Primarily, regarding the analysis of Symbolic violence existence in Iran’s Higher Educational System via the mediatory of a hiatus called Konkoor (Concours), and due to the national catastrophic situation the correlation between Status Quo and Higher educational system has been review and studied. Then, using the symbolic violence notion in a Bouurdieusian approach, the research comes to extract a quantitative analysis of the symbolic violence and the reproduction of the status quo in relation to the dominated social agents under education of Iran’s top universities. These universities have been chosen by they international ranks and the priority order they have for the top students in the Konkoor exam. The analysis has been conducted with MCA methodology and a linear clustering method in order to define a meaningful index for the reproduced symbolic violence. The symbolic violence includes various psychological biases students have upon their university choices as variables. These variables are reaffirmed by the universities and reproduction cycle would go on. Considering such mechanism, the level of such reproduction has been examined by Likert’s scaling through surveys and the whole symbolic violence index is calculated afterwards. Finally the ranking of the universities over the index has been arranged and a comparison of each institution’s share in the symbolic violence reproduction has been arranged.
The " Booking Principle " as the link between "registration" and "validity” or opposability of land transactions" is one of the fundamental principles of the land registration systems that have been subject to exceptions, such as transfers based on inheritance, in the most registration systems, including Iran and raises questions; including what types of transfers are usually subject to the exceptional effect of land registration; what are the justifications for considering a transfer as the exceptional effect of the land registration; what is the function of the land registration system in relation to transfers subject to the exceptional effect and according to the expected function, how the beneficiaries of such transfers are led to register them. The present study, with a comparative-analytical method, first identifies the examples of transfers subject to exceptional effect in the land registration systems; And by examining the justifications of "acquisition based on the adverse possession", "transfer based on the inheritance" and "transfer based on the court decision" as the three main examples of these transfers - the latter two examples are also present in Iranian legal system – considers "supporting possession based on Labor Theory", "inheritance as a constitutional rule related to the public order" and "the necessity of not denying legal situations resulting from law and judicial decisions" as the most important bases for considering these examples in the realm of the exceptional effect of the land registration, regarding them, the registration system has the declaratory function. In this regard, to encourage the beneficiaries to register transfers subject to the exceptional effect, the general solution of "relative effect of registration" is proposed; Although it is not clarified in the Iranian legal system, but adherence to it can be observed in the jurisprudence and some circulars according to the principles of registration.
مدیریت نوآوری در سازمانهای دفاعی (26767112)(4)pp. 51-76
Context and Purpose: The intensity and extent of competition, rapid communications and information, increasing change, and technological advancement have necessitated the need for proactive managers to lead and organize organizational affairs. Accordingly, this study has provided a model for the development of proactivity of managers of a public organization. Method: This applied and qualitative research has been done by sequential mixed method (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative stage of the research, the relevant related researches were reviewed and the prerequisite antecedents of proactivity of managers were extracted and combined with inductive approach and through qualitative content analysis method. In the second stage, the methods of training and development of these antecedents were prioritized using the opinions of 12 experts in the form of a focus group. Results: The reinforcing antecedents of proactivity of Managers are categorized into three main categories: characteristical antecedents (personality and motivation), behavioral antecedents (innovative, transformational, problem-oriented, communicative, and organizational behaviors) and capability antecedents (cognitive, psychological, and intelligence capabilities). The most appropriate development methods for each of these three preconditions are also prioritized among the five methods of leadership and management development (developmental relationships, self-development activities, formal programs, and feedback processes). Conclusions: Proactivity can be developed as a vital capability of managers in today's competitive world. Improving the personal characteristics, behaviors, and capabilities that reinforce it will enhance managers' willingness for proactive behaviors. In formulating development plans for this purpose, it is necessary to pay attention to the priority of the effectiveness of development methods to improve antecedents.
