Dalgleish, T.,
Neshat doost, H.T.,
Taghavi, R.,
Moradi, A.,
Yule, W.,
Canterbury, R.,
Vostanis p., P. Publication Date: 1998
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines (00219630)39(7)pp. 1031-1035
Previous research into subjective probability estimates for negative events revealed that depressed children estimated events as equally likely to happen to themselves as to other children. In contrast, both controls and anxious children estimated that negative events were more likely to happen to others than to themselves. The present study followed up this finding by investigating the subjective probability judgements concerning future negative events generated by children and adolescents who have recovered from depression. Subjects generated probability estimates either for themselves or for other children for a range of negative events on a visual analogue scale. The results revealed that both recovered depressed and matched control groups estimated negative events as significantly more likely to happen to others than to themselves. It was also found that the recovered depressed subjects estimated that negative events were less likely overall, compared to the controls. These results are discussed in the context of the adult literature.
Publication Date: 1998
Journal of Abnormal Psychology (0021843X)107(4)pp. 642-650
An experiment was conducted to examine memory for emotional trait adjectives in depressed children and adolescents. Two groups of children and adolescents, clinically depressed participants and non-clinical controls, were compared on computerized versions of recall and recognition memory tasks. Three groups of words (positive trait adjectives, negative trait adjectives, and categorized neutral words) were used in the experiment. Results showed that the depressed group recalled significantly more negative adjectives than positive adjectives, whereas the control group recalled the same number of positive and negative adjectives. This effect was predicted by the association between age and level of depression, with the depression- related bias becoming stronger with age. Signal detection analysis revealed that the depressed group did not show any bias in the recognition task. The findings are discussed with respect to cognitive theories of depression with consideration of the developmental implications.
Publication Date: 1999
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology (15732835)27(3)pp. 215-223
Recent research has indicated that anxious adult and child patients and high trait-anxious adults selectively shift attention toward threatening stimuli. The present study extends this research and investigates the content-specificity of the effects in clinically anxious and mixed anxious- depressed children and adolescents. Twenty four generally anxious patients, aged 9 to 18, 19 mixed anxious-depressed patients, and 24 normal controls were comparable with respect to age, sex, verbal IQ, and vocabulary level. The participants carried out an attentional deployment task in which probe detection latency data were used to determine the distribution of visual attention for threat-related and depression-related material. The results showed that clinically anxious children, relative to controls, selectively allocated processing resources toward threat stimuli. However, mixed anxious- depressed children, relative to controls, did not show any attentional bias towards either threat- or depression-related stimuli. Preliminary data on age and gender differences are also presented. The results of this study are discussed in the light of previous research.
Publication Date: 1999
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines (00219630)40(3)pp. 357-361
Adult post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients often report a wide range of cognitive problems in memory, concentration, attention, planning, and judgement. Evaluation of these cognitive aspects of PTSD in adults has helped to define the nature of the disorder. However, there is a paucity of such work in younger subjects. This study has employed the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT) to examine cognitive factors in children and adolescents with PTSD. Eighteen child and adolescent patients with PTSD and 22 control subjects completed the test. PTSD subjects showed poorer overall memory performance compared with controls. Specifically, they were worse on the prospective and orientation items of the RBMT. The results are discussed in the light of research on everyday memory in adults with PTSD.
Publication Date: 1999
Psychological Medicine (14698978)29(2)pp. 415-419
Background. Investigators have used various experimental paradigms such as the Stroop colour naming test to study how adults with different emotional disorders process emotional information. However, to date, little research has been carried out on younger subjects. Method. In the current experiment, children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and control subjects aged 9-17 years, participated in a modified Stroop colour naming task. Results. The results indicated that the children and adolescents with PTSD showed increased Stroop interference for trauma-related material relative to neutral words and to the performance of the controls. Conclusions. These findings indicate that attentional bias to trauma-congruent information is a function of PTSD in young age groups. The results are discussed with respect to the literature on information processing in PTSD.
