Publication Date: 2022
Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics (18726976)98
Exercise can alleviate the disorders considered as the normal consequences of aging. Whether or not the treadmill endurance training affects the biochemical markers in the Parkinson's disease model rats after the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injection is assessed in this article. The experimental groups of N=8 rats consist of 1) Saline and Young sedentary (S-Young); 2) Saline and Old sedentary (S-Old); 3) Young and 6-OHDA without exercise (Y); 4) Young and 6-OHDA with exercise (YE); 5) Old and 6-OHDA without exercise (O); and 6) Old and 6-OHDA with exercise (OE). An 8 μg of 6-OHDA is injected into the right MFB. The rotation due to apomorphine, weight variation, and some biochemical expression are measured in the rats’ striatum. Exposure to 6-OHDA: increase weight loss by (%8) and rotation by (%90), reduce the protein levels of Bdnf by (30%), Th by (43%), and Tfam by (24%), in aging rats (P<0.05). The P53 level rose after the injection compared with the same Saline group (Old rats: 27% and Young rats: 14%), the highest in the O group. The findings indicate that endurance exercise amends the mitochondrial parameters and the apomorphine-induced rotation impairments in the presence of 6-OHDA injection. These positive effects of treadmill running in unilateral 6-OHDA lesioned rat model are age-dependent and are more significant in younger rats. © 2021
Publication Date: 2020
Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences (15614107)22(1)pp. 92-100
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Due to the proximity of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) to the myocardial tissue, it is considered that EAT be more pathogenic than subcutaneous adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the alterations of PGC-1α andUCP1 gene expression in EAT and orexin-A following aerobic exercise in high-fat diet induced and obese male wistar rats. METHODS: In this study, 32 male wistar rats aged 6-week and weight of 180-200 g, assigned randomly in: 1) Normal fat diet (NFD), 2) High-fat diet induced obesity (HFDO), 3) Normal fat diet after high-fat diet induced obesity group (HFDO-NFD) and Aerobic exercise group with normal fat diet after high-fat diet induced obesity group (HFDO-AEX). After obesity-induced in HFDO group (8-week diet with 60% fat) and 48 hours after eight weeks of aerobic exercise (60% of maximal training capacity, 4 sessions/week) in other groups, fasting levels of OXA, Lee index, lipid profile, and gene expression of PGC-1α and UCP1 in EAT have been measured. FINDINGS: The results revealed that HFD significantly decreased serum OXA, HDL-c, gene expression of PGC1α and UCP1, also caused a significant increase in Lee index, TG, LDL-c, cholesterol and EAT mass (p≤0.001), but aerobic exercise significantly improved the OXA (34.74%), HDL-c (23.65%), gene expression of PGC-1α and UCP1 (61.28% and 82.67%), lipid profile, EAT mass (76.19%) and Lee index (18.34%) to the normal levels (P≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION: Aerobic exercise by affecting OXA and gene expression of PGC-1α and UCP1 in EAT, probably could reduce the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases due to high-fat diet. © 2020, Babol University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2022
Iranian Journal Of Basic Medical Sciences (20083874)26(8)pp. 1016-1020
Objective(s): Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting sensory and motor function in the central nervous system. Physical activities in the prevention and treatment of such conditions have shown promising results. However, their mechanisms of action have not been fully known yet and need further study. The present study aimed to evaluate the preventive effect of swimming exercise on some liver factors involved in inflammation and MS. Materials and Methods: In this study, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice, and the effect of a 6-week swimming exercise on the levels of fetuin-A, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in their liver tissue was investigated by western blot analysis and NAD+ colorimetric assay. Results: The study showed that EAE induction substantially (3.5 - fold) enhanced the fetuin-A levels and caused a reduction in AMPK and NAD+ amount. This is when doing 6 weeks of swimming exercise reduced fetuin-A to slightly above control. Also, levels of AMPK and NAD+ markedly increased in C57BL/6 mice with EAE. Conclusion: Doing regular exercise may limit the body’s inflammatory responses and reduce the severity of MS by regulating the expression of fetuin-A and increasing AMPK and NAD+ levels in liver tissue. © 2022 Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2024
Frontiers in Nutrition (2296861X)11
