Articles
Publication Date: 2024
Montenegrin Journal of Economics (18006698)20(1)pp. 161-169
The accumulation of cash by corporations creates an agency conflict between management and shareholders, which benefits management at the expense of shareholders. A company's ability to generate profits depends on several factors, but lack of cash on hand is one of the most critical, increasing the risk of insolvency for that business. In the context of modern corporations, where there is separation between agent (management) and principals (owners), it is argued that the agent does not always act and perform its duties in the best interests of owners. Due to the asymmetric information between agent and principals, tax avoidance activities, in this case, can be used as a tool to facilitate the opportunistic behaviour of managers which at the end increasing costs borne by the owners (Dhaliwal et al. 2011). With this in mind, the study's overarching goal is to learn how much a different firm size makes in the correlation between tax evasion and cash on hand among Muscat Stock Exchange-traded corporations from 2011 to 2020. This study adopted the companies listed on the Muscat Stock Exchange as its statistical population; 20 companies were chosen using the process of systematic elimination. Hypotheses were examined using a multivariate regression technique and aggregated data. Moreover, the research found that the firm's size negatively modifies the correlation between tax avoidance and cash on hand. This study provides an insight that agency theory in the context of tax avoidance and corporate cash holdings in developing countries such as Oman needs to be explored further as the agency conflict in Indonesia as a developing country is more principal-principal conflicts. © 2024, Economic Laboratory for Transition Research. All rights reserved.
Budgeting is allocating limited resources to unlimited needs and aims to maximise the use of resources that are usually scarce. In the face of these scarce resources, continuous attention to planning, allocating resources, and budgeting is an undeniable necessity. The importance of the budget in universities that receive their credits from the government is much greater because of their significant role in society’s scientific and cultural orientation of the younger generations. It is evident that incorrect budgeting will cause mistakes in allocating resources in this critical field and will cause severe damage to the country at the national level. Hence, reforming the methods of budgeting and distribution of resources in Iraqi public universities is one of the primary necessities. Therefore, the current research has investigated the feasibility of establishing operational budgeting in Iraqi public universities based on the PESTEL model. The study period is 2022, and the research community is Iraqi public universities (35 universities), of which 15 top universities were selected as a statistical sample. The research data were collected using 198 questionnaires completed by financial managers, accounting experts in financial affairs, and experts specializing in budgeting in sample universities. The results of hypothesis testing showed that all aspects of the study, including political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal, affect the establishment of operational budgeting in Iraqi public universities, and all the research hypotheses are confirmed. In other words, it was found that the political, economic, social, technical, environmental, and legal factors identified in the current research are significant for establishing operational budgeting in Iraqi public universities. It is suggested that legislators and budgeting planners prioritise these factors and rely on them in making decisions since experts approved these stimuli in the field of operational budgeting in the strategic environment of universities and according to the current conditions prevailing in Iraq. © 2023 by the authors.
