Journal of Policy Modeling (01618938)45(5)pp. 935-956
This study assesses the likely effects of different political structures on economic growth by the effects of interest rate on the linkage between financial markets. For this aim, we chose two developing economies with different governance structures, Iran and Argentina. There is a political structure in Iran influenced by religion, whereas Argentina's political structure does not deal with religion. We first assess the causality amongst the financial markets of the stock market, bank deposits, and the foreign currency market (CM). Then, the effects of the markets and inflation on economic growth are assessed using Granger-causality tests and Markov-switching models. The results show that there are bidirectional causalities between the financial markets in Iran, and unidirectional causalities in Argentina. The markets affect economic growth in the both countries. For Iran, the monetary policy instrument of interest rate indicates no causalities to the markets, whereas there are strong causalities from interest rate to the markets in Argentina. As a result, Argentinian Central Bank can affect economic growth through the money flow between the markets by freely changing interest rate proportioned with the economic situation. Whereas there is no such a possibility for Iran's Central Bank. In other words, an active Central bank against the inflation volatility in Argentina versus a passive Central Bank in Iran is one of the consequences of the interest rate repression in a political structure influenced by religion. © 2023 The Society for Policy Modeling
Dehkordi, M.M.,
Azarbayjani, K.,
Nasrollahi, K.,
Tayebi, S.K. Iranian Economic Review (10266542)26(1)pp. 215-235
Economists have always noticed the immigration of laborers since it can change the economy of countries. In the literature of international economics, labor force immigration is studied by the mobility of factors of production and trade. In this case, empirical studies have found substitutive and complementary relationships between the two, which necessitate consideration of other elements influencing this relationship. One of the phenomena that can affect both labor force immigration and bilateral trade is the countries' financial crises. Therefore, this study analyzes the parametric effect of bilateral trade and the nonparametric impact of economic crises on labor force immigration in the Middle East and OECD countries from 1995 to 2017. For this purpose, two indices of banking market pressure and debt market pressure have been used to study financial crises such as banking crises and sovereign debt crises, and the semi-parametric gravity model of immigration has been estimated by using random effects. The estimation results show a substitution relationship between bilateral trade and labor force immigration, and both types of mentioned financial crises have a nonparametric impact on immigration. So that the effect of these two types of economic crises on labor force immigration has been upward for some periods and downward for other periods. Moreover, these financial crises have reduced the labor force immigration among business partners. In other words, there has been a nonlinear relationship between the two financial crises. © University of Tehran.
Environment, Development and Sustainability (1387585X)24(3)pp. 3967-3981
This paper explores the advantages of international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), which can be the main factors of transferring technology to economies. More specifically, it seeks the importance of international trade and FDI as the main channels of technology transfer between countries either in a region or at the international level. In this context, relevant spillovers arising from trade and FDI play important roles in achieving economic growth, capital accumulation and economic well-being, providing a path for sustainable development. The main goal of this paper is thus to investigate the possible implementation of regional economic through cooperation in trade and investment in a region such as the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO). Accordingly, the country members can benefit from spillover effects on their economic growth, as a major factor to appoint sustainable development. The relevant methodology relies on estimation of a panel economic growth model in which we have used the obtained empirical results to assess the effects of trade and FDI spillovers on economic growth over the period 1995–2018. The empirical results have indicated significantly positive effects of the spillovers on economic growth of the ECO country members, as the case study, implying sustainable growth in the long run. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.
Iranian Economic Review (10266542)25(3)pp. 419-435
In international trade relations, the US dollar is prominently used for invoicing, and not only for a trade involving the United States but also for other countries, it is so-called vehicle currency. This paper analytically explores the optimal policy and its implications for welfare in a two-country general equilibrium model with non-tradable goods, considering various assumptions about export invoicing currency. Fixing invoicing currency for one country’s exports, compared to the other country’s welfare under the two possible invoicing currencies, is this paper’s main analysis. This paper derives an analytical condition under which both vehicle currency country and the non-vehicle currency country prefer vehicle currency pricing over producer currency pricing. Finally, this paper uses the choice theory of vehicle currency to explore its role in Iran’s international trade. The Empirical findings show that for each value of tradable goods weight, if the bias parameter toward domesticallyproduced goods for foreign households equals 0.33, then Rial (home country currency) is used as a vehicle currency. © University of Tehran.