Iranian Journal of Physics Research (16826957)(1)pp. 23-39
The aim of this study is to investigate dynamical properties of a two-mode f-deformed cavity- field coupled to an effective two-level atom with and without the rotating wave approximation. The first section discusses the theoretical model of the interaction between a two-mode cavity-field and an effective two-level atom within the framework of an f-DJCM without the rotating wave approximation. After that, we obtain the reduced density matrix of the cavity-field with and without the rotating-wave approximation. Then, we have investigated the effect of the counter-rotating terms on temporal evolution of various non-classical properties of the cavity-field, i.e., photon-counting statistics, the cross correlation between the modes of the field, and the quantum fluctuations of the quadrature components. Particularly, we compare the numerical result for three different values of the deformation parameter q (q=1, q=1.1, q=0.9) with and without applying the rotating wave approximation. By using of the numerical method, we concluded that even under the condition in which the RWA is considered to be valid, there are the significant effects of virtual-photon field on the photon-counting statistics, the cross correlation between the modes of the field, and the quantum fluctuations of the quadrature components.
Aghamohammadi, S., Ashtari tafreshi, A., Taghavi sangdehi, S.L.
مطالعات تاریخی جنگ (25887033)(2)pp. 17-31
In the second half of the 7th century AH, the series of wars between the Mamluks of Egypt against the last Crusader rulers of Syria led to the defeat of the Crusaders and the dismantling of most of their bases in the Levant. During these wars, two peace agreements were reached between the parties. Analyzing the motivations of this period of crusades based on these two peace agreements is the main concern of the present historical-analytical research that besides referring to the text of the peace agreements benefited from other related historical sources and research. These peace agreements were between two Mamluk sultans, i.e., Baybars (658-676 AH) and Qalawun (678-689 AH) with a group of crusaders known as the Knight Hospitallers or Bayt al-Isbataryyah. The agreements have been narrated in Nahayah al-Arab by Nuwayri (677-732 AH) and in a more complete form in Subh al-`A`sha by Qalqashandi (756-791 AH). The findings show that, unlike the first period of the Crusades, where the motivations of the Europeans as the initiators of the war have been narrated to be religious (Christian), in the late period of wars, the motivations were mainly economic (trade), territorial expansionism, and trying to preserve political-military authority.
Kings and generals used to issue a letter to announce the victory and conquest of the new territory with their own handwriting or the composition of their court secretary after the end of the war or the successful conclusion of the military campaigns in other lands. This letter is referred to as the Fatḥnāme (book of conquest). This study seeks to investigate the process of development, evolution, and independence of prose Fatḥnāmes in the Persian literature. The study's questions are when did Fatḥnāmes become popular as an independent type of court and sultanic writing and which Persian literary genre do Fatḥnāmes belong to? To answer the questions, the process of development and independence of Fatḥnāmes is first examined using a descriptive method. Then, the position of Fatḥnāmes as a literary genre is explained in terms of form, structure, and function using an analytical method. The results shows that Fatḥnāmes were initially implicit and secondary writing in the historical texts written in news language and gained independence and were gradually written in literary and artistic language since the 6th century (AH). The principles and manners of their writing were then developed in the books of Monša'āt and techniques of letter writing. In terms of literary genre, Fatḥnāmes are literary and short narratives of victory in war, which have an epic aspect and are written to legitimize war and preserve the power and rule of kings.
"Contrary to automotive, commodity-based, and money-oriented cities, a people-oriented city is an organic and systematic city based on human virtues and commune where people are concerned about each others’ rights. In such a city, humans are the main focus of urban planners, urban developers, and, most importantly, municipal decision-makers and executives. Therefore, here the biological, spiritual, and psychological needs of humans are the fundamental elements taken into account by urban management. This city, then, could unite urban spaces and tourists. Considering its great potentials, Yazd could be a good case for tourism development, building people-oriented cities, and improving the desirability of urban life.
This qualitative-quantitative study sought to explore the feasibility of building a people-oriented city in Yazd province based on urban planning and the causal factors involved in this regard, intending to attract more tourists to this region. To this end, 14 interviews were conducted with tourism and urban planning experts, out of which 19 factors involved in building such a city were identified. The causal relationship between the identified factors was examined through a mixed-method approach, using the fuzzy cognitive mapping technique. The study’s findings indicated that educating the citizens, developing a sense of familiarity with the environment, and reducing environmental pollutions (soil, water, air) were the three most important factors for developing people oriented-cities in Yazd province, Iran.
