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Olamazadeh, M.H. ,
Esfarjani, F. ,
Marandi, S.M. ,
Zamani, S. ,
Rarani, F.Z. ,
Sharifi, M. International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20087802) 16
Background: Angiogenesis is crucial in the recovery and maintenance of heart function. Irisin may mediate the cardiac health‑promoting impact of exercise training. The aim of this study was to comparatively assess VEGF gene/protein expression in the heart tissue and correlations with serum irisin levels following resistance training, in comparison to exogenous irisin injection. Methods: Twenty‑one NMRI mice were randomly assigned to the three group (n = 7 for each group): control, resistance exercise, and irisin. Exercised mice, for 8 weeks, three sessions per week and four sets of five repeats for each session were considered and mice climbed up a 1‑m‑height ladder with a slope of 80 degrees with a weight equal to 30% of mouse’s body weight fastened to their tails and gradually increased up twofold of body weight. The Irisin group received 100 µg/kg/week irisin for 8 weeks, intraperitoneally. The cardiac expression of the VEGF gene, by real‑time PCR, the level of VEGF protein, by IHC (immunohistochemistry) and western blot analysis, and serum irisin concentration, by ELISA, were evaluated. Results: The expression of the VEGF gene and protein, as well as serum Irisin levels, increased in all experimental mice compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Pearson’s correlation coefficient data indicated a positive correlation between the analyzed parameters in each group (P < 0.05 and r > 0). Conclusions: There appears to be an interaction between resistance exercise and cardiac angiogenesis factors, mediated by irisin. So, irisin could be considered in cardiovascular health interventions, aiming to target specific molecules or pathways. © 2025 International Journal of Preventive Medicine | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow.
Shahabi, S. ,
Esfarjani, F. ,
Zamani, S. ,
Rarani, F.Z. ,
Rashidi, B. International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213) 15
Background: Physical activity has been found to improve liver health by reducing oxidative stress (OS), possibly through the protein irisin. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) help regulate the body’s response to stress and maintain cellular health. This study aimed to investigate the expression of the HSP70 gene and protein, miR‑223a, and serum irisin levels in the liver after 8 weeks of endurance exercise or irisin injection. Methods: Twenty‑one mice were randomly assigned to a control group, an endurance training group, and an irisin injection group. The expression of the HSP70 gene and miR‑223a was analyzed using real‑time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), while HSP70 protein levels were measured using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot analysis. The concentration of irisin in the mouse serum was evaluated using the enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results: The endurance training and irisin injection groups exhibited a significant increase in the HSP70 gene (405.30% and 816.03%, respectively) and protein expression (173.89% in IHC, 36.76% in Western blot for endurance training; 206.73% in IHC, 59.80% in Western blot for irisin injection) as well as elevated serum irisin levels (49.75% for endurance training and 60.65% for irisin injection) compared with the control group. In contrast, miR‑223a expression decreased in both the endurance training (21.37%) and irisin injection (52.80%) groups (P < 0.05 in all cases). Mice in the irisin injection group demonstrated higher levels of the HSP70 gene (81.28%) and protein expression (11.99% in IHC and 16.84% in Western blot) and lower miR‑223a levels (39.97%) than those in the endurance training group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The study concludes that irisin administration can replicate the effects of long‑term endurance exercise on HSP70 and miR‑223a and may have a more significant impact on their production than exercise training alone. © 2024 International Journal of Preventive Medicine.
Ghadiri, N. ,
Esfarjani, F. ,
Marandi, S.M. ,
Banitalebi, E. ,
Saghaee, E. International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213) 14(1)
Background: Both aging and diabetes are two well-established risk factors related to type 3 diabetes and memory deficits. Accordingly, diabetes multiplies the effects of aging on cognition impairments once these conditions occur simultaneously. Methods: In this present experimental study, 56 male Wistar rats with HFD/STZ-induced T2D were randomized into seven groups (n = eight animals per group): (1) sedentary old non-diabetic (C); (2) sedentary HFD/STZ-induced T2D (D); (3) sedentary HFD/STZ-induced T2D plus UA (UA) (DU); (4) endurance-trained HFD/STZ-induced T2D (DE); (5) resistance-trained HFD/STZ-induced T2D (DR); (6) endurance-trained HFD/STZ-induced T2D plus UA (DEU); and (7) resistance-trained STZ-diabetic plus UA (DRU) rats. Two-way ANOVA was applied to measure the training, supplementation, and interaction effect on serum and gene expression outcomes. Result: The study results established no significant interaction effect between the UA supplementation and the resistance/endurance training with regard to the levels of glucose (P = 0.534), insulin (P = 0.327), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (P = 0.191), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (P = 0.448). Conclusions: To develop novel practical nutritional strategies involving UA intake, further studies are thus needed to clarify how chronic consumption of UA with/without resistance/endurance training reverses cognition disorder process in old male Wistar rats with HFD/STZ-induced T2D.
Science and Sports (17784131) 38(5-6)pp. 519-526
Objectives. - This review explains how exercise can prevent the neurodegeneration and addresses the important role of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as an indicator of symptoms of ageing brain dysfunction. In addition, it explains the cellular and molecular mechanisms of exercise on regulation of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in brain, that it's dysregulation appears in many pathological conditions. News. - It is known that mitochondrial dysfunctions associated with upregulation of reactive oxygen species, has vital role in various neurodegenerative disorder. Neurotrophins factor have numerous beneficial effects on neuroplasticity and neurosurvival and the goal of many drug therapies is to increase neurotrophins. Prospects and projects. - Unfortunately, pharmacological methods are time consuming and costly, and, after a while drug resistance develops. Exercise as an adjunct intervention has promising results but various factors affect the results that should be carefully investigated in the studies. Exercise can increase brain mitochondrial biogenesis and attenuates effects of the ageing process on the brain. Regulation of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor by exercise is related to antidepressant effects and enhance of cognitive function and mitochondrial capacity that negates the ageing dysfunctions. Conclusion. - The mechanisms of exercise-induced adaptations in neurodegenerative dysfunctions remain undiscovered and assesses the effect of exercise on neurodysfunction hasencountered many difficulties. Therefore, further studies are needed to resolve existing inconsistencies. However, there is a positive relationship between regular exercise and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulation, which can prevent or reduce symptoms of brain diseases, especially in ageing. (c) 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Esmailiyan, M. ,
Kargarfard, M. ,
Esfarjani, F. ,
Vaseghi, G. ,
Javanmard, S.H. ,
Amerizadeh, A. Advanced Biomedical Research (22779175) 12(1)pp. 28-28