Publication Date: 1999
Journal of Traumatic Stress (15736598)12(4)pp. 663-671
Investigators have used various experimental paradigms to study how individuals with different emotional disorders process emotional information. However, little research has been done on relatives of individuals with emotional disorders, despite developments in the area of emotional contagion. In the current experiment, children of adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (n = 18) and control participants (n = 21), ages 9-17 years, participated in a modified Stroop color-naming task. The results indicated that the children of adults with PTSD showed increased Stroop interference for threat-related relative to neutral words and to the performance of the controls. These findings are discussed with respect to the literature on information processing in PTSD and emotional contagion in families.
Publication Date: 2000
Cognition and Emotion (02699931)14(6)pp. 809-822
Cognitive theories of anxiety based on adult data predict that individuals vulnerable to anxiety should show threat-related interpretations of ambiguous material and it is proposed that this is an important maintaining factor in anxiety disorders. In the present study, interpretation of ambiguous emotional/neutral information was examined in child and adolescent anxious patients. Two groups of participants, anxious patients (n = 17) and healthy controls (n = 40), were presented with a series of homographs, each with a threatening and a neutral interpretation. For each homograph, the participants were asked to construct a sentence using the homograph. Anxious children and adolescents produced significantly more sentences consistent with threatening homograph interpretations and less consistent with neutral interpretations than did normal controls. Regression analyses revealed no relationship between age and this interpretive bias. Preliminary developmental and theoretical implications are discussed.
Dalgleish, T.,
Moradi, A.,
Taghavi, R.,
Neshat doost, H.T.,
Yule, W.,
Canterbury, R. Publication Date: 2000
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines (00219630)41(8)pp. 981-988
Research with clinically anxious adults has revealed that they estimate future negative events as far more likely to occur, relative to healthy controls. In addition, anxious adults estimate that such events are more likely to happen to themselves than to others. Previous research with anxious children and adolescents, in contrast, has revealed no increased probability estimates for negative events, relative to controls, and the events were rated as more likely to happen to others than to the self. The present study followed up these discrepant findings by investigating probability judgements concerning future negative events generated by children and adolescents who had actually experienced an extreme negative event and who met criteria for a diagnosis of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Control groups comprised a group of healthy participants, and a group of healthy participants whose parents had experienced a trauma and who met criteria for PTSD. The results revealed no overall differences between the clinical group and the controls. However, children and adolescents with PTSD estimated all negative events as significantly more likely to happen to others than to themselves, with this other-referent bias being strongest for events matched to their trauma. In contrast, the two control groups exhibited an other-referent bias for physically threatening events but not for socially threatening ones. Developmental analyses indicated that the strength of the relationship between anxiety and elevated judgements about future negative events declined with age in the control participants but that there was no significant relationship in the groups who had been exposed to trauma. The findings are discussed in the context of the literature on information processing biases and PTSD.
Publication Date: 2000
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines (00219630)41(3)pp. 363-368
The present study utilised a cognitive paradigm to investigate attentional biases in clinically depressed children and adolescents. Two groups of children and adolescents - clinically depressed (N = 19) and normal controls (N = 26) - were asked to complete a computerised version of the attentional dot probe paradigm similar to that used by MacLeod, Mathews, and Tata (1986). Results provided no support for an attentional bias, either toward depression-related words or threat words, in the depressed group. This findings is discussed in the context of cognitive theories of anxiety and depression.
Publication Date: 2000
Journal of Anxiety Disorders (08876185)14(5)pp. 521-534
Studies with adult participants with emotional disorders have revealed an explicit memory bias in favor of recalling negative emotional information, particularly if the information is related to the participants' emotional concerns. This process was investigated in a preliminary study with children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder and control participants. Participants were presented with sets of negative, neutral, and positive words and asked to recall them after a short retention interval. Posttraumatic stress disorder participants showed poorer overall memory performance compared with control participants. They also showed a bias in favor of recalling negative information, but there was no evidence of any specificity beyond this for threat- related material. Regression analyses revealed no relationship between mood, memory bias, and age. Results are discussed in terms of the adult literature and with respect to issues of the developmental continuity of posttraumatic stress disorder. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Publication Date: 2001
Psychological Medicine (14698978)31(3)pp. 541-547
Background. The present study examined biases in visual attention for emotional material in children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and healthy controls. Methods. The participants carried out an attentional deployment task in which probe detection latency data were used to determine the distribution of visual attention for threat-related and depression-related material. Results. The results showed that children and adolescents with PTSD, relative to controls, selectively allocated processing resources towards socially threatening stimuli and away from depression-related stimuli. This attentional avoidance of depression-related information in the PTSD participants declined with age. Conclusions. The results of the study are interpreted as a consolidation and extension of previous research on attentional bias and emotional disorder in younger participants.