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Abooreyhane Birooni scholarly, mathematician, astrologer and aware to historic and social subjects, was borne in Biroon of kharazm in the mid of fourth century hejira. In spite of his engagement to politic jobs among ministration of kharazm shah and astrologer belong to sultan Mahmood, he hasn’t lost mentality of pry, brain and appealing himself as compared with truth and has appeared his congenital excogitate in create worthwhile compilations. The research of biography and moral exclusivities of prominent individuality gringo persons that have been lighten in the level of world; whilst is explanatory for cenogenesis, is very effective for most science discover and recognition of their value traces. Though in the extent of literary critic, some of the views emphasis on text, without author and his biography. Most important his quality are free thinker, without partiality and his inter nationalism views that have appeared in more his compilations particularly in the “Thahghighe Malelhend”. Doubtless, his system’s view had been touched of religious believes and Quran’s miracles too. Most basic question of author in this article is that, what signs are based his freethinker view and inter nationalism in the “Thahghighe Malelhenad”? This research is performed to style of analysis text’s containing.
The concept of caliphate has been a contentious issue in Muslim political life since the passing of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH). This article critically analyzes a sermon by Imam Hasan (AS) following his peace treaty with Muawiya to elucidate the conditions of a legitimate caliph. Employing Fairclough's critical discourse analysis method, the study investigates how Imam Hasan articulates the criteria for rightful leadership and underscores the religious caliphate over the hereditary caliphate. The analysis reveals that Imam Hasan dismisses lineage as the primary criterion for leadership and instead emphasizes adherence to Sunnah and Qur'anic principles as the fundamental virtues of a caliph. Consequently, a caliph should govern based on Islamic principles. This approach not only contests prevailing notions of power but also accentuates the significance of ethics and social justice within political authority, offering an alternative model of leadership in the Muslim world. Keywords: Caliph, Legitimacy, Imam Hassan, Muawiyah, Critical Discourse Analysis
"Crimes against humanity" gross violations of international criminal law and extreme forms of collective violence that are part of the systematic or widespread attack against a civilian population and are usually carried out by government agents. The purpose of writing this article is the feasibility of "administrative detention" of Palestinians as a crime against humanity by the Zionist regime. The working method is descriptive-analytical and using original library sources. Apparently, the administrative detention of Palestinians, which takes place without legal authorization and usually for security reasons, is a crime against humanity. In fact, since the Zionist regime unjustly violates the right to personal freedom of Palestinian civilians, it can be prosecuted by referring to the criminal titles of "imprisonment" or "persecution and harassment" in clauses (e) and (h) of Article 7 of the statute. Also, due to non-observance of the requirements of administrative detention, it is not far from mind to commit this crime through the realization of paragraph (k) of the aforementioned regulation; because this issue is in line with the regime's policy to take action against Palestinians andauses suffering and serious damage to the health of the detainees.
Nazari ghare chomagh, M.K., Mohammadi, E., Anushiravani, A., Samkhaniani, A.
مطالعات بین رشته ای ادبیات، هنر و علوم انسانی (27832740)
New Historicism in literary studies means adopting a post-structuralist approach in reading the text. This approach, which is based on postmodernist ideas, has a completely interdisciplinary nature. This research aims to investigate and scientifically explain its interdisciplinary nature with a descriptive-analytical method. In order to achieve this and of course to dwell more on a precise and narrow point, in this essay, we will try to recognize and identify one of the key terms of this approach, namely " Anecdote ", as limited to and based on the article " Counterhistory And The Anecdote " by Steven Greenblatt and Catherine Gallagher. The use of anecdote, in addition to revealing one of the interdisciplinary aspects of this approach, also clearly shows its type of textualism: unlike New Criticism, this approach, does not focus on a specific text. New Historicism sees and reads a literary text with marginal texts, i.e. anecdotes. This method makes reading the text more satisfying, satisfaction arising from a different and more complete reading compared to other approaches and methods in criticism. The story, which has an counterhistorical nature, can come from the critic's own memories of life or from marginal texts, literary or non-literary, written or non-written. New Historicists use anecdotes to destroy the sequence and course of thought of the macro-narrative and to question what the macro-narrative considers reality. In this way, they create a new narrative and reveal a different reality.
