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Energy Strategy Reviews (2211467X)51
The energy market integration in the Middle East is assessed by comparing the acting institutions in the Levant and Persian Gulf sub-regions. Pami Aalto's regional institution's theoretical framework and the case-oriented comparative research method are adopted for this purpose. Changes in the Levant region coincided with the Arab League's establishment. This league did not develop due to inappropriate bi-lateral energy relationships and a lack of effort among the inter-state trade institutions. Regional institutions, lacking order creation, next to the Arab League members' sovereignty disturb gas transmission, transit, and environmental protection regulations. The Arab League has recognized Israel as an energy-producing member and has reduced the political conflicts' intensity to improve Arabic leadership in the Levant integration. The Persian Gulf states' unilateral trade negotiations, sanctions imposed by the US and EU on Iran's energy sector, and political disputes between Iran and some Arab states prevent coherent regional integration, liberalization, and the launch of joint energy projects. In bi-lateral energy diplomacy competition between the regional great energy powers, Iran and Saudi Arabia outside the region is evident. Though the environmental stewardship institution supports green energy, the profit-interest has priority in these regions. The outcome of this article reveals the existence of constraints imposed on energy market integration in these sub-regions. © 2023 The Author(s)
Countries Studies (29809193)(2)pp. 215-233
Why and how can Oman become a mediator in the Middle East and international level is assessed in this article. What mechanisms and tools have been applied by this country? The theoretical framework applied in this article is based on the contribution of mediation in international relations. The emphasizes here is on the trustworthiness and neutral role of mediators, specifically a small state with a non-threatening role. Such countries have acquired prestige at international level. The role of the former leader, King Ghaboos, and adopting neutral policy, pragmatic foreign policy, and stable economy are the major contributive factors in making Oman to act as a mediator between Israel and Palestine, Iran and Saudi Arabia and the nuclear energy issue of Iran and the West. The findings here reveal that Oman with her modest oil revenues, as a prestigious mediator guided by his Majesty King Ghaboos has offered short-term solutions through a traditional manner. © 2023, University of Tehran. All rights reserved.
2025 29th International Computer Conference, Computer Society of Iran, CSICC 2025pp. 377-394
The analyses in this chapter explore the association of the Yazidi religion to Islam. The focus here is on Yazidis in Iraq and the Daesh threat thereof. To date, this issue has been assessed with respect to Zoroastrianism and Christianity, while the Yazidi’s association with Islam and the issue of Yazidis being a Sufi Muslim minority remains unexplored. These issues are critically explored in this chapter, and the discussions are expanded into the contemporary political conditions and the Daesh threat to the Yazidis’ safety in Iraq. Daesh has perceived Yazidis as infidels who must be constrained. The findings regarding the Yazidi community in Iraq in this chapter reveal that their case has become a modern political issue in the recent years and Daesh has threaten them to extend the sectorial conflict in Iraq. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights are reserved.
