Type: Review
Glioblastoma multiforme: insights into pathogenesis, key signaling pathways, and therapeutic strategies
Journal: Molecular Cancer (14764598)Year: 2025Volume: Issue: 1Pages: 89 - 100
Pouyan A. Ghorbanlo M. Eslami M. Jahanshahi M. Ziaei E. Salami A. Mokhtari K. Shahpasand K. Farahani N. Meybodi T.E. Entezari M. Taheriazam A. Hushmandi K. Hashemi M.Mohseni A.Mohseni A.Mohseni A.Nourizadeh S.S.Mohseni A.Serri F. Abedi A. Abedi A. Boroujeni A.J. Faramarzi S. Faramarzi S. Vashaee D.Hesabi A.a Karami S. Karami S. Karami S. Karami S.
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, characterized by a poor prognosis and significant resistance to existing treatments. Despite progress in therapeutic strategies, the median overall survival remains approximately 15 months. A hallmark of GBM is its intricate molecular profile, driven by disruptions in multiple signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Wnt, NF-κB, and TGF-β, critical to tumor growth, invasion, and treatment resistance. This review examines the epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic prospects of targeting these pathways in GBM, highlighting recent insights into pathway interactions and discovering new therapeutic targets to improve patient outcomes. © The Author(s) 2025.
Author Keywords
Glioblastoma multiformeMolecular mechanismsSignaling pathwaysTargeted therapyTherapeutic resistanceGifted studentIranian teacherswisdomGifted studentIranian teacherswisdomGifted studentIranian teacherswisdomdensity functional theoryDirac semimetalTaPxAs1−xtight-binding methodtopological materialsWeyl semimetalBinding free energyCOVID-19Induced fit dockingLasofoxifeneMpro protein inhibitorsMolecular dynamic simulationEmotional IntelligenceExecutive FunctionsHearing ImpairmentMotivated Strategies for LearningDiffusive convectionMixingSound raysSound signal transmission lossStrait of HormuzTurner angleGifted studentIranian teacherswisdomBinding free energyCOVID-19Induced fit dockingLasofoxifeneMpro protein inhibitorsMolecular dynamic simulationEmotional IntelligenceExecutive FunctionsHearing ImpairmentMotivated Strategies for LearningDiffusive convectionMixingSound raysSound signal transmission lossStrait of HormuzTurner angleGifted studentIranian teacherswisdommathematical programmingmodified block schedulingOperating room planningrobust optimisationConstraint programmingMixed integer programmingModified block scheduling strategyOperating room schedulingAstragalusbiodiversityconservationphylogenytaxonomywestern IranconodontFloianGondwanaHirnantianJuanognathusKatianBariteCentral IranDiagenesisFluid inclusionIsfahanStable isotopeKaraj RiverSurface water evaluationTaguchi methodWater quality indexWQI factors reductionHigh-rate punctured codesLow-rate superorthogonal codesM-ary pulse position modulation (PPM)Ultrawideband (UWB) radioViterbi decodingCoping Cat programExpressive art therapysecondary traumatic stress (STS)self-criticismSyrian childrenDiscontinuous rock slopeKey block theoryPythonStability analysisToppling failureUDECCognitiveIndividual differencesListening strategyMeta-cognitiveSocial/affective
Other Keywords
AnimalsAntineoplastic AgentsBrain NeoplasmsGlioblastomaHumansMolecular Targeted TherapySignal TransductionATM proteincheckpoint kinase 2cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2Aglutamineimmunoglobulin enhancer binding proteinlactic acidmammalian target of rapamycinmitogen activated protein kinasemonoaminemouse double minute 2 homologNotch receptorphosphatidylinositol 3 kinaseprotein kinase Bprotein p53Ras proteinretinoblastoma proteinsonic hedgehog proteintelomerase reverse transcriptasetransforming growth factor betaWnt proteinantineoplastic agentacidosisAkt signalingamino acid metabolismcancer survivalcancer therapycitric acid cycleclinical outcomeepigeneticsfatty acid metabolismgene mutationgenetic disorderglioblastomaglycolysishumanMAPK signalingmolecularly targeted therapyNF kB signalingnonhumanNotch signalingoverall survivalpathogenesispentose phosphate cyclepromoter regionReviewrisk factorsignal transductionsurvival rateTERT geneTGF beta signalingWarburg effectWnt signalinganimalbrain tumoretiologygeneticsglioblastomametabolismpathologytherapyElectronic propertiesElectronic structureTopologyDensity-functional-theoryDirac semimetalFirst Brillouin zoneSpin-orbit couplingsSurface electronic structuresTaPxas1−xTight binding methodsTopological materialsTopological propertiesWeyl semimetalDensity functional theoryalvimopancurcumindonepezillasofoxifenem protein inhibitorprotein inhibitorunclassified drugArticlebinding affinitychemical structurecomputer modelconformational transitioncoronavirus disease 2019drug designdrug structureenzyme active siteenzyme activityhydrogen bondmolecular dockingmolecular dynamicspharmacophorepredictionprotein structuresimulationstatic electricityStrait of Hormuzatmospheric convectionboundary layersalinitysound velocitytransmission losswarm waterwavelengthalvimopancurcumindonepezillasofoxifenem protein inhibitorprotein inhibitorunclassified drugArticlebinding affinitychemical structurecomputer modelconformational transitioncoronavirus disease 2019drug designdrug structureenzyme active siteenzyme activityhydrogen bondmolecular dockingmolecular dynamicspharmacophorepredictionprotein structuresimulationstatic electricityStrait of Hormuzatmospheric convectionboundary layersalinitysound velocitytransmission losswarm waterwavelengthAndesArgentinaAtlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean (North)ChinaIranKerman [Iran]MidcontinentPrecordilleraUnited StatesbiostratigraphyconodontGondwanaHirnantiannew recordpaleobiogeographyAlborzKaraj Rivermeasurement methodriver waterstatistical analysissurface waterwater qualityAlgorithmsBit error rateComputational complexityComputer simulationConvolutional codesData communication systemsDecodingError correctionPulse position modulationRadio interferenceSignal encodingSignal to noise ratioHigh rate punctured codesLow rate superorthogonal codesUltrawideband radioViterbi decodingRadio communicationFailure (mechanical)High level languagesNumerical analysisRock mechanicsSafety factorSlope stabilitySystem stabilityAnalytical descriptionAnalytical procedureHigh-level programming languageMechanical simulationsProcessing capabilityProgressive failure analysisSecond-order reliability methodsStability assessmentalgorithmdistinct element methodfailure analysisgeometrynumerical modelrock blocksoftwaretopplingNumerical methods