Background: The studies reported that chemokines Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) have tumor-promoting roles in breast cancer (BC). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 4 weeks of continuous aerobic exercise (AE) on chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 and their relative receptors in animal model of human BC. Materials and Methods: BALB/c mice were divided randomly into four groups included cancer control (CC) and three other groups. The total duration of the experiment was 14 weeks, including 2 weeks of familiarization of mice with treadmills and three of 4-week periods of experiment. Tumor inoculation and formation were performed in the second 4-week period. Group 1 received AE in the first 4-week, Group 2 received AE in the second 4-week and Group 3 in the third 4-week. Results: The CCL2 was reduced significantly in Groups 1, 2, and 3 compared to control (F 3,12 = 4705, P = 0.0001). In terms of CCL5, a significant decrease was seen only between Group 3 and control. Western blot results showed a significant reduction in C-C chemokine receptor Type 2 (CCR2) between Group 1 versus CC and Group 2 versus CC (F 3,20 = 1.812, P = 0.004). In terms of C-C chemokine receptor Type 5 (CCR5) a significant decrease was observed between Group 2 versus control and Group 3 versus control (F 3,20 = 273.3, P = 0.042), (P = 0.004). Conclusion: It can be concluded that 4-week AE significantly reduces the chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 and their respective receptors levels CCR5 and CCR2 in different stages, and it may have an inhibitory effect on tumor growth. © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics (18726976) 98
Exercise can alleviate the disorders considered as the normal consequences of aging. Whether or not the treadmill endurance training affects the biochemical markers in the Parkinson's disease model rats after the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injection is assessed in this article. The experimental groups of N=8 rats consist of 1) Saline and Young sedentary (S-Young); 2) Saline and Old sedentary (S-Old); 3) Young and 6-OHDA without exercise (Y); 4) Young and 6-OHDA with exercise (YE); 5) Old and 6-OHDA without exercise (O); and 6) Old and 6-OHDA with exercise (OE). An 8 μg of 6-OHDA is injected into the right MFB. The rotation due to apomorphine, weight variation, and some biochemical expression are measured in the rats’ striatum. Exposure to 6-OHDA: increase weight loss by (%8) and rotation by (%90), reduce the protein levels of Bdnf by (30%), Th by (43%), and Tfam by (24%), in aging rats (P<0.05). The P53 level rose after the injection compared with the same Saline group (Old rats: 27% and Young rats: 14%), the highest in the O group. The findings indicate that endurance exercise amends the mitochondrial parameters and the apomorphine-induced rotation impairments in the presence of 6-OHDA injection. These positive effects of treadmill running in unilateral 6-OHDA lesioned rat model are age-dependent and are more significant in younger rats. © 2021
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213) 13(1)pp. 55-55
Background: Recently, the importance of chemokines and their receptors in carcinogenesis and the protective role of aerobic exercise in primary cancer development and progression is highlighted. Based on the facts that endurance exercise may result in hypoxia condition, and in addition, the effect of exercise therapy on the levels of CCL2, CCR2, and their related receptors in breast cancer (BC) model has not been investigated so far, therefore we aimed to evaluate the effect of eight-week noncontinuous aerobic training on the levels of CCL2, CCL5, and their related receptors; CCR2 and CCR5 in female BALB/C mice with BC. Methods: Thirty-two BALB/C mice (4-5 weeks old) were randomly divided to four 8-member groups of control and experimental. The experimental group received 8 weeks of noncontinuous aerobic exercises (AEs) while the control group did not receive any exercises during these 8 weeks. After last of experiment, 5 ml of blood was taken from each rat's lower inferior vein. The plasma levels of CCL2 and CCL5 were measured by ELISA and CCR2 and CCR5 by western blot. Tumor volume also measured in each step. Data were analyzed using the ANOVA test and the SPSS v. 0.24 Software. Results: After 8 weeks of participation in noncontinuous AEs, a statistically significant decrease was made between the control and experimental groups in terms of CCL2, CCL5, and CCR2 levels, as well as tumor volume. However, there was no significant difference between groups in terms of CCR5 level. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the 8 weeks of noncontinuous AEs did not result in CCR5 reduction while resulting in a statistically significant decrease in CCL2, CCL5, CCR2, and tumor volume.
Momenzadeh, S. ,
Jami, M. ,
Jalalvand, A. ,
Esfarjani, F. ,
Shahabi, S. ,
Zamani, S. Current Protein and Peptide Science (13892037) 23(2)pp. 89-104
Physical exercise is a therapeutic strategy for some systemic and non-systemic complications. Various processes or factors like myokines are involved in an exercise course. Irisin is produced in skeletal muscle during exercise, and its effects resemble many exercise effects. Besides the systemic effects of muscle-derived irisin, this peptide is produced in different tissues. Numerous studies have investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms of irisin effects. Despite some controversies, most studies have demonstrated the improvement of metabolic-related complications and immunomodulatory or regenerative mechanisms in correlation with the circulating level of this peptide or after in vivo/in vitro treatments that have introduced it as a peptide with therapeutic value. This review describes the similarities and differences of the effects in various tissues and their correlation with the most prevalent tissue-related complication to present a view for the mechanism(s) of function, efficacy, and safety of this peptide in each tissue as an exercise effector and endocrine peptide. © 2022 Bentham Science Publishers.
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213) 13(1)pp. 38-38
Background: This study aimed to determine the effect of garlic consumption and endurance training on the serum levels of some pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in female mice with breast cancer. Methods: This study is an experimental research randomly conducted on 32 female BALB/c mice divided into 4 equal groups (N = 8), including: Cancer Control (CC), Garlic Supplementation (GS), Endurance Training (ET), Endurance Training + Garlic Supplementation (ET + GS). One million cancerous cells were injected to all mice's upper right thigh using the subcutaneous injection method. Exercise groups performed endurance training for 8 weeks (5 days a week.(Garlic supplement groups received 1 ml of the garlic extract orally per kilogram of body weight. The control groups -were not given any task, activity or exercise during the research. At the end of the research, all the mice were anesthetized, and their blood samples were collected. Results: The period of 8-week simultaneous endurance exercise and consumption of garlic supplement significantly decreased the serum level of interleukin-6 (F = 75 P = 0.00), interleukin-8 (F = 97.9 P = 0.00), and interleukin-17 (F = 95.7 P = 0.00), and increased the serum level of interleukin-10 (F = 50.4 P = 0.00). Conclusions: Along with other existing methods, reduction of inflammatory factors, endurance exercises and consumption of garlic supplement have been proved to be an extremely effective treatment for breast cancer patients. © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
Iranian Journal of Breast Diseases (26457482) 13(4)pp. 57-66
Introduction: Tumor size is a contributing factor in cancer prognosis. On the other hand, regular exercise may play an important role in inhibiting tumor growth in breast cancer. Because of the key role of tumor volume in tumor metastasis, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of a 4-week and a 12-week aerobic training on tumor volume in female mice with breast cancer. Methods: Forty female BALB/c mice (4-5 weeks old weighing 18 ± 2g) were randomly divided into the following 5 groups of 8 after cancer induction: primary prevention group, secondary prevention group, treatment, exercise, and cancer control. Aerobic exercise was performed for 4 weeks at different stages (prevention, during treatment, and after cancer) at an intensity equal to 40% to 50% of the maximal oxygen consumption. The exercise group performed aerobic exercise for 40 minutes at 18 m/min at a zero-degree incline 5 times a week for 12 weeks. At the end of the training intervention period, all mice were sacrificed and tumor volume was measured using a digital caliper. Data were analyzed using the ANOVA test on SPSS v.22. Results: After 4 weeks of exercise intervention, a significant decrease in tumor volume was observed in the primary prevention and control groups (P = 0.001), and after 12 weeks of aerobic training, a decrease in tumor volume was observed in the exercise and control groups (P = 0.007). However, there was no significant difference in the other groups. Conclusion: Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise can be used as an effective treatment method to reduce the volume of breast tumors. However, more research is needed to reach definitive results. © 2021 Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research. All right reserved.