Background: We assessed the relationship of changes in upper and lower body lean mass with muscle strength, endurance and power responses following two high protein diets (1.6 or 3.2 g.kg-1.d−1) during 16 weeks of either concurrent training (CT) or resistance training (RT) in resistance-trained young males. Methods: Forty-eight resistance-trained young males (age: 26 ± 6 yr., body mass index: 25.6 ± 2.9 kg.m−2) performed 16 weeks (four sessions·wk.−1) of CT or RT with either 1.6 g.kg-1.d−1 protein (CT + 1.6; n = 12; RT + 1.6; n = 12) or 3.2 g.kg-1.d−1 protein (CT + 3.2; n = 12; RT + 3.2; n = 12). Relationships between upper (left arm + right arm + trunk lean mass) and lower body (left leg + right leg lean mass) lean mass changes with changes in muscle performance were assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Results: For upper body, non-significant weak positive relationships were observed between change in upper body lean mass and change in pull-up (r = 0.183, p = 0.234), absolute chest press strength (r = 0.159, p = 0.302), chest press endurance (r = 0.041, p = 0.792), and relative chest press strength (r = 0.097, p = 0.529) while non-significant weak negative relationships were observed for changes in absolute upper body power (r = −0.236, p = 0.123) and relative upper body power (r = −0.203, p = 0.185). For lower body, non-significant weak positive relationships were observed between the change in lower body lean mass with change in vertical jump (r = 0.145, p = 0.346), absolute lower body power (r = 0.109, p = 0.480), absolute leg press strength (r = 0.073, p = 0.638), leg press endurance (r < 0.001, p = 0.998), relative leg press strength (r = 0.089, p = 0.564), and relative lower body power (r = 0.150, p = 0.332). Conclusion: Changes in muscle strength, endurance and power adaptation responses following 16 weeks of either CT or RT with different high protein intakes were not associated with changes in lean mass in resistance-trained young males. These findings indicate that muscle hypertrophy has a small, or negligible, contributory role in promoting functional adaptations with RT or CT, at least over a 16-week period. Copyright © 2024 Bagheri, Karimi, Camera, Scott, Bashirzad, Sadeghi, Kargarfard and Dutheil.
Publication Date: 2019
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (15550265)14(8)pp. 1050-1057
Purpose: To investigate the relationship between accumulated global positioning system–accelerometer-based and heart rate–based training metrics and changes in high-intensity intermittent-running capacity during an in-season phase in professional soccer players. Methods: Eleven male professional players (mean [SD] age 27.2 [4.5] y) performed the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT) before and after a 5-wk in-season training phase, and the final velocity (VIFT) was considered their high-intensity intermittent-running capacity. During all sessions, Edwards training impulse (Edwards TRIMP), Banister TRIMP, Z5 TRIMP, training duration, total distance covered, new body load (NBL), high-intensity running performance (distance covered above 14.4 km·h−1), and very-high-intensity running performance (distance covered above 19.8 km·h−1) were recorded. Results: The players’ VIFT showed a most likely moderate improvement (+4.3%, 90% confidence limits 3.1–5.5%, effect size 0.70, [0.51–0.89]). Accumulated NBL, Banister TRIMP, and Edwards TRIMP showed large associations (r = .51–.54) with changes in VIFT. A very large relationship was also observed between accumulated Z5 TRIMP (r = .72) with changes in VIFT. Large to nearly perfect within-individual relationships were observed between NBL and some of the other training metrics (ie, Edwards TRIMP, Banister TRIMP, training duration, and total distance) in 10 out of 11 players. Conclusions: Heart rate–based training metrics can be used to monitor high-intensity intermittent-running-capacity changes in professional soccer players. The dose–response relationship is also largely detected using accelerometer-based metrics (ie, NBL) to track changes in high-intensity intermittent-running capacity of professional soccer players. © 2019 Human Kinetics, Inc.
Publication Date: 2013
Arya Atherosclerosis (22516638)9(2)pp. 150-156
BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated changes in autonomic function after training in patients with cardiovascular diseases, particularly patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Heart rate recovery (HRR) is a strong predictor of mortality in CAD patients. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of supervised exercise training on autonomic function, which were assessed by heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and rate-pressure product (RPP) in CHF patients. METHODS: 65 patients aged 57-82 years with CHF were assigned to two groups randomly. The first group received a supervised 8-week aerobic training program of 30-45 min sessions, 3 days per week on alternate days, while controls received standard medical care and were followed up. Body weight, body mass index, functional capacity, resting heart rate, HRR, resting systolic blood pressure, peak heart rate, peak systolic blood pressure, and RPP were measured before and after the study period. Medications and diet recommendations remained unchanged in both groups during the study period. RESULTS: The exercise group consisted of 33 patients with mean age of 61.54 ± 5.89 years and the controls were 32 patients with mean age of 60.94 ± 5.03 years. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures revealed a statistically significant difference in the exercise group compared to the control group regarding body mass index, resting heart rate, heart rate recover, functional capacity, peak heart rate, peak systolic blood pressure, peak RPP after 8 weeks (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, a multidisciplinary CR program with supervised exercise training support significantly improves functional capacity and autonomic function in CHF patients. Therefore, a supervised and guided exercise training program is safe and beneficial for patients with CHF with different etiologies.