Dalgleish, T.,
Taghavi, R.,
Neshat doost, H.T.,
Moradi, A.,
Canterbury, R.,
Yule, W. Publication Date: 2003
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (15374424)32(1)pp. 10-21
This study investigated theoretical claims that different emotional disorders are associated with different patterns of cognitive bias, both in terms of the cognitive processes involved and the stimulus content that is preferentially processed. These claims were tested by comparing clinically anxious (generalized anxiety disorder [GAD], posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) and clinically depressed children and adolescents on a range of cognitive tasks measuring attention, memory, and prospective cognition, with both threat-related and depressogenic stimulus materials. The results did reveal some relative specificity of processing in that the anxious participants exhibited a greater selective attentional bias for threat relative to depressogenic material with no such difference being apparent in the depressed sample. However, this bias was only clear-cut on a dot-probe measure of attentional processing and not on a modified Stroop measure, and indeed threat-related bias on the 2 tasks was uncorrelated. On the prospective cognition task, anxious participants exhibited an other-referent bias in their risk estimations regarding future negative events that was absent in the depressed sample. No specificity effects were evident on the memory task. The results are discussed in terms of the strengths and weaknesses of carrying out direct comparisons across groups and tasks versus drawing conclusions from overall patterns across multiple studies.
Publication Date: 2003
British Journal of Clinical Psychology (01446657)42(3)pp. 221-230
Objectives. Research investigating attentional bias for emotional information using the modified Stroop task in younger anxious populations has produced equivocal results. The present data investigated the replicability in younger participants of the prototypical adult finding of Mathews and MacLeod (1985) with patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Method. A sample of 19 child and adolescent patients with GAD and 19 controls completed the modified Stroop paradigm with threat, depression-related, positive and neutral words. Results. The data revealed a selective Stroop interference effect for negative emotional information in the GAD patients, relative to the performance of the controls. Conclusions. The results provide evidence of a modified Stroop effect for negative emotional material in children and adolescents with GAD, suggesting that modified Stroop processing in younger generally anxious populations broadly mirrors the profile of results in adults.
Canterbury, R.,
Golden, A.,
Taghavi, R.,
Neshat doost, H.T.,
Moradi, A.,
Yule, W. Publication Date: 2004
Personality and Individual Differences (01918869)36(3)pp. 695-704
Research with clinically anxious adults has revealed that they estimate future negative events as far more likely to occur, relative to healthy controls. In addition, anxious adults estimate that such events are more likely to happen to themselves than to others. Previous research with anxious children and adolescents, in contrast, has revealed no increased probability estimates for negative events, relative to controls, and the events were rated as more likely to happen to others than to the self. The present study followed up these discrepant findings by investigating probability estimates for future negative events in children and adolescents with high and low levels of self-reported trait anxiety but who had no reported history of emotional disorder. The results revealed a significant difference between the two groups with respect to their overall probability estimates for negative events, the high anxious group estimating that negative events were more likely to happen than the low anxious group. These findings are consistent with the results using adult clinical subjects and support the suggestion that previous differences between the adult and developmental literature are a function of non-normative performance specifically in clinically anxious younger participants. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2008
Emotion (19311516)8(5)pp. 731-736
The present study used a Color Stroop task, involving naming the ink colors of incongruous color words, to deplete self-regulation resources prior to retrieving a series of autobiographical memories to emotional and neutral cue words-the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT). Control participants either read color words written in black ink or performed no task prior to the AMT. Difficulty accessing specific memories on the AMT has been shown to index key aspects of the onset and maintenance of depression and other emotional disorders. Our hypothesis that depleted participants would retrieve fewer specific memories to cues on the AMT relative to controls was supported, even when levels of depressed and anxious mood, an index of clinical depression, posttraumatic stress, and verbal intelligence were covaried. The results indicate that self-regulation depletion via a neutral, unrelated task can impact on emotion-related autobiographical memory processes that have been shown to be dysfunctional in emotionally disordered populations. © 2008 American Psychological Association.