Journal Of Research In Medical Sciences (17351995) 26(1)
Background: Exercise can reduce hepcidin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 and improve the iron status, but the intensity of exercises is very important. This study will compare the effect of resistance training (RT) intensity on hepcidin levels, iron status, and inflammatory markers in overweight/obese girls with and without iron stores deficient. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 40 students of the University of Isfahan (18-22-year old, with 35 > body mass index [BMI] ≥25) voluntarily participated in the study. Participants were divided into two groups with 20 participants, based on serum ferritin (>30 ng/ml or ≤30 ng/ml). Participants in each group were randomly and equally assigned to one of the moderate or high-intensity training groups. RT was performed 8 weeks, 4 days a week, and each session for 1 h, with an elastic band. The iron levels, hepcidin, total iron-binding capacity, ferritin, hemoglobin, TNF-α, and IL-6 before and after intervention were collected with the blood samples. Two-way analysis of variance was used to assess the impact of exercise and ferritin level and their interaction, and the paired test was utilized for test changes from baseline. Results: There are no significant interactions between ferritin levels and exercise intensity for the main outcomes (all P > 0.05). The significant impact of the mode of exercise was observed in TNF-α (P < 0.05), and a significant difference between low and high levels of ferritin was observed in hepcidin (P = 0.002). Besides, in all four groups, significant decreases were observed in BMI (28.00 ± 3.00 to 27.00 ± 3.00), hepcidin (1234.02 ± 467.00 to 962.06 ± 254.00), and TNF-α (223.00 ± 99.00 to 174.00 ± 77.00) compared to the baseline measurements (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: Basal ferritin levels appear to be effective on hepcidin levels, TNF-α, and IL-6 after the intervention. RT with two different intense can reduce BMI, hepcidin, ferritin, and TNF-α in all groups. It seems that performing RT reduces inflammation and hepcidin in obese/overweight participants with different iron stores. © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
Hovsepian, V. ,
Marandi, S.M. ,
Esfarjani, F. ,
Zavar, R. ,
Sadeghi, M. International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213) 12(1)
Context: Obesity is associated with endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. Adiponectin and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) as hormones are highly contributive in cardiovascular system, while they are disrupted through obesity. Weight-bearing high intensity interval training (HIIT) as an effective procedure in preventing obesity-related complications in adults with obesity may be limited due to the subjects' muscular weakness and complications interfering walking. Aims: The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of non-weight bearing all extremity HIIT (all ex. HIIT) on FGF21, adiponectin, nitric oxide (NO), and flow mediated dilation (FMD) in overweight and obese women. Methods: Thirty healthy overweight and obese sedentary university female students within 20.53 ± 1.50 age range and BMI ≥27 kg.m -2 were assigned in two experimental and control groups. All ex. HIIT consisted of 4 × 4 min at 85-90% max HR with an interspersed with 3 × 3 min recovery per round at 70% max HR by upper and lower ergometers in a simultaneous manner on 10 weeks of four sessions of 40 min each. FGF21, adiponectin, NO, FMD, weight, waist and maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max) were measured in pre and post-tests. Paired sample t-test and analysis of covariance are applied for statistical analysis. Results: Results indicated a significant increase in adiponectin (P ≤ 0.01) and FMD (P ≤ 0.001), while there existed no changes in FGF21 at (P ≥ 0.10) and NO (P ≥ 0.84). The weight and waist decreased at (P ≤ 0.001), and the VO 2max increased at (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: All ex. HIIT may be a safe alternative for overweigh and obese women who have complications with weight-bearing exercises, and may increase adiponectin, and improve the FMD, aerobic fitness, and body composition. © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness (224707) 61(2)pp. 188-198
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 10 weeks of two different in-season training programs on the oxidative status and muscle damage and performance of professional basketball players. We hypothesized that high intensity functional training (HIFT) induces more redox sensitive adaptations than common strength and conditioning training (CSCT). METHODS: Twenty professional basketball players of Iran national women's basketball league (age 21.95±2.45, years of experience 7.15±1.7), were divided into two equal training groups; HIFT and CSCT (in average of 80-150 and 180-240 minutes per week respectively). Blood samples and performance tests including VO2max, basketball simulated performance (BEST), anaerobic power, agility and vertical jump were taken before and after training. Oxidative status and tissue damage were assessed through xanthine oxidase, total antioxidant capacity, pro-oxidant/ antioxidant balance and creatine kinase. Data were analyzed through repeated measure mixed ANOVA. RESULTS: BEST, average power and Fatigue Index significantly improved in HIFT group (α<0.05). VO2max and agility t-test improved significantly in both groups (α<0.05), with no significant difference between the two groups. Lateral agility and vertical jump did not change significantly in neither of the groups. No significant group × time interaction was observed in the biochemical factors. XO increased, TAC and CK decreased significantly in both groups (α<0.05), with no significant change in PAB in neither of the groups after training. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study showed no oxidative stress and tissue damage in none of the training groups, recommending the implication of more time-efficient HIFT method into the in-season training of team sports. © 2020 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA.
Shahabi, S. ,
Esfarjani, F. ,
Reisi, J. ,
Momenzadeh, S. ,
Jami, M. ,
Zamani, S. Advanced Biomedical Research (22779175) 10(1)pp. 40-40
Background: Osteoporosis is a prevalent elderly complication that is characterized by decreased bone mineral density and increased fracture risk because of dysregulation in bone mineralization and resorption. Physical activity can enhance bone strength by exerting mechanical forces and myokines. Irisin is a myokine that is increased following physical exercise and can affect bones. In this study, 8 weeks of resistance and endurance exercises are applied in mice compared to irisin injection to assess the contribution of the protocols and this myokine to bone strength. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five male NMRI mice were separated into five groups; control, placebo, irisin injection, resistance exercise, and endurance exercise. 8-week of exercise protocols and irisin injection protocol (100 µg/kg/week) was applied. Plasma irisin concentration and bone strength were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay and 3-point bending assay, respectively. Statistical analyses were done through one-way ANOVA and Tukey test, and P < 0.05 was considered the significant difference. Results: Serum irisin concentration and bone strength in resistance exercise and irisin-injected groups were significantly higher than control and placebo groups (P < 0.0001). Serum irisin concentration, but not bone strength, of the endurance exercise group was also significantly higher than control and placebo groups (P < 0.0001) but lower than resistance and irisin-injected groups. Conclusion: Resistance exercise and irisin injection, but not endurance exercise, are likely to be effective in increasing bone strength. There may be a threshold for plasma irisin level to affect bones which the applied protocols of irisin injection and resistance exercise but not endurance exercise can reach. © 2021 Advanced Biomedical Research.