Publication Date: 2023
CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS (00092797)370
Natural bioactive compound, Ursolic acid (UA), plus different types of exercise may exert the action on glycemic control, leading to clinical benefits in the prevention and treatment of aging/diabetes-associated complications. So, this study examined the effects of eight weeks combination of 250 mg of UA per day per kilogram of body weight of rat as well as resistance/endurance training on miR-133a expression across serum, bone marrow, skeletal muscle, and Connexin 43 (Cx43)-Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) signaling axis in high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced T2D (here, HFD/STZ-induced T2D). The study was conducted on 56 male Wistar rats (427 +/- 44 g, 21 months old), having HFD/STZ-induced T2D randomly assigned into 7 groups of 8 including (1) sedentary non-diabetic old rats (C); (2) sedentary type 2 diabetes animal model (D); (3) sedentary type 2 diabetes animal model + UA (DU); (4) endurance-trained type 2 diabetes animal model (DE); (5) resistance-trained type 2 diabetes animal model (DR); (6) endurance-trained type 2 diabetes animal model + UA (DEU); and (7) resistance-trained type 2 diabetes animal model + UA (DRU). Resistance training included a model of eight weeks of ladder resistance training at 60-80% maximal voluntary carrying capacity (MVCC) for five days/week. Treadmill endurance exercise protocol included eight weeks of repetitive bouts of low-/high-intensity training with 30%-40% and 60%-75% maximal running speed for five days/week, respectively. UA Supplementary groups were treated with 500 mg of UA per kg of high-fat diet per day. The results revealed significant supplement and exercise interaction effects for the BM miR-133a (p = 0.001), the bone marrow Runx2 (p = 0.002), but not the serum miR-133a (p = 0.517), the skeletal muscle miR-133a (p = 0.097) and the Cx43 (p = 0.632). In conclusion, only eight weeks of resistance-type exercise could affect miR-133a profile in muscles and osteoblast differentiation biomarker RUNX2 in aged T2D model of rats. 250 mg of UA per kilogram of body weight rat per day was administered orally, less than the sufficient dose for biological and physiological impacts on osteoblast differentiation biomarkers in aged T2D model of rats following eight weeks.
Publication Date: 2018
Work (18759270)60(4)pp. 549-554
BACKGROUND: There are many potential training exercises for office workers in an attempt to prevent musculoskeletal disorders. However, to date a suitable tool to monitor the perceived exertion of those exercises does not exist. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Borg CR-10 scale to monitor the perceived exertion of office exercise training. METHODS: The study involved 105 staff members employed in a government office with an age range from 25 to 50 years. The Borg CR-10 scale was self-administered two times, with an interval of two weeks in order to evaluate the accuracy of the original findings with a retest. Face validity and content validity were also examined. RESULTS: Reliability was found to be high for the Borg CR-10 scale (0.898). Additionally a high correlation between the Borg CR-10 scale and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was identified (rs = 0.754, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study found the Borg CR-10 scale to be a reliable and valid tool for monitoring the perceived exertion of office exercise training and may potentially be useful for occupational therapists to measure physical activity intensity levels. © 2018 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2012
Arya Atherosclerosis (22516638)8(3)pp. 2-2
BACKGROUND: Current guidelines recommend cardiac rehabilitation programs (CRP) as a means to improve functional status of patients after coronary revascularization. However, research supporting this recommendation has been limited and positive effects of CRP on diastolic function are controversial. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an 8-week CRP on left ventricular diastolic function. METHODS: This randomized, clinical trial included 29 men with ST elevation myocardial infarction (MI) who had received reperfusion therapy, i.e. coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). They were randomized to a training group (n = 15; mean age: 54.2 ± 9.04 years old) and a control group (n = 14; mean age: 51.71 ± 6.98 years old). Patients in the training group performed an 8-week CRP with an intensity of 60-85% of maximum heart rate. Exercise sessions lasted 60-90 minutes and were held three times a week. At the start and end of the study, all patients performed symptom-limited exercise test based on Naughton treadmill protocol. Pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography was also used to determine peak velocity of early (E) and late (A) waves, E/A ratios, and the deceleration time of E (DT). RESULTS: Left ventricular diastolic indices (E, A, E/A ratio, DT) did not change significantly after the CRP. Compared to baseline, patients in the training group had significant improvements in functional capacity (8.30 ± 1.30 vs. 9.7 ± 1.7) and maximum heart rate (118.50 ± 24.48 vs. 126.85 ± 22.75). Moreover, resting heart rate of the training group was significantly better than the control group at the end of the study (75.36 ± 7.94 vs. 79.80 ± 7.67; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: An 8-week CRP in post-MI patients revascularized with PCI or CABG led to improved exercise capacity. However, the CRP failed to enhance diastolic function.