Publication Date: 2008
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)26(89)
Background: Electroconvulsive therapy has been recognized as a very effective treatment for severe depressions. Studies have shown that in major depressive patients, speed of information processing after the treatment with ECT will be increased. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of ECT on the memory of the major depressive patients to see whether this kind of treatment has any effect on improvement of the memory of these patients. Methods: In this study, with the experimental design, repeated measurement of ECT effect on major depressive patient memory was investigated. For this purpose, the function of these patients on the Wechsler memory measure test in two strong and weak groups regarding their memory quotient were investigated before ECT, 48 hours and six weeks after the last session of ECT. In each group 15 patients were selected and matched considering age, education and other intended variables in the research. The patients received ECT laterally on their non- dominant hemisphere, three sessions a week. The results were interpreted with the use of measuring the analysis of variance and F test. Findings: The mean scores for the strong MQ group before the ECT was 94.13 and 48 hours after the last session was 89.40 and in the weak group was 79.66 and 75.86 respectively, in both groups a significant difference of P < 0.0001 exists. Six week after the ECT in both groups it was 98.20 and 84.46 respectively that in strong group in P < 0.0001 and in weak group P < 0.02 it was significant. The scores in the 48 hours after the ECT stage were decreasing but in the 6 weeks after the ECT stage was increasing. Conclusion: The present study shows that decrease in memory after the ECT is temporary and six weeks after the last session of ECT patient’s memory in both weak and strong groups would be improved and would be increased. © 2008, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2009
Memory and Cognition (0090502X)37(7)pp. 1051-1058
On each trial of this study, participants either switched between or repeated two simple, two-choice tasks involving either letter or digit classifications. Speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT) curves were obtained using the responsesignal method of eliciting speeded responses at various response time lags after the presentation of the stimulus for the second task. The key finding from separate analyses of the three SAT-curve parameters (intercept, rate, and asymp tote) was that the location of the intercept of the SAT function (i.e., the point at which responding rises above chance) was shifted upward for both short and long response-stimulus intervals under task-switch conditions but only when the responses associated with each of the letter-digit stimulus components were incompatible. © 2009 The Psychonomic Society, Inc.
Publication Date: 2010
International Journal of Social Psychiatry (00207640)56(2)pp. 158-167
Background: Although previous research has established a direct impact of natural disasters on child mental health, there is limited knowledge on the underpinning mechanisms, particularly when there has been the loss of a parent. Aims: To establish: (a) the rates of behavioural and emotional problems of school-aged children who had lost their parents in the 2003 earthquake in Iran, compared with children from intact families who attended the same schools; (b) the relationship between the psychopathology of the surviving parents’ and children's behavioural and emotional problems; and (c) whether this relationship was compounded by socioeconomic factors. Methods: Eighty six children of 7—13 years who had lost a parent in the earthquake four years earlier were compared with 80 matched children from intact families. The teacher and parent versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were used as measures of behavioural and emotional problems. Parents’ psychopathology was established by the Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ). Results: Behavioural and emotional problems were significantly higher in children who had suffered parental loss than in the control group. There was a significant association between parent-rated SDQ and SRQ scores. Parental death was found to interact with socioeconomic variables in predicting children's behavioural and emotional problems and surviving parents’ mental health problems. Conclusions: After natural disasters, bereaved children and their surviving parents are at risk of developing mental health problems, and social adversities increase this risk. © 2010, SAGE Publications. All rights reserved.