Neurotoxicity Research (14763524) 38(4)pp. 850-858
Exercise exerts helpful effects in Parkinson’s disease. In this study, the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injection was used to investigate the effect of exercise on apomorphine-induced rotation and neurorestoration. Rats (n = 32) were divided into four groups: (1) Saline+Noexercise (Sham); (2) 6-OHDA+Noexercise (6-OHDA); (3) Saline+Exercise (S+EXE), and (4) 6-OHDA+Exercise (6-OHDA+EXE). The rats were administered 8 μg 6-OHDA by injection into the right medial forebrain bundle. After 2 weeks, the exercise group was run (14 consecutive days, 30 min per day). One month after the surgery, following the injection of apomorphine, the 6-OHDA group displayed a significant increase in rotation and the 6-OHDA+EXE group showed a significant reduction of rotational asymmetry (P < 0.001). 6-OHDA injection reduced the mRNA and protein expression of the AMP-activated protein kinase, brain-derived neurotropic factor, and tyrosine hydroxylase in relation to the Sham group and exercise increased these levels. Expression of the silent information regulator 2 homolog 1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha was unexpectedly enhanced in the 6-OHDA groups in relation to the Sham group. These findings suggest that the 6-OHDA injection increased the neurodegeneration and mitochondrial and behavioral dysfunctions and the treadmill running attenuated these disorders in the ipsilateral striatum of the 6-OHDA+EXE group. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Koomesh (23453699) 22(3)pp. 556-562
Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by progressive dopamine depletion in the striatum, and leads to mitochondrial and motor disorders. The present study investigated the effect of moderate endurance training on motor disorder and mRNA expression of PPAR-γ, PGC-1α and BDNF in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of PD Materials and Methods: Thirty two male Wistar rats were divided into 4 eqaul groups: 1. Vehicle (Sham), 2. Vehicle + endurance training, 3. 6-OHDA and 4. 6-OHDA + endurance training. The PD model obtained by unilateral injection of 6-OHDA (8µg/2µl) into the medial forebrain bundle, and the sham group recevied vehicle alone. Two weeks after the surgery, endurance training groups ran on a treadmill 30 min per day for 30 days. Six weeks after the surgery, the rat’s rotations due to apomorphine injection and hippocampal mRNA expression of PPAR-γ, PGC-1α and BDNF were analyzed using Real Time-PCR. Results: 6-OHDA lesioned rats showed increased rotations (P≤0.001), decreased expression of PPAR-γ and BDNF mRNA and compensatory increased in PGC-1α mRNA. Edurance training improved both behavioural and molecular changes. Conclusion: It seems that endurance training can reduce motor disorder and defects in expression of the mitochondrial factors in Parkinson’s disease. © 2020, Semnan University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Asian Journal Of Sports Medicine (20087209) 10(2)
Background: Betatrophin is a β-cell proliferation marker produced as a result of irisin expression. It is regarded as a therapeutic indicator of diabetes due to elevated insulin secretion. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 2 different intensities of combined training on the levels of irisin, betatrophin, and insulin in women with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In this study, 26 female patients with type 2 diabetes were divided into 3 groups of combined high-intensity training, combined moderate-intensity training, and control. The training groups participated in combined training at high or moderate intensities for 8 weeks. The variance analysis test and the Duncan post-hoc test were applied to analyze the data (P > 0.05). Results: Combined training at 2 intensities of moderate and vigorous led to a rise in the levels of irisin, betatrophin, and insulin. Exercise intensity was a determining factor for these elevated levels insofar as combined high-intensity training resulted in higher levels of these hormones than combined moderate-intensity training. Conclusions: It appears that participating in relatively high-intensity training programs may be beneficial for diabetic patients inasmuch as they increase the levels of irisin, betatrophin, and then, insulin. © 2019, Author(s).
Taghibeigi hoseinabadi, H. ,
Esfarjani, F. ,
Marandi, S.M. ,
Karami, H. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism (16834844) 20(5)pp. 246-252
Introduction: Inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The expression of HMGB1, a proinflammatory cytokine, and its downstream signaling pathway is upregulated in diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks aerobic training on the expression levels of the HMGB1-RAGE/TLR4-NF-kB pathway in cardiac tissue of male rats with hyperglycemia. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar rats (mean weight, 231±25g) were randomly divided into three groups (n=12 each): Healthy control, control hyperglycemia and trained hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and nicotinamide. Forty-eight hours after completion of the training program (eight weeks aerobic training), cardiac tissue was removed under sterile conditions. Gene expression of HMGB1, RAGE, TLR4 and NF-kB were investigated, using Real-time PCR. For data analysis, one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey’s test were used, with P<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Gene expression levels of HMGB1, RAGE, TLR4 and NF-kB were significantly (P=0.001) increased in the cardiac tissue of the hyperglycemic control group, compared with healthy controls. Eight weeks of aerobic training decreased the expression levels of the studied genes (P=0.001). Conclusion: It seems that aerobic training can prevent the negative effects of hyperglycemia via by attenuating gene expression levels of HMGB1, RAGE, TLR4 and NF-kB in the cardiac tissue of rats with hyperglycemia, and could hence be an important mechanism for cardiac function and preventing diabetic cardiomyopathy. © 2019, Endocrine Research Center. All rights reserved.
Neurotoxicity Research (14763524) 35(4)pp. 908-917
Metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in Parkinson’s disease, while exercise can induce essential pathways of mitochondrial biogenesis. Here, we tested whether long-term preventive treadmill training (16 weeks, 21 m/min, and 0° inclinations for 50 min/d, 5 d/week) effects the mitochondrial and neurodegeneration markers, in the striatum of rats in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of Parkinson’s disease. Following 16 weeks of exercise or no exercise period (n = 16 rats per group), the animals were divided into four experimental groups (n = 8 per group): (1) no exercise and saline (SED), (2) exercise and saline (EX), (3) no exercise and 6-OHDA (SED + 6-OHDA), and (4) exercise and 6-OHDA (EX + 6-OHDA). For the model, 8 μg of 6-OHDA (2 μg/μL prepared in a solution of 0.2% ascorbic acid and 0.9% saline) was injected into the right medial forebrain bundle. Exposure to 6-OHDA resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.05) of mitochondrial factors AMP-activated protein kinase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha, and tyrosine hydroxylase, and increased expression of silent information regulator T1, mitochondrial transcription factor A, and p53 in the SED + 6-OHDA group relative to SED group. By contrast, gene and protein expressions upon exercise were higher and p53 protein level was lower in the EX + 6-OHDA group compared with SED + 6-OHDA. Further, exercise reduced the extent of weight loss associated with the 6-OHDA injection. In conclusion, exercise might be used to reduce mitochondrial disorders in Parkinson’s disease. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Hovsepian, V. ,
Marandi, S.M. ,
Sadeghi, M. ,
Esfarjani, F. ,
Zavar, R. Asian Journal Of Sports Medicine (20087209) 10(4)
Background: In obese individuals, chronic inflammation is associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. This inflammation may be reduced by anti-inflammatory proteins like pentraxin 3 (PTX3). High-intensity interval training (HIIT) mostly with weight bearing might also alleviate this inflammation. This type of exercise may be limited in obese individuals due to their excessive body mass, muscular weakness or joints pain. Whether non-weight bearing HIIT can increase these anti-inflammatory proteins in obese individuals is not clear yet. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of non-weight bearing all-extremity HIIT (all ex. HIIT) on anti-inflammatory proteins like PTX3. Methods: In this cross-sectional semi-experimental study, 30 overweight and obese female participants with the mean age of 20.50 ± 1.50 years and the mean weight of 80.70 ± 13.70 kg were randomly assigned to all ex. HIIT and control groups. Training consisted of 4 × 4 min 85%-90% max HR, and 3 × 3 recovery by 70% max HR with upper and lower body training in a simultaneous manner (four sessions per week for 10 weeks). PTX3, interleukin10 (IL10), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), lipid profile, glycemic profile, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were assessed before and after the intervention. Results: At the end of the intervention, no significant difference was observed in PTX3 (P = 0.47), IL10 (P = 0.67) and TNFα (P = 0.92) levels between the groups. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) decreased by 13.5% in the all ex. HIIT group, while the triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CHOL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and glycemic profiles remained unchanged in both groups. HR and systolic and diastolic BP decreased by 12.2%, 2.3% and 6%, respectively, in the all ex. HIIT group, while they remained unchanged in the control group. There was no significant change in PTX3, but as to its correlation with IL10 and HDL a slight change is observed. Conclusions: All ex. HIIT may be a safe exercise that decreases LDL, HR and systolic and diastolic BP in overweight and obese individuals unable to perform weight-bearing HIIT. © 2019, Author(s).
Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism (17155312) 44(12)pp. 1267-1275
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by neurodegeneration and learning deficiency. Physical exercise can alleviate these symptoms by increasing the expression of some effective and relevant factors. The preventive effect of 16-week treadmill running in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease, before 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induction, was assessed. Experimental groups consisted of sedentary (SED), SED+6-OHDA, exercised (EX), and EX+6-OHDA rats. Forty-eight hours after the last session of exercise, 6-OHDA was injected into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). One week after the injection, behavioral tests, including spatial learning and memory, were assessed through Morris water maze (MWM) and apomorphine-induced rotation. Three weeks after the injection, mRNA expression and protein levels of the transcriptional co-activator peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α), fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were measured in the striatum and the hippocampus of rats by applying real-time PCR and Western blotting. The findings indicate that exposure to 6-OHDA leads to impairments in behavioral and molecular functions. Exercise training prevents and reduces the symptoms caused by dopamine toxins. The results suggest that treadmill running can exert neuroprotective and have preventive effects to reduce Parkinson’s disease symptoms. Novelty • Parkinson’s disease impairs spatial learning and memory. • Parkinson’s disease reduced levels of PGC-1α, FNDC5, and BDNF and increased neurodegeneration in the striatum and the hippocampus. • Treadmill running before disease attenuated 6-OHDA-induced memory deficit and elevated neuroprotection. • Exercise has multiple effects on memory and biochemical factors. © 2019, Canadian Science Publishing. All rights reserved.
Kazeminasab, F. ,
Marandi, S.M. ,
Ghaedi, K. ,
Safaeinejad, Z. ,
Esfarjani, F. ,
Nasr-esfahani, M.H. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism (17155312) 43(7)pp. 651-662
The present study was performed to clarify how a combined exercise/diet treatment could affect the expression level of the muscle fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (Fndc5) with respect to body fat mass. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into 2 groups including low-fat (LF) and high-fat (HF) diets for 12 weeks. Then, LF fed (nonobese) and HF fed mice (obese) were divided into the following 4 groups: HF-Exercise, HF-Sedentary, LF-Exercise, and LF-Sedentary. The exercise group exercised on a motor-driven treadmill for 45 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Mice were sacrificed 24 h after the final exercise session. Gastrocnemius muscle and the visceral adipose tissue were excised and frozen for the assessment of proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (Pgc-1α) and Fndc5 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. Data indicated that protein level of muscle PGC-1α was decreased in HF versus LF groups and in obese versus nonobese mice. Moreover, Fndc5 mRNA levels were increased in the muscle tissue of HF versus LF groups and in obese versus nonobese mice. Also, in the gastrocnemius skeletal muscle, protein levels of FNDC5 were significantly higher in the HF fed mice, as compared with their low-fat fed counterparts, similar to what was observed for exercised versus sedentary mice. Overall, we found that the HF diet increased Fndc5 transcript levels in the skeletal muscle, but exercise had a minimal effect on the transcript level of Fndc5, whereas endurance training increased the protein content of FNDC5 in the skeletal muscle. © 2018, Canadian Science Publishing. All rights reserved.
Shirkhani, S. ,
Marandi, S.M. ,
Kazeminasab, F. ,
Esmaeili, M. ,
Ghaedi, K. ,
Esfarjani, F. ,
Shiralian-esfahani, H. ,
Nasr-esfahani, M.H. Gene (18790038) 676pp. 16-21
Background: Obesity triggers a variety of severe conditions, therefore deteriorates metabolism rate of adipose tissues and muscles. Uncoupling proteins which are highly stimulated by fatty acids are potential targets for anti-obesity agents through breaking the electron gradient in the mitochondrial matrix and creating imbalances in the electron transport chain, thereby increasing the amount of substrate used to produce energy. Therefore, the aim of present study is assessment of exercise and high fat diet on expression level of Ucp1 subcutaneous white and brown adipose tissues (scWAT & BAT) respectively. Methods: To perform experiments, 48 male C57BL/6 mice were divided to two major groups and fed with high fat diet (HFD) or low fat diet (LFD) during a period of 12 weeks. After the first intervention, each groups was divided into four groups randomly as (HF-EX), (HF-SED), (LF-EX), (LF-SED) [EX: exercise; SED: sedentary] in form of treadmill running for 45 min/day, 5 days/week during 8 weeks. One day after the last practice session, mice were sacrificed and Ucp1 expression was assessed on scWAT & BAT. Results: Data indicated a down-regulation in scWAT Ucp1 in obese mice similar to what observed for the expression of Pgc1α. Both, BAT Ucp1 and Pgc1α mRNA decreased significantly in response to obesity and physical activity. Moreover, exercise caused significant decrease in scWAT mitochondrial proteins contradictory to BAT. Conclusion: Taken together, exercise exerted controversial effects compared with HFD and obesity on expression of Ucp1 and Pgc1α in scWAT dissimilar to BAT tissues, concluding that obesity may cause a resistance to exercise in terms of metabolic demands for scWAT tissue. © 2018
Kazeminasab, F. ,
Marandi, S.M. ,
Ghaedi, K. ,
Esfarjani, F. ,
Moshtaghian, J. Science and Sports (17784131) 33(3)pp. 152-157
Purpose: LXR, belongs to the ligands activated transcription factors, regulates the expression of genes in cholesterol homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to examine combinatory effects of selective LXR activator-T0901317 and training on gene expression profiles of LXRα and ABCA1. Material and methods: To examine simultaneous effects of selective LXR activator-T0901317- and exercise on LXRα and ABCA1 genes expression and lipids profile, Wistar male rats were assigned to four groups as animal models: Control group (Ctrl), trained group received exercise (Exc) on a motor-driven treadmill at 28 meter/min for 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks, group receiving LXR agonist T0901317 (10 mg kg−1 day−1) (Ago) for 1 week, group received both endurance training and LXR agonist T0901317 (Exc&Ago). Finally, rats were killed and blood was taken for lipids measurement. A portion of the liver was also excised for assessment of LXRα and ABCA1 transcripts. Results: A significant increase in LXRα and ABCA1 transcripts was observed in Exc&Ago group when compared to other groups. However, there was not a synergistic response in plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations despite a significant increase in LXRα and ABCA1 mRNA levels, possibly due to a physiological negative feedback loop, the response to exercise could be negated by the effects of the agonist in plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles. © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS
Kinesiology (13311441) 50(1)pp. 11-17
The aims of this study were to: 1) compare the effects of speed-based versus heart-rate-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on changes in high-intensity intermittent running performance, and 2) examine the between-group differences in heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) responses during the training sessions. Sixteen female students were divided into the HR-based (n=8, M±SD, age 17.3±0.2 years, body mass, 59.2±5.7 kg, and body height, 167.8±2.2 cm) and speed-based (n=8, age 17.2±0.3 years, body mass, 57.7±6.4 kg, and body height, 171.0±5.1 cm) groups before commencing the HIIT intervention. After completing five weeks of HIIT, both the HR-based and speed-based groups showed most likely moderate enhancement in high-intensity intermittent running performance (+9%, 90% confidence limits [CL] [6.4; 11.7]; standardized change [ES] +1.04 [0.75; 1.33]) and (+9.2%, [6.0; 12.5]; +1.09 [0.73; 1.46]), respectively. However, the difference between the experimental groups with regard to changes in high-intensity running performance was trivial. Between-group differences of weekly average HR and RPE responses showed trivial to moderate (ES range;-0.95; 0.15) and moderate to very large (ES:-0.63;-2.88) values, respectively. Although it seems that both the speed-based and HR-based HIIT approaches have some limitations when implementing for HIIT individualization, using the speed reached at the end of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness test (VIFT) seems to elicit the same performance enhancement, but with lower psychophysiological responses during short-term interventions. © 2018, University of Zagreb - Faculty of Kinesiology. All rights reserved.