Publication Date: 2015
Journal of Military Medicine (17357667)17(2)pp. 107-114
Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the prediction of injuries in Iranian soldiers with the Functional Movement Screening. Methods: All the subjects were evaluated before the beginning of the trainings. The FMS tests including the deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, straight leg raise, trunk stability push-up and rotary stability were used for the subjects' evaluation. They were monitored for musculoskeletal injuries resulting through a 7-month basic combat training period. Results: At least one musculoskeletal injury had been suffered by 42% of the cadets during the observation period. Logistic regression modeling indicated that the subjects who had a lower FMS score demonstrated higher injury risks (p=0.001). Also, considering the ROC curve and the Yourdon's index, the score of 14 was considered as a cut-off point. Therefore cadets whom FMS scores were lower than 14, were considered 5.6 time higher than the other soldiers exposed to lower extremities injury ROC curve with a cut-off point equal to 14 which shows sensitivity of 0.83 and a specificity of 0.93. Conclusion: We can conclude from this study that functional movement screening can predict lower extremity injuries during medical in-processing.
Publication Date: 2016
Asian Journal Of Sports Medicine (20087209)7(4)
Background: Irisin is a new myokine secreted from the skeletal muscle and appears to affect the metabolism of adipose tissue. Objectives: The mechanisms of cellular and molecular identification by which exercise training exerts its benefits remain unclear and are under investigation. Methods: We examined the effect of 8-week resistance exercise on plasma irisin levels and expression profiles of muscle FNDC5 and subcutaneous adipose tissue UCP1 in male rats. Sixteen adult male rats were divided into two groups, control (n = 8) and exercise training (n = 8) groups. The training group received exercise for 3 days/week on a specific ladder (120cmheight) with a carrying load of 50% of body weight, which was attached to their tails. Results: The weight of the load was gradually increased during the training sessions, ultimately reaching 200% of the body weight of rats in the final week. There were three sets of five repetitions with a 3-min rest between each set of exercise sessions and 1 minute between repetitions. Plasma irisin levels and relative mRNA expression of the genes UCP1 and FNDC5 were assessed. The results demonstrated a significant increase in the irisin levels after 8 weeks of resistance exercise (P< 0.001, t = 4.48). The relative expression of FNDC5 (P < 0.001, t = 6.18) and UCP1 genes (P < 0.001, t = 13.91) was also significantly increased. Conclusions: Therefore, we can conclude from this study that resistance exercise may improve body composition possibly through increased thermogenesis in white adipose tissue through the secretion of irisin. © 2016, Sports Medicine Research Center.
Publication Date: 2021
Arya Atherosclerosis (22516638)17(1)pp. 1-9
BACKGROUND: Air pollution and long-term aerobic exercise are diversely associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. However, the simultaneous effect of exercise in polluted air and vitamin C on oxidative stress markers is less clear. In this study, the effect of these variables on oxidative stress markers was investigated in rats. METHODS: The study was conducted on 50 male rats. The rats were divided into 5 groups consisting of exercise, exercise with vitamin C, exercise in polluted air, exercise in polluted air with vitamin C, and control group. Animals in the exercise groups exercised on a treadmill for 12 weeks, 5 days/week, 30 minutes/day, at 50-70% of the maximum speed. Animals in the vitamin C groups received 20 mg/kg/day vitamin C orally. After 12 weeks of intervention, 2.5 ml of blood was taken from the rats’ apex. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) levels were measured using NavandSalamat’s Nalondi and Eastbiopharm’s OxLDL ELISA kits, respectively. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for data analysis in SPSS software. RESULTS: There were significant differences in MDA and OxLDL levels between all groups after 12 weeks of intervention (P < 0.050). The levels of MDA and OxLDL were significantly higher in the ExPo group compared to the Ex+VitC groups (P < 0.050). However, no significant difference was observed in MDA and OxLDL levels between the vitamin C groups (P > 0.050). CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate the oxidative stress effects of air pollution, systemically and in the respiratory tract. Moreover, polluted air significantly increased OxLDL levels in both exercise in polluted air groups. Although, vitamin C slightly decreased MDA and OxLDL levels in the ExPo groups, the difference was not significant. Different vitamin C doses could have diverse and maybe significant results. © 2021, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2020
Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (22348646)24(1)pp. 54-64