Moosavi, Z.,
Khosravi, A.R.,
Sasani, F.,
Gharagozloo, M.J.,
Shokri, H.,
Tootian, Z. Publication Date: 2010
Comparative Clinical Pathology (1618565X)19(6)pp. 607-610
Alternaria alternata is well-known as a source of allergenic components in the cell wall and cytoplasm of conidia and hyphae that cause respiratory allergic disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate tissue reaction and Th2 cytokines in mice exposed to A. alternata. A. alternata was cultured, and fungal extract was prepared by freeze-defreeze and sonication methods. BALB/c mice in one group were sensitized by two intraperitoneal injections of A. alternata extract and then intra-nasally challenged with spores suspended in sterile normal saline solution, and in another group, mice only received spores intra-nasally. Blood sampling and necropsy were performed at 1 and 72 h after spore inhalation. Histopathology demonstrated an inflammatory response with cells including lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils present and mucus hypersecretion in the lungs and airway epithelial cell hyperplasia and necrosis observed in sensitized and non-sensitized mice. Sera were analyzed by ELISA to determine serum levels of Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 in immediate response and late-phase reaction, respectively. Increasing Th2 cytokine (IL-4 and IL-13) levels in the sera was also observed in the sensitized and challenged mice. The results showed that exposure to extract and then spores of A. alternata induced rapid and highly elevated production of IL-4 and IL-3. These cytokines were associated with respiratory histopathological changes. © 2009 Springer-Verlag London Limited.
Publication Date: 2010
Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism (16834844)12(2)pp. 111
Introduction: This research, aimed at determining the psychometric properties of the Diabetes Management Self - Efficacy Scale (DMSES) in type II diabetes patients. Materials and Methods: We Selected 112 patients with type II diabetes (according to diagnosis of profession), reffered to Alzahra hospital and asked them to complete the questions (for determining reliability). To study the concurrent validity of DMSES, 40 patients were asked to complete the General Self - Efficacy Inventory (GSES) and Diabetes Care Behavior Inventory. Results: Result Showed that all four subscales have significant and relatively high test-retest and internal reliability. The coefficients of concurrent validity were significant (0.81, 0.48), and results of the correlation matrix showed that the scale has good internal structure. Conclusion: Results of this research is similar to other versions of DMSE in other languages, and the DMSES scale was shown to be a valid and reliable instrument and can be a common and cross-cultural instrument.
Publication Date: 2010
Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (17359260)20(75)pp. 54-63
Background and purpose: Researches in the field of positive and negative affect have shown mixed results. While some have argued that positive and negative affects are two ends of a single construct, others suggested that these two concepts are independent from each other. Previous studies also support the idea that negative affect had a positive relationship with pain. According to theoretical frameworks, the aim of current research was to investigate the role of positive affect in the relationship between stress and pain, and negative affect in women with chronic pain, and possible implications of positive affect as an important psychological resource that a patient may use for coping efforts during periods of pain. Materials and methods: 104 women in textile and carpet weaving industry suffering from osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia were participated in the survey and completed the initial assessments for demographic data and personality characteristics. They subsequently completed 10 to 12 weekly interviews regarding pain, stress, negative and positive affect. After completion of the survey using cross sectional method, data were analyzed via hierarchical multilevel modeling. Results: Findings showed that weekly increases in pain and stress could predict negative affect elevations. Higher weekly positive affect as well as higher average positive affect, weather directly and indirectly in interaction with pain and stress, resulted in lower levels of negative affect. In addition, increases in weekly negative affect and higher average negative affect, related to greater levels of pain in subsequent weeks. In contrast, higher levels of overall positive affect predicted lower levels of pain in subsequent weeks. Conclusion: The current study emphasized that when individuals encounter pain or stress, positive and negative affects are not independent and therefore showed important role of positive affect in reducing negative affect related to pain and stress, which could be helpful for patients to bear pain and reducing the resulted tension.
Dahm, T.,
Neshat doost, H.T.,
Golden, A.,
Horn, E.,
Hagger, M.,
Dalgleish, T. Publication Date: 2011
PLoS ONE (19326203)6(10)
Self-regulation depletion (SRD), or ego-depletion, refers to decrements in self-regulation performance immediately following a different self-regulation-demanding activity. There are now over a hundred studies reporting SRD across a broad range of tasks and conditions. However, most studies have used young student samples. Because prefrontal brain regions thought to subserve self-regulation do not fully mature until 25 years of age, it is possible that SRD effects are confined to younger populations and are attenuated or disappear in older samples. We investigated this using the Stroop color task as an SRD induction and an autobiographical memory task as the outcome measure. We found that younger participants (<25 years) were susceptible to depletion effects, but found no support for such effects in an older group (40-65 years). This suggests that the widely-reported phenomenon of SRD has important developmental boundary conditions casting doubt on claims that it represents a general feature of human cognition. © 2011 Dahm et al.