This chapter explores options for environmental policy instruments to tackle trade-related environmental challenges and evaluate options for developing and emerging economies to choose from. International trade and investment are the channels through which environmental policies transmit from one country or region to another. The sustainability challenges may originate in various manners, namely concentration of environmentally damaging industries, overexploitation of natural resources, and emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and so on. The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis (EKCH), the growing income level of a country can significantly influence its environmental sustainability. The Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) deals with environmental degradation scenario originating from foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows towards the pollution-intensive sectors/regions. The Factor Endowment Hypothesis (FEH) argues that a country will specialize in the most abundantly available resource and accordingly lead to sustainability challenges. Border trade adjustments (BTA) are instruments to provide a level playing field to domestic producers where environmental standards are stringent. © 2016 Debashis Chakraborty and Jaydeep Mukherjee.
Journal of Economic Studies (01443585)41(4)pp. 601-614
Purpose – In this paper the authors address the questions whether global financial crises cause oil shocks worldwide, then whether such shocks affect trade flows of both oil importing and oil exporting countries of East-West Asia. The purpose of this paper is thus to explore such effects by specifying basically a dynamic export model using data of the Asian economies countries over the period 1980-2008. Design/methodology/approach – An ARDL specification is applied to show the dynamic effects of main determinants, including financial crisis and the world oil price, on the export flows of each country in the sample. The data for financial crisis have been compiled by Hatzius et al. (2010). Findings – The results, as a whole, imply that both financial crisis and oil price have a cross-effects on Asian trade flows in the short run, while this effects could not occur in the long run. Originality/value – The goal is to estimate an econometric model of exports to examine how recent crises affect export flows in the selected Asian countries. Different from previous studies in the literature, this paper first explores the interaction between financial crisis and oil shocks and second uses an extended and dynamic export model, based on ARDL approach. The core of the study relies on the question whether a cross-relationship between oil price and financial crisis affects the export flows of the Asian countries: China, Japan, Iran, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, South Korea and Turkey which are both oil importing and exporting. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Iranian Economic Review (10266542)17(2)pp. 51-64
Public sector decision-makers are faced with the task of allocating resources among different alternative subject due budgetary constraints. In this paper Official Development Assistance (ODA) data have been considered as foreign aid. ODA is channeled through the public sector of recipient countries and, hence, the ultimate effect of ODA on savings or economic growth depends on how governments respond to it. This paper tries to explore the impact of official development assistance on public sector behavior in selected developing countries and contribute to the fiscal response literature on two main grounds. First, it specifies a fiscal response model. Second, using panel data model for a sample of 25 aid recipient countries in Asia and Latin America over the period 1991-2010. Empirical results indicate that official development assistance has a positive and significant effect on government investment expenditure, but it has not significantly impact on government current expenditures. Results also show that ODA crowds out both government revenue and public borrowing. © 2013, University of Teheran. All rights reserved.
Iranian Economic Review (10266542)17(1)pp. 135-155
Poverty is arguably the most pressing economic problem of the time of global financial crisis that crisis have adverse impact on it through a variety of channels and typically lead to slowdowns in economic activity and, consequently, rise in formal unemployment and/or falls in real wages. On the other hand, it is generally argued in the literature that economic collaboration in the forms of financial and trade integrations is likely to enhance growth potentials and development of an economy and leads to poverty reduction. In this regard, the questions this paper addresses are how the life of poor people in the Islamic nations affected by financial crises, additionally, whether the implementation of economic collaboration strategies controls for the effects of crisis on poverty. In this paper, we specify a dynamic panel regression model of poverty using data of the selected Islamic countries over the period 1995-2008, in order to explore the effect of the recent global financial crises on poverty in such countries. This allows us to verify whether economic collaboration implementation would adjust such effect. Our findings showed that crisis will worsen the condition of living and will cause increasing poverty more that before crisis. However, the results imply a weak role of economic cooperation in the group of Islamic countries for controlling the effects of crisis on poverty and income distribution. The implication is that an economic integrating block implementation is not effective in reducing poverty in the Islamic countries and these countries should strengthen their economic cooperation in different areas and act according to principles of economic cooperation.