Purpose: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent cause of chronic liver diseases in both adults and children with obesity. The aim of this study was to compare the changes in liver enzymes and metabolic profile in adolescents with fatty liver following selected school-based exercise (SBE) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) interventions. Methods: In a semi-experimental study, 34 obese male adolescents with clinically defined NAFLD were divided into the HIIT (n=11, age=12.81±1.02 years, body mass index [BMI]=26.68 ±2.32 kg/m2 ), selected SBE (n=11, age=13.39±0.95 years, BMI=26.47±1.74 kg/m2 ), and control (n=12, age=13.14±1.49 years, BMI=26.45±2.21 kg/m2 ) groups. The ultrasonography NAFLD grade, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), lipid profile, insulin resistance, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels of the participants were measured before and after the exercise interventions. Results: The BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and body fat percentage of the participants decreased, and a significant increase in VO2peak was observed after the intervention; however, the HIIT group showed a significant improvement compared with the SBE group (p<0.01). Significant reductions were observed in the levels of insulin resistance, triglyceride, total cholesterol, ALT, and AST in both groups, although high-density lipoprotein levels decreased only in the HIIT group (p<0.01). Further, a significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein level was observed in the training groups (p<0.01), but this decrease was not significant compared with the control group (p<0.01). Conclusion: HIIT and SBE are equally effective in improving health parameters in obese children and adolescents. © 2021. by The Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. All Rights Reserved.
Publication Date: 2022
Sadra Medical Sciences Journal (23224339)10(2)pp. 97-110
Introduction: Serum microRNAs are associated with numerous metabolic diseases, including obesity, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to identify the miR146b changes following different exercise training interventions in adolescents with overweight and obesity. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 obese and overweight male adolescents aged 13-15 years were selected through the convenience sampling method based on body mass index (BMI) and assigned to two high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (Mean BMI: 26.15±2.25 kg/m2) and school-based (SBE) (Mean BMI: 26.02±2.26 kg/m2) groups. Exercises in each group were performed for 12 weeks/ three weekly sessions after 10-15 minutes of initial warm-up. Moreover, at the end of each training session, 5-10 minutes were considered for cooling down. The circulating miR146b was extracted using a Real-Time PCR system. The subjects’ lipid profile was measured by enzymatic methods, using certified commercial kits. Results: The expression of miR146b in both training groups, HIIT and SBE, dropped around 46.88% vs. 62.05%, respectively, but there was no significant difference between groups (p=0.836). Lipid profile levels also improved in both HIIT and SBE groups, but there were no significant differences in the Cholesterol (p=0.677), Triglyceride (p=0.977), LDL (p=0.247), and HDL levels between the two groups (p=0.977). Conclusion: The results showed that both school-based and high-intensity interval training can be used to modify lipid Profile and miR146b levels as an indicator of the pathological status of obesity in children and reduce the risk of disease in adulthood. © 2022, Sadra Medical Sciences Journal. All Rights Reserved.
Publication Date: 2012
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)30(175)
Background: Intensive physical exercise influences physical and psychological stress which in turn causes hormonal and immune variations. This study assessed the effect of three water immersion methods on salivary immunoglobulin A (S-IgA), heart rate (HR) and fatigue. Methods: In this study 10 elite female swimmers with at least 3 years of athletic experience (aged 17.8 ± 2.2 years) were selected through convenient purposeful sampling. On 3 different days with 48-hour intervals, they performed a 100-meter front crawl. They then completed a 15-minute recovery method contrast water therapy (CWT) (2 minutes in hot (40°C) water and 1 minute in cold (23°C) water), cold water (23°C) immersion (CWI), or hot water (40°C) immersion (HWI). S-IgA levels and HR were recorded before and after the test and also after the recovery. The effects of each recovery method on fatigue were evaluated by a questionnaire. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the collected data. Findings: The results showed that S-IgA levels increased after recovery methods. In addition, a significant difference was observed between HWI and CWI (19% vs. 8.9%) in terms of S-IgA levels. HR decreased significantly following CWI compared with HWI. Conclusion: Generally, CWI reduced fatigue and increased muscle relaxation. HWI can increase S-IgA secretion. It can thus improve quality of recovery and is suggested after the sprint swimming.