Tavakoli, M.,
Barakatain m., M.,
Doust, H.T.N.,
Molavi, H.,
Nouri, R.K.,
Moradi, A.,
Mehvari, J.,
Zare, M. Publication Date: 2011
Journal Of Research In Medical Sciences (17357136)16(11)pp. 1466-1472
BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment associated with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has been recognized in multiple studies. We designed this study to find a specific cognitive profile in patients with TLE who were candidates for epilepsy surgery. We also sought to find if neuropsychological assessment could differentiate left TLE, right TLE and normal subjects. METHODS: The sample of this study consisted of 29 patients with right TLE, 31 with left TLE, and 32 subjects without history of seizure as the control group. For all recruited patients and controls, demographic questionnaire, Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-R (WAIS-R) were administered. Multivariate analysis of variance was carried out to reveal differences in memory and intelligence performance between the three groups. RESULTS: All of the mean scores of the WMS-III indexes were significantly higher in the control group in comparison with the right or the left TLE groups (p < 0.001). There were not any significant differences between mean scores of WMS-III indexes of the right and the left. The WAIS-R also showed significantly better mean scores of full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) and performance intelligence quotient (PIQ) in the control groups than both of the right and left TLE patients (p < 0.001). Although the verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ) mean scores were significantly different between the left TLE and the control group (p = 0.037), there were not any significant differences between the right TLE patients and the control group. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicated that WMS-III and WAIS-R can differentiate patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy from normal subjects. However, the obtained cognitive profile could not differentiate between the right and the left TLE.
Publication Date: 2011
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)29(160)pp. 1473-1478
Background: Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. The relationship between enhanced endothelial permeability and initiation or progression of atherosclerosis has been indicated in previous studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of iron (Fe) and vitamin E on endothelial permeability of aorta and coronary arteries in rabbits on a high-cholesterol diet. Methods: Thirty male rabbits were randomly divided into five groups of 6, namely control, hypercholesterolemic (HC), HC + Fe (50 mg/kg), HC + vitamin E (50 mg/kg), and HC + Fe + vitamin E. After 4 weeks, blood samples were taken and endothelial permeability was measured by Evans blue dye method. Findings: Administration of Fe and/or vitamin E improved serum lipid profile (P < 0.05). Administration of Fe could not change aortic endothelial permeability in hypercholesterolemic animals (P > 0.05). However, vitamin E reduced aortic endothelial permeability (P < 0.05). Fe and vitamin E did not alter coronary artery permeability (P > 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that the effects of Fe on atherosclerosis are not through the alteration of vascular permeability. However, reduced endothelial permeability may be a mechanism for beneficial effects of vitamin E on cardiovascular system. © 2011, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All Rights Reserved.
Publication Date: 2011
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences (18770428)30pp. 1635-1640
The purpose of this study was to compare the mental profile of male and female adolescents during puberty. Two hundred male (14-16 years old) and female (13-15 years old) adolescents were chosen by random cluster sampling. They were examined by MMPI (minimal form) inventory and the obtained data were analysed by T-test, x 2 and descriptive statistic. The obtained results showed that the difference mean scores in scales F, Hy, Pa and Pt of inventory differed significantly (p<0.01) between male and female adolescents and the frequencies of two-point codes were significantly different between two groups (p<0.05). © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Publication Date: 2011
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)29(143)
Background: Approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy are medically refractory to conventional antiepileptic pharmacotherapy. In these patients, recurrent seizure and side effects of drugs interfere with the patient's quality of life and can cause cognitive and behavioral deficits. Neuropsychological assessment plays a vital role in any comprehensive epilepsy program. Methods: We tried to find the most applicable neuropsychological assessments with high validity, reliability by reviewing valid references. Findings: The Wechsler adult intelligence scale, the Wechsler memory scale- III, Verbal learning test, Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test, Verbal fluency and naming tests, Design fluency test, Continuous performance test, Trail making A and B, Finger tapping, and Grooved pegboard test are of the most applicable tests. Conclusion: Neuropsychological assessment of patients with refractory epilepsy is a complementary section of any Comprehensive Epilepsy Program. Findings of these assessments may have great role for treatment plan and prediction of cognitive conse.