The subsidence is one of the hazards that has posed a significant threat to many plains in the country in recent years. Asadabad Plain in Hamedan province is among those plains with a high potential for subsidence due to its hydro climatic conditions and geomorphology. Because of the importance of this issue, in this research the subsidence status of Asadabad Plain has been assessed and unlike many previous researches, the role of human factors in its occurrence has been analyzed. To do so, Sentinel-1 radar images, Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images, statistical information related to piezo metric wells in the region, and digital elevation layers were used as the primary data sources. Using the SBAS time series method, a subsidence map of the area from 2015 to 2022 was generated, followed by an analysis of the impact of groundwater depletion and land-use changes on subsidence. The results indicate subsidence ranging from 132 to 704 millimeters in Asadabad Plain during 2015 to 2022, with the highest subsidence occurring in the central regions of the plain. Considering the significant correlation (a correlation coefficient of 0.709) between subsidence and groundwater level decline, it can be concluded that one of the main causes of subsidence in Asadabad Plain is the depletion of groundwater resources. The assessment of land-use changes also reveals an increasing trend in agricultural land and human-built areas, corresponding to increased exploitation of groundwater resources and intensified land surface pressure, leading to exacerbated subsidence. Given the persistence of subsidence in this plain, remote sensing monitoring and the establishment of fixed GPS measurement stations facilitate monitoring the rate and extent of subsidence.
Research in Contemporary World Literature/ Pazhuhesh-e Zabanha-ye Khareji (25887092)(1)pp. 351-377
The study of the commonalities of human thought in works of different societies with the help of comparative literature is known as one of the most significant types of literary criticism today. In the present study, we will comparatively examine the romantic perspective of the two works "Aida in the Mirror" by Ahmad Shamloo and "Elsa Eyes" a collection of love poems by Louis Aragon from his various works, along with poetic evidence.The similarity between some romantic themes reflects the concerns, emotions, and feelings similar to the poets; Shamloo's familiarity with the works of Aragon has caused a similar language observed in expressing the poets' feelings towards the beloved, which leads to the manifestation of similar themes such as: the lover's hope, the lover's long-standing expectation, the lover because of the poet's poetry, etc.
The similarities indicate the unity among human thoughts and express the influence of poets of different nations on each other's thought, which is sometimes due to adaptation in its correct meaning "imitation" and sometimes inflection.
برنامه ریزی رفاه و توسعه اجتماعی (2345492X)(34)pp. 63-94
"Coming back to house", female self-employment and entrepreneurial acts in handicraft brands: A Qualitative Analysis Soheyla Sadeghi Fasaei[1], Ali asghar saeidi[2], Zeinab Shafiei[3]Receive: 20/1/2018Accept:9/3/2018Abstract
The present paper seeks to study the qualitative aspects of the sociological dimensions and characteristics of the entrepreneurial action of women who are the creator of the handicrafts brands. In this article, we seek to answer the general question of how female do entrepreneurial acts in the field of handicraft brands, and what are their dimensions and characteristics?
According to the conventional understanding, women entrepreneurship is considered to be an answer to the limits of the formal labor market or to the exclusion of private secrecy and is considered the best choice to strike a balance between traditional roles and modern roles.
Based on this conventional understanding, women have turned to informal sectors and home-based job markets because they have not been able to enter the formal job market and the formal employment sector. In this perspective, women are considered to be people who are economically dependent and only work for living expenses or earning more money. Although the authors of this article generally do not confront with the aforementioned understanding, however, comprehensive interviews with 40 women entrepreneurs in the field of handicrafts shows that their narratives include other important concepts. Women consider the formal labor market to be glamorous, inflexible, uniform, and submissive. Theses interviews show that women are not the ones who have not been able to work at official market, but they are seeking to go beyond the existing formal structures and stepping into a new and innovative way.
Key words: Qualitative analysis, female entrepreneurial acts, employment of graduate students, female branding
[1] Associate professor of sociology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
[2] Associate professor of sociology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
[3] phD student in sociology, University Of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
بازیابی دانش و نظام های معنایی (29808243)(9)pp. 81-100
Semantic Web as the third generation of the Web is due to greater interaction between humans and computers and attempts to understand the processing of information for the machine in order to establish relationships between Web pages in such a way as to represent meaning. Many Studies on and applications of Semantic web show that the current semantic web is not semantic. The purpose of this study was to investigate giving meaning to weave through the application of theories such as the theory of conceptual spaces. The reason for using this theory is that it examines the representation of knowledge and semantic construction and is concerned with the making of meaning of words and using them in the context of conceptual space. This research is applied and analytical. The results showed that the Semantic Web, as an approach for the representation of knowledge, must explain knowledge cognition axis on its current structure and note the user, context and cognitive conditions, tools in understanding how structured and how the meaning of words in context by humans and put it in its own structure. Theory of conceptual spaces by having the geometric structure of concepts and relationships between them can be placed in different contexts and the formation of meanings in different textures with the consideration of the user's cognitive fields makes it possible to create retrieval related to what is in the user's mind. This research is one of the few studies carried out in the context of emphasizing the conceptual context in semantic web. In this research, attention has been paid to the context and its relationship with meaning, and the concept of conceptual spaces has been introduced as one of the strategies.