Publication Date: 2012
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)30(174)
Background: Intensive physical exercise influences physical and psychological stress which in turn causes hormonal and immune variations. This study assessed the effect of three water immersion methods on salivary immunoglobulin A (S-IgA), heart rate (HR) and fatigue. Methods: In this study 10 elite female swimmers with at least 3 years of athletic experience (aged 17.8 ± 2.2 years) were selected through convenient purposeful sampling. On 3 different days with 48-hour intervals, they performed a 100-meter front crawl. They then completed a 15-minute recovery method contrast water therapy (CWT) (2 minutes in hot (40°C) water and 1 minute in cold (23°C) water), cold water (23°C) immersion (CWI), or hot water (40°C) immersion (HWI). S-IgA levels and HR were recorded before and after the test and also after the recovery. The effects of each recovery method on fatigue were evaluated by a questionnaire. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the collected data. Findings: The results showed that S-IgA levels increased after recovery methods. In addition, a significant difference was observed between HWI and CWI (19% vs. 8.9%) in terms of S-IgA levels. HR decreased significantly following CWI compared with HWI. Conclusion: Generally, CWI reduced fatigue and increased muscle relaxation. HWI can increase S-IgA secretion. It can thus improve quality of recovery and is suggested after the sprint swimming.
Publication Date: 2013
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)31(256)
Background: It has been shown that adults with multiple sclerosis (MS) have less leg strength than their peers, as well as impaired balance, which led to an increased prevalence of falling in this population. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of 8-weeks aquatic exercise training in balance, walking endurance and speed in women with MS. Methods: Twenty-one women patient with clinically-definite relapsing-remittent MS who were registered through the Isfahan MS Association (Iran) participated in this randomized clinical trial. Patients were randomized into two groups: exercise training (n = 10) or control (n = 11). The exercise training group participated in an 8-weeks aquatic exercise program of 45-60 minutes sessions, 3 days per week on alternate days; while the controls received standard medical care and follow-up. Balance, walking speed and walking endurance were measured by using the Berg Balance Scale, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and 6-minute walk time at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks. The obtained data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures. Findings: After 2 months period, walking speed and endurance improved significantly in the exercise group compared with the controls (P < 0.05). The exercise group showed significant improvement in balance, walking speed and endurance during all of the aquatic exercise periods compared with baseline (P < 0.05). The difference in balance scores between the exercise and control groups was not significant after exercise-based water program (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that aquatic exercise training in women with MS improves balance, walking speed and endurance. However, aquatic exercise training may lead to additional benefit beyond optimal medical treatments and should be a cornerstone in the management of all patients with MS.
Publication Date: 2012
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)29(170)
Background: Acute muscular exercise generally induces the development of fatigue that has detrimental effects on performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute eccentric exercise (ECC) training on torque and electromyography (EMG) activity of human elbow flexors. Methods: Sixteen healthy male active subjects with no previous history of pathology of the elbow performed ten sets of 5 repetitions of maximal eccentric muscle actions training (ECC-T) with one arm using the calibrated electronically Biodex isokinetic dynamometer (System 3: Biodex) at 120° s-1 velocity of the dominant elbow flexors determined at the elbow joint of 90° (1.57 rad). Changes in maximal voluntary torque and EMG activity (root mean square (RMS)) of biceps brachii and brachialis muscles were measured after acute ECC. Findings: The acute ECC induced a significant torque reduction (P < 0.01). During the exercise session, mean maximal voluntary eccentric torque reduction reached 28.21 ± 10.20% (P < 0.001). Indeed, average maximal eccentric torque values dropped from 64.11 ± 11.28 N/m for the first three muscle actions of the first set to 46.05 ± 10.66 N/m for the final five muscle actions of the tenth set. Concurrent to the torque decrease, the RMS values of the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles at the same velocity were significantly lower after the exercise session (P < 0.05). After the acute exercise session, mean RMS values of the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles reduction reached respectively 15.16% and 13.87% (P < 0.001). Conclusion: These results showed that an acute ECC induced a significant voluntary maximal torque and EMG reduction of human elbow flexors during eccentric muscle actions. © 2012, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2025