Asian Journal Of Sports Medicine (2008000X) 8(2)
Background: Identification of genetic markers is one of the priority trends to perform in athletes for evaluation of their efficacy. Previous studies have revealed that CK-MM may be used as a valuable marker to reflect the magnitude of skeletal muscle destruction in response to exercise. Objectives: In this study we analyzed the frequency of rs8111989CK-MM polymorphism in karatekas to find whether there is a difference among professional, amateur athletes and non-karatekas. Methods: Distribution of allele and genotype frequencies of the muscle specific creatine kinase (CK-MM) gene A/G polymorphism was assessed in a survey among 275 athletes residing in state of Isfahan (86 professional karatekas (43 male and 43 female) and 86 amateur karatekas (50 male and 36 female) and 103 non-athlete individuals (50 male and 53 female). Blood samples were taken and genotyping was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) approach. Statistical analyses carried out using SPSS software and data with P < 0.05 were considered to be significant. Results: The CK-MM AG genotype frequency was significantly higher in professional and amateur karate athletes and control subjects (AG genotype: 52.4% vs. AA genotype: 33.4%; GG genotype: 14.1%;χ2 = 16.79, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the CK-MM genotype in the professional group (AA:31.3%, AG:56.9, GG:11.6) was different of those observed for amateur karatekas (AA:32.5%, AG:43.0, GG:24.4)(χ2 = 11.39; P = 0.003) and CK-MM genotype in the amateur group was also different from non-athletes (AA:36%, AG: 56.3, GG: 7.7)(χ2 = 11.39; P = 0.003). Conclusions: The CK-MM gene A/G polymorphism is associated with the physical performance levels of karatekas. © 2017, Sports Medicine Research Center.
Kazeminasab, F. ,
Marandi, S.M. ,
Ghaedi, K. ,
Esfarjani, F. ,
Moshtaghian, J. Cell Journal (22285806) 19(1)pp. 45-49
Objective: Liver X receptors (LXRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors of the nuclear hormonal receptor superfamily which modulate the expression of genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Hence, further unraveling of the molecular function of this gene may be helpful in preventing cardiovascular diseases. Materials and Methods: This experimental intervention study included twelve adult Wistar male rats (12-14 weeks old, 200-220 g) which were divided into the control (n=6) and training (n=6) groups. The training group received exercise on a motor-driven treadmill at 28 meters/minute (0% grade) for 60 minutes a day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Rats were sacrificed 24 hours after the last session of exercise. A portion of the liver was excised, immediately washed in ice-cold saline and frozen in liquid nitrogen for extraction of total RNA. Plasma was collected for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) measurements. All variables were compared by independent t test. Results: A significant increase in LXRα transcript level was observed in trained rats (P<0.01). Plasma HDL-C concentration was also significantly higher (P<0.01) in trained rats. There was a significant decrease in the concentrations of LDL-C (P<0.01) and TC (P<0.02), and the ratios of TC/HDL-C (P<0.001) and LDL/HDL-C (P<0.002) in trained rats. However, the TG concentration was unchanged (P>0.05). Conclusion: We found that endurance training induces significant elevation in LXRα gene expression and plasma HDL-C concentration resulting in depletion of the cellular cholesterol. Therefore, it seems that a contributor to the positive effects of exercise in cardiovascular disease prevention is through the expression of LXRα, which is a key step in reverse cholesterol transport.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595) 34(406)pp. 1323-1329
Background: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is an exopeptidase, which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II results in vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion. Previous studies have indicated that the presence of DD polymorphism in ACE gene is associated with the upregulation in the activity of ACE and incidence of arteriovascular diseases. Based on the previous studies, during 1980-2006 in the United States, among 1866 athletes who died suddenly, 56% were predominantly due to cardiovascular diseases. Thus, the aim of the present study was assessment of the frequency rate of I/D polymorphism in Iranian professional and amateur Karateka and non-athlete individuals as a prognostic factor in prevention of such diseases. Methods: In this survey, 258 athletes including 129 professional Karateka (65 men and 64 women) and 129 amateur Karateka (75 men and 54 women) and 129 non-athlete individuals (71 men and 58 women) took part voluntarily. Blood samples were taken and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) performed on the isolated genomes. Statistical analyses carried out using SPSS software and those data with P < 0.050 were considered to be significant. Findings: Genotyping analyses indicated that allele frequency for DD was 45.5%, ID was 40.8% and II was 13.7% in our studied population (P > 0.050). In professional Karateka, significant increase in DD frequency was observed (63.0%) compared to non-athletes (41.0%) (P = 0.004) and amateur Karateka (14.7%) (P = 0.011). Conclusion: The greater value for allele frequency of DD polymorphism in professional Karateka suggests the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in this group. This implies the necessity of medical health care for professional athletes. © 2017, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved.
Genetics in the Third Millennium (24237159) 12(4)pp. 3806-3822
Neurotrophins have been recognized as the main trophic factors in the nervous system. They are a broad family of polypeptide growth factors and the main factors responsible for the modulation of synaptic development. They share a common basic structure but in certain areas which connect to their specific receptors. Thus, they execute different actions triggering survival or apoptosis pathways. One way to increase the activity of neurotrophins in different synapses and neurons is increasing the number of respective receptors on the cell surface. The main member of this family is Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor that is constructed by neurons, especially those located in the hippocampus and cortex which are involved in learning and memory. Thereby, its expression is regulated by central neurotransmitter and peripheral hormones. Many of the brain abilities to adapt or change in response to experiences or the environment depend on the synaptic neuronal plasticity and connections. However, the molecular mechanisms that translate neuronal activity patterns for specific changes in synapses are not clearly understood. © 2014, Iranian Neurogenetics Society. All rights reserved.