This research aims to answer the following two basic questions: 1) What are the most important emerging hadith trends among Muslim thinkers? 2) What are the hadith approaches of these new thinkers towards the prophetic tradition? Therefore, after presenting an introduction on the importance of the position of the prophetic tradition and the need to adhere to it, he avoids citing the emphases of the imams and religious elders in this regard. In the following, there is a division of the contemporary modern thinkers in relation to the prophetic tradition and they are divided into two categories; It divides the deniers of the Prophetic tradition (Quranians) and the critics of the Prophetic tradition. Then, after briefly introducing both of these emerging currents, he refers to their new heresy. Then the most famous modern thinkers mention both of these currents. and finally mentions and briefly expresses the most important hadith approaches of the two; These intellectual foundations and hadith approach in Quranists are: belief in the separation of the Sunnah from the Quran, belief in the worthlessness of the Prophetic narrations, doubting the Prophetic Sunnah, belief in the negation of the authenticity of the Prophetic Hadiths, belief in the infallibility of the Prophet (PBUH), belief in The worthlessness of the narrations of the Companions (RA), the belief in the worthlessness of the narrations of the followers (RA), the belief in the invalidity of narrative interpretations. And the most important intellectual foundations and hadith approach of critics of the Sunnah are: belief in the lack of authenticity of existing Sunnah, belief in the lack of authenticity of existing hadith sources, belief in the lack of authenticity of single news, belief in the primacy of reason over narration, belief in the ineffectiveness of the work of hadith
The fracture between developed and developing states, emerged by unequal distribution of the riches of the earth in the last century, reflects the specifics of international development law. International development law is a means of regulating which allows states to choose their political, social and economic organization within the legal framework of sovereign equality and independence, and takestep towards development. International development law has played a key role in shaping and strengthening main concepts of international law. Each of these concepts deals with the highest human values on its own. What is logically considered is that power in international community must be shifted in favor of justice. It is obvious that in some cases this movement has paved the way for the realization of such an ideal, and in other cases it stopped in the middle of the road due to the special structure of the international society or has changed its path to power again and failed to reach global solidarity. This paper focuses on clarifying the image of justice as a failed issue in international relations, then by considering the declaration of the right to development conclude that the international community is determined to center development on human being while making the content of this development evolve law according to the altering status of international society.
Journal of Philosophical Investigations (22517960)(40)pp. 168-180
The connection between the philosophy of "education" and "design" is dependent on the influence of social norms, and the inherent existing connection between the elements of "truth seeking" and "action orientation", as well as the common theme of "Action in pursuit of desirable change" as long as the intended result is achieved. Taking these into consideration, the current study aims to analyze the commonalities of “Education Research” and “Design Research” subtypes, under the title of “Ethical Action Research”. Research in the aforementioned fields is the same as taking action in them. The current conceptual research is of a fundamental-theoretical type, which has used the descriptive-analytical method to analyze, interpret and combine the results and findings, after examining the fields of "Ethical Action Research", "Education Research" and "Design Research". The results indicate that producing knowledge in the previously mentioned research subtypes is done in the form of "Ethical Action Research" in the fields of science, philosophy and technology. "Theoretical reason", "Productive Action" and "Instrumental Action" are utilized to evaluate and find solutions for the dilemma. Inductive, analogical and abductive reasoning are the dominant logical solutions for the preeminent realization of the aforementioned action. “Ethical Action Research” could therefore be considered as the intersection between the two researches types of “Educational Action Research” and “Research Through Design”. It is advised that for future research, their interaction and synergy is taken into consideration due to the commonalities in their background.