Journal Of Aging Research (20902212)2025(1)
Background: Diabetes mellitus is linked to progressive cognitive decline and motor impairments, especially among the aging population, highlighting the importance of early detection through reliable neuronal biomarkers. Proteins such as neurofilament light chain (NFL), neurogranin (Ng), and visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1) have emerged as indicators of neurodegeneration and associated behavioral changes. This study examined the effects of combined endurance and resistance exercise, along with ursolic acid (UA) supplementation, on hippocampal neuronal biomarkers and exploratory-locomotor behavior in aged diabetic rats. Methods: In this experiment, 21-month-old male Wistar rats were assigned to seven groups. Diabetes was induced using a single intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (30 mg/kg) in combination with a high-fat diet (55% fat, 31% carbohydrate, and 14% protein). Interventions included endurance training (60%–75% vVO2max), resistance training (60% MVCC), and daily oral UA administration (250 mg/kg) over eight weeks. Neuronal biomarkers (NFL, Ng, and VILIP-1) were measured in hippocampal tissue via western blot, and exploratory and locomotor behavior was assessed using the open-field test. Results: The results showed that UA supplementation combined with resistance training significantly reduced the levels of neuronal biomarkers NFL (p < 0.001), Ng (p < 0.01), and VILIP-1 (p < 0.001) in diabetic rats compared to untreated diabetic controls. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that diabetes leads to a marked elevation in NFL, Ng, and VILIP-1 protein levels, while a combined intervention of exercise and UA mitigated neurodegenerative changes and improved exploratory-locomotor outcomes. Copyright © 2025 Safoura Alizade et al. Journal of Aging Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Publication Date: 2019
Journal of Human Kinetics (16405544)69(1)pp. 249-257
The aim of the present study was to compare combined small‐sided game (SSG) and high‐intensity interval training (HIT) with different order. Twenty‐one semi‐professional soccer players were divided into two groups: SSG+HIT (n = 10) and HIT+SSG (n = 11), and underwent similar four‐week training programs. Players completed the 30‐15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30‐15IFT) before and after the experiment; maximum speed (VIFT) was recorded. During the experiment, seven sessions of SSG (3 vs 3) and HIT (15"‐15" with 95‐100% VIFT) were implemented. Weekly accumulated training loads for both groups during the experiment were similar. Moderate improvements in VIFT were observed in both SSG+HIT (+6.2%, 90% confidence limits, [CL] 4.6; 7.7 and Effect Size, [ES] +0.96) and HIT+SSG (+6.9%, 90% CL 4.6; 9.3 and ES +0.97) groups. Between‐group difference in changes of VIFT was trivial (+0.7%, 90% CL ‐1.8; 3.3 and ES +0.11). Combining SSG and HIT in different order elicited the same enhancement in high‐intensity intermittent performance in soccer players. © Editorial Committee of Journal of Human Kinetics
Publication Date: 2023
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)14(1)
Background: Both aging and diabetes are two well-established risk factors related to type 3 diabetes and memory deficits. Accordingly, diabetes multiplies the effects of aging on cognition impairments once these conditions occur simultaneously. Methods: In this present experimental study, 56 male Wistar rats with HFD/STZ-induced T2D were randomized into seven groups (n = eight animals per group): (1) sedentary old non-diabetic (C); (2) sedentary HFD/STZ-induced T2D (D); (3) sedentary HFD/STZ-induced T2D plus UA (UA) (DU); (4) endurance-trained HFD/STZ-induced T2D (DE); (5) resistance-trained HFD/STZ-induced T2D (DR); (6) endurance-trained HFD/STZ-induced T2D plus UA (DEU); and (7) resistance-trained STZ-diabetic plus UA (DRU) rats. Two-way ANOVA was applied to measure the training, supplementation, and interaction effect on serum and gene expression outcomes. Result: The study results established no significant interaction effect between the UA supplementation and the resistance/endurance training with regard to the levels of glucose (P = 0.534), insulin (P = 0.327), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (P = 0.191), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (P = 0.448). Conclusions: To develop novel practical nutritional strategies involving UA intake, further studies are thus needed to clarify how chronic consumption of UA with/without resistance/endurance training reverses cognition disorder process in old male Wistar rats with HFD/STZ-induced T2D.