Nadi, M. ,
Marandi, S.M. ,
Esfarjani, F. ,
Mohammadi, M. ,
Ahmadi, F. Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595) 33(332)
Background: Peripheral neuropathy is a common complaint of diabetes. This complication is created because of the many consequences of disability among patients, as a debilitating disease known. The purpose of this study was investigating the effects of 12-weeks combined training with vitamin D supplement on improvement of sensory-motor neuropathy in women with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted in Isfahan province, Iran, during 2013-2014. 90 patients were selected and randomly divided in two groups. 9 patients (included 5 intervention, and 4 control patients) were excluded and finally 81 adult females with type 2 diabetes aged 20-55 years were entered to the study. The control group had no training but, received vitamin D. The experimental group, received vitamin D and 12-weeks training program (3 days a week, 60 minutes per session) including aerobic exercises, strength and flexibility. Aerobic exercise intensity was set at 60-70% of maximum heart rate and resistance training intensity was determined by 50 percent of 10 RM (Rep Max). The intensity of neuropathy was measured using Michigan neuropathy screening instrument (MNSI); reflex hammer and tuning fork 128 Hz were used for pre- and post-test. Findings: Followed three months of combined trainings and supplementation with vitamin D, significant reductions in numbness (P = 0.001), pain (P = 0.002), tingling (P = 0.001) and weakness (P = 0.002) in the lower limb was seen. In addition, increases in the sense of touch intervention (P = 0.005), detecting the position of the fingers (P = 0.001) and vibration perception (P = 0.001) in the tissues after the training was noted. Knee reflexes (P = 0.770) and ankles (P = 0.470) did not significantly change after the interventions. Conclusion: It seems that participation in combined trainings and supplementation with vitamin D can decrease the symptoms of sensory-motor neuropathy. © 2015, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved.
Genetics in the Third Millennium (24237159) 12(4)pp. 3778-3793
Neurotrophins are the major growth factors in the nervous system although the exact mechanisms underlying their effects have remained obscure. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a critical neurotrophine for learning, memory, and neuronal plasticity. Moreover, it exerts an important role in controlling neuronal disorders and genetic diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, depression, epilepsy, etc. Although there is am abundance of conflicting data in this regard, it has been reported that brain considerably responds to exercise, which results in significant changes in the anatomical, molecular, and cellular level of the body. Findings suggest that exercise and activity help to maintain cognitive function and brain structure, especially due to aging. Brain plasticity that is controlled by BDNF can be the basis of the beneficial effects of exercise on the brain health. The present study discusses different molecular effects of BDNF and the effect of exercise on the expression of this factor and controlling related diseases. © 2014, Iranian Neurogenetics Society. All rights reserved.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595) 32(278)
Background: Physical activity without appropriate recovery causes structural damage to the muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cold water immersion and passive recovery after anaerobic performance on muscle damage indices and blood cell count. Methods: The participants were ten trained female swimmers from Isfahan University of Technology with the mean age of 17.8 ± 2.2 years. First, they did the 100 meters front crawl in two separate days with 1-week distance. Then, they participated in one of the two methods of recovery intervention including 15 minute sitting beside the pool (passive or PAS) or cold water immersion (CWI) in 23° C. Afterwards, both methods were followed by 45 minutes sitting beside the pool. Leukocyte profile and venous blood markers of muscle damage including creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were also measured pre-exercise and 1 and 24 hours post-exercise. Repeated measure and LSD were used for data analysis. Findings: One hour after CWI, the mean level of CK significantly decreased and it was not any change in leukocytes, neutrophils and monocytes compared to PAS. One hour after CWI, LDH significantly increased comparing pre-exercise. All of these factors except CK, recovered to base measures after 24 hours. Conclusion: It seems that after anaerobic performance, CWI can reduce damage and leukocytes count and improve recovery conditions.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595) 32(279)pp. 388-407
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight months of resistive training on growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor1 (IGF1), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein3 (IGFBP3) plasma levels in patients with severe burns. Methods: The research method used in this study was of the individual-case type with multiple base lines for the participants. The examinees of this study included two women with severe burns (third degree) in the age range of 20 to 30 years confined in the Central Accidents and Burns Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. After determining the base-line position, the participants were entered into the project in a ladder step-by-step format. During the 8 months of individual intervention, they did the resistive training and one month after the finishing of the intervention period, they were put under follow-up examinations for 2 months. The measuring tool for this study was the blood tests taken for measuring GH, IGF1, and IGFBP3 plasma levels, which were taken at the fasting morning time and 24 hours after the exercises at the end of each month. Findings: Based on the visual analysis and descriptive statistical indexes, the resistive training in both examinees had caused a significant change in the GH, IGF1 and IGFBP3 plasma levels; as the percentage of non-overlapping data (PND) was 75% for the first and 87.5% for the second examinee in GH level, and 100% for both examinees in IGF1 and IGFBBP3 levels. Conclusion: It seems that long-term resistive training can cause elevation of the plasma level of some growth factors in patients with severe burns or it can prevent the reverse process and intense decline in these factors after the burn takes place. In addition, it would make these patients become free of the need for frequent surgeries and using different equipments.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595) 30(212)
Background: People are forced to exercise in areas with inappropriate conditions such as polluted air. Harmful effects of air pollution are intensified during physical activity and training due to increased metabolic needs. This study compared the effects of intermittent exercise in polluted and clean air on hemolysis of red blood cells in endurance runners. Methods: Using purposive convenience sampling, 10 female endurance runners with at least three years of experience of regular exercise were selected. Their mean age, height, weight, and body mass index were 18.80 ± 2.74 years, 164 ± 2.84 cm, 51.58 ± 3.37 kg, and 19.67 ± 1.28, respectively. Immediately after an interval training protocol with 85% of maximum heart rate, blood samples from left brachial vein were collected in a sitting position. The first samples were obtained on a polluted day (air quality index: 118). Second sampling was conducted 18 days later, after a rainy night (air quality index: 77). Both procedures were performed at a particular time of day. Hemolysis of red blood cells was determined by measuring bilirubin and serum haptoglobin levels through spectrophotometry and immunoturbidometric tests, respectively. Paired t-tests were used to compare the two measurements. Findings: Bilirubin levels increased significantly (22%) after exercise in polluted air compared to clean air (P = 0.001). Although haptoglobin levels decreased (23.86%) after exercise in high concentrations of pollutants, this reduction was not statistically significant compared to the levels obtained in clean air (P = 0.09). Conclusion: It seems that an interval training session in high concentrations of air pollutants will be associated with more hemolysis of red blood cells.
