of IL-10 were known as the three factors that induced dendritic cell plasticity into macrophage-like cells.
Archives of Razi Institute (20089872) 68(1)pp. 65-69
Hepatic coccidiosis is considered as a major problem in rabbits which mortality rate may go high as a result of unhygienic maintenance with overcrowding. This study was aimed to determine abundance and pathologic changes of hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits of northwestern Iran. A total of 320 rabbits (110 New Zealand, 110 Angora, and 100 Native) in different sex and age groups were randomly selected from rabbitories in northwestern Iran. The rabbits were kept either individually in cages or in groups in floor pens. They reproduced for research and instraction. Fecal samples were collected from cages and floor pens and subjected to flotation techniques. The collected liver tissues fixed in 10% buffered formal saline, sectioned, and stained with Hematoxyline and Eosin (H&E). Results indicated that infection rate with E. stiedae was 26.87% (86/320). The prevalence of E. stiedae was significantly higher in weanling rabbits (5-8 months) (9.69%, 31/320) than other age groups. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of E. stiedae between male and female rabbits. At necropsy, numerous and scattered white nodules about 0.1 to 0.5 cm in diameter were observed on the liver surface. Histopathological lesions included hyperplasia of the bile duct epithelium with different developmental stages of coccidian agents. Granuloma tissues encircle the bile duct with infiltration of inflammatory cells. It was concluded that hepatic coccidiosis was common in Iranian rabbits of the region and with proper management and strict hygine and sanitation can effectively control the rate of infection in the rabbitories. © 2013 by Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute.
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