Kazeminasab, F. ,
Marandi, S.M. ,
Ghaedi, K. ,
Esfarjani, F. ,
Moshtaghian, J. European Journal of Applied Physiology (14396319) 113(9)pp. 2285-2290
Liver X receptor α (LXRα) is a member of the ligand-activated transcription factor of nuclear hormonal receptor superfamily, whose activation leads to modulation in the expression of genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis including ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), which plays a crucial role in plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) remodeling. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether endurance training enhanced the expression level of liver LXRα gene. Twelve adult male Wistar rats (200-220 g) were divided into control and training groups. Training group received exercise on a motor-driven treadmill at 28 m/min (0 % grade) for 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last exercise session, the rats were killed and blood was taken from the right ventricle of each rat. Plasma was collected for HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), TC and TG measurements. Furthermore, a portion of the liver of each rat was excised and washed in ice-cold saline and frozen in liquid nitrogen for assessment of LXRα and ABCA1 mRNA levels. Data indicated significant increase in both LXRα and ABCA1 mRNA levels in trained rats, compared to control rats. Plasma HDL-C concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in trained rats at the end of treadmill exercise. However, there was a significant decrease in LDL-C (P < 0.003), TG, TC concentration, TC/HDL-C and LDL/HDL-C ratios in trained rats compared with those in the control group (P < 0.001). In conclusion, we found that endurance training induced significant elevation in LXRα gene expression, which correlated with enhanced levels of ABCA1 mRNA and plasma HDL-C concentration. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595) 30(175)
Background: Intensive physical exercise influences physical and psychological stress which in turn causes hormonal and immune variations. This study assessed the effect of three water immersion methods on salivary immunoglobulin A (S-IgA), heart rate (HR) and fatigue. Methods: In this study 10 elite female swimmers with at least 3 years of athletic experience (aged 17.8 ± 2.2 years) were selected through convenient purposeful sampling. On 3 different days with 48-hour intervals, they performed a 100-meter front crawl. They then completed a 15-minute recovery method contrast water therapy (CWT) (2 minutes in hot (40°C) water and 1 minute in cold (23°C) water), cold water (23°C) immersion (CWI), or hot water (40°C) immersion (HWI). S-IgA levels and HR were recorded before and after the test and also after the recovery. The effects of each recovery method on fatigue were evaluated by a questionnaire. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the collected data. Findings: The results showed that S-IgA levels increased after recovery methods. In addition, a significant difference was observed between HWI and CWI (19% vs. 8.9%) in terms of S-IgA levels. HR decreased significantly following CWI compared with HWI. Conclusion: Generally, CWI reduced fatigue and increased muscle relaxation. HWI can increase S-IgA secretion. It can thus improve quality of recovery and is suggested after the sprint swimming.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595) 30(183)
Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise intensity on serum leptin levels in obese/overweight women. Methods: A total number of 45 obese/overweight women (body mass index ≥ 25-30 kg/m2) were selected from patients who referred to the Iranian Health Clinic (Isfahan, Iran). Serum leptin levels of patients were evaluated before eating breakfast. Their body fat percentage was also measured. Participants were randomized into 3 groups of moderate aerobic exercise [45-50% maximum heartrate reserve (HRRMAX)], intense aerobic exercise (70-75% HRRMAX), control group (without training). Training included three 60-minute aerobic exercise sessions a week and lasted for 10 weeks. After 10 weeks, the variables were reassessed. Pre- and post-test data was analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe's test. Findings: Our results showed that moderate and intense aerobic exercise had significant effects on body weight (P < 0.001), body fat percentage (P < 0.03), body mass index (P < 0.001), and serum leptin levels (P < 0.001). Conclusion: This research suggests that aerobic exercise training with higher intensity can better reduce serum leptin levels and body fat percentage.
World Applied Sciences Journal (discontinued) (18184952) 16(10)pp. 1403-1408
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of water immersion at different temperatures on fatigue and sprint swimming. Ten elite women swimmers, age (17.8±2.2), three times a week in 48-h intervals completed two 100-m front crawls (S and S) interspersed with a 15-m recovery period consisting of: contrast water therapy (CWT, alternating hot 40 degrees C, 2 min /cold 23 degrees C, 1min), cold water immersion (CWI, 23 degrees C) and hot water immersion (HWI, 40 degrees C). Before and after S1and S2 and every threemin during the recovery, skin temperature, blood lactate and heart rate were recorded. After the recovery, level of fatigue evaluated via TQR questioner, then participants performed (S2) and ultimately recorded the rate of perceived exertion through RPE questioner. Results showed that heart rate significantly decreased after CWI toward other groups. After CWT and CWI, skin temperature decreased significantly. Lactate removal was largest in CWT compared to the HWI. Both CWI and CWT were associated with improvement in swimming performance and following these methods TQR and RPE evaluated better than HWI (p 0.05). It seems CWT and CWI can be used in repeated high intensity interval performance with short recovery. © IDOSI Publications, 2012.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595) 28(109)pp. 401-407
Background: Exercise is commonly reported as a factor for decreasing dysmenorrhea symptoms. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of six weeks flexibility training on symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Methods: Thirty-four students of The University of Isfahan suffering from primary dysmenorrhea (Age: 20.47 ± 1.54 years, Weight: 54 ± 8.22 Kg, Height: 161 ± 5.34 cm, Body Mass Index: 20.72 ± 2.76) were divided in two exercise (n = 20) and control (n = 14) groups. Exercise group engaged in a 6 weeks flexibility training program include abdomen, back, hamstring and hip adductors stretches. They performed 10 movements, each 3 times, lasting 10 seconds, 4 days per week. One second was added to those movement times each week. Prior and after 6 weeks of flexibility training, all subjects completed menstrual distress questionnaire. Severity of pain evaluate with Visual Analogue Scale. The descriptive and inferential statistic tests like Man-Withney U, Wilcoxon, and independent and paired sample t-test were used for analyzing the statistical information. Findings: After 6 weeks flexibility training, experimental group indicated significant increase in flexibility measurements (back, hamstring, hip adductors) and significant decreases in their mood symptoms (from 14.20 ± 7.42 to 5.35 ± 3.00), physical symptoms (from 15.90 ± 5.93 to 8.75 ± 6.09) and severity of pain (from 6.37 ± 2.69 to 3.79 ± 2.39) (P < 0.001). There were no significant changes in flexibility measurements and dysmenorrhea symptoms in control group. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that selected flexibility training in 6 weeks would decrease dysmenorrhea symptoms.
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport (14402440) 10(1)pp. 27-35
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two high-intensity interval training (HIT) programmes on maximal oxygen uptake (over(V, ̇) O2 max), the lactate threshold (LT) and 3000 m running performance in moderately trained male runners. over(V, ̇) O2max, the running speed associated with over(V, ̇) O2max (vover(V, ̇) O2 max), the time for which vover(V, ̇) O2 max can be maintained (Tmax), the running speed at LT (vLT) and 3000 m running time (3000mTT) were determined before and following three different training programmes performed for 10 weeks. Following the pre-test, 17 moderately trained male runners (over(V, ̇) O2max = 51.6 ± 2.7 ml k g- 1 mi n- 1) were divided into training groups based on their 3000mTT (Group 1, G1, N = 6, 8× 60% of Tmax at vover(V,̇) O2 max, 1:1 work:recovery ratio; Group 2, G2, N = 6, 12× 30s at 130% vover(V, ̇) O2max, 4.5 min recovery; control group, GCON, N = 5, 60 min at 75% vover(V, ̇) O2 max). G1 and G2 performed two HIT sessions and two 60 min recovery run sessions (75% vover(V, ̇) O2max) each week. Control subjects performed four 60 min recovery run sessions (75% vover(V, ̇) O2 max) each week. In G1, significant improvements (p < 0.05) following HIT were found in over(V, ̇) O2 max (+9.1%), vover(V, ̇) O2 max (+6.4%), Tmax (5%), vLT (+11.7%) and 3000mTT (-7.3%). In G2, significant improvements (p < 0.05) following HIT were found in over(V, ̇) O2 max (+6.2%), vover(V, ̇) O2max (+7.8%), Tmax (+32%) and 3000mTT (-3.4%), but not in vLT (+4.7%; p = 0.07). No significant changes in these variables were found in GCON. The present study has shown that 3000 m running performance, over(V, ̇) O2 max, vover(V, ̇) O2 max, Tmax and vLT can be significantly enhanced using different HIT programmes in moderately trained runners, but that changes in performance and physiological variables may be more profound using prolonged HIT at intensities of vover(V, ̇) O2max with interval durations of 60% Tmax. © 2006 Sports Medicine Australia.
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