Publication Date: 2018
Gene (18790038)676pp. 16-21
Background: Obesity triggers a variety of severe conditions, therefore deteriorates metabolism rate of adipose tissues and muscles. Uncoupling proteins which are highly stimulated by fatty acids are potential targets for anti-obesity agents through breaking the electron gradient in the mitochondrial matrix and creating imbalances in the electron transport chain, thereby increasing the amount of substrate used to produce energy. Therefore, the aim of present study is assessment of exercise and high fat diet on expression level of Ucp1 subcutaneous white and brown adipose tissues (scWAT & BAT) respectively. Methods: To perform experiments, 48 male C57BL/6 mice were divided to two major groups and fed with high fat diet (HFD) or low fat diet (LFD) during a period of 12 weeks. After the first intervention, each groups was divided into four groups randomly as (HF-EX), (HF-SED), (LF-EX), (LF-SED) [EX: exercise; SED: sedentary] in form of treadmill running for 45 min/day, 5 days/week during 8 weeks. One day after the last practice session, mice were sacrificed and Ucp1 expression was assessed on scWAT & BAT. Results: Data indicated a down-regulation in scWAT Ucp1 in obese mice similar to what observed for the expression of Pgc1α. Both, BAT Ucp1 and Pgc1α mRNA decreased significantly in response to obesity and physical activity. Moreover, exercise caused significant decrease in scWAT mitochondrial proteins contradictory to BAT. Conclusion: Taken together, exercise exerted controversial effects compared with HFD and obesity on expression of Ucp1 and Pgc1α in scWAT dissimilar to BAT tissues, concluding that obesity may cause a resistance to exercise in terms of metabolic demands for scWAT tissue. © 2018
Publication Date: 2021
Iranian Journal of Breast Diseases (26457482)13(4)pp. 57-66
Introduction: Tumor size is a contributing factor in cancer prognosis. On the other hand, regular exercise may play an important role in inhibiting tumor growth in breast cancer. Because of the key role of tumor volume in tumor metastasis, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of a 4-week and a 12-week aerobic training on tumor volume in female mice with breast cancer. Methods: Forty female BALB/c mice (4-5 weeks old weighing 18 ± 2g) were randomly divided into the following 5 groups of 8 after cancer induction: primary prevention group, secondary prevention group, treatment, exercise, and cancer control. Aerobic exercise was performed for 4 weeks at different stages (prevention, during treatment, and after cancer) at an intensity equal to 40% to 50% of the maximal oxygen consumption. The exercise group performed aerobic exercise for 40 minutes at 18 m/min at a zero-degree incline 5 times a week for 12 weeks. At the end of the training intervention period, all mice were sacrificed and tumor volume was measured using a digital caliper. Data were analyzed using the ANOVA test on SPSS v.22. Results: After 4 weeks of exercise intervention, a significant decrease in tumor volume was observed in the primary prevention and control groups (P = 0.001), and after 12 weeks of aerobic training, a decrease in tumor volume was observed in the exercise and control groups (P = 0.007). However, there was no significant difference in the other groups. Conclusion: Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise can be used as an effective treatment method to reduce the volume of breast tumors. However, more research is needed to reach definitive results. © 2021 Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research. All right reserved.
Publication Date: 2017
Asian Journal Of Sports Medicine (2008000X)8(2)
Background: Identification of genetic markers is one of the priority trends to perform in athletes for evaluation of their efficacy. Previous studies have revealed that CK-MM may be used as a valuable marker to reflect the magnitude of skeletal muscle destruction in response to exercise. Objectives: In this study we analyzed the frequency of rs8111989CK-MM polymorphism in karatekas to find whether there is a difference among professional, amateur athletes and non-karatekas. Methods: Distribution of allele and genotype frequencies of the muscle specific creatine kinase (CK-MM) gene A/G polymorphism was assessed in a survey among 275 athletes residing in state of Isfahan (86 professional karatekas (43 male and 43 female) and 86 amateur karatekas (50 male and 36 female) and 103 non-athlete individuals (50 male and 53 female). Blood samples were taken and genotyping was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) approach. Statistical analyses carried out using SPSS software and data with P < 0.05 were considered to be significant. Results: The CK-MM AG genotype frequency was significantly higher in professional and amateur karate athletes and control subjects (AG genotype: 52.4% vs. AA genotype: 33.4%; GG genotype: 14.1%;χ2 = 16.79, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the CK-MM genotype in the professional group (AA:31.3%, AG:56.9, GG:11.6) was different of those observed for amateur karatekas (AA:32.5%, AG:43.0, GG:24.4)(χ2 = 11.39; P = 0.003) and CK-MM genotype in the amateur group was also different from non-athletes (AA:36%, AG: 56.3, GG: 7.7)(χ2 = 11.39; P = 0.003). Conclusions: The CK-MM gene A/G polymorphism is associated with the physical performance levels of karatekas. © 2017, Sports Medicine Research Center.
Publication Date: 2018
Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation (18681883)35(3)
Background: Physiological aging can now be considered as a multi-factorial process that is associated with anatomical and signaling changes associated with endocrine function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the comparison of performing 12 weeks' resistance training before, after and/or in between aerobic exercise on the hormonal status of aged women. Materials and methods: Forty healthy aged women (age: 67.35 ± 1.40 years) were randomly divided into three training groups and a control group: resistance followed by endurance training (ER, n = 12), endurance training followed by resistance training (RE, n = 12, interval resistance-endurance (RE) training (INT, n = 12) and a control (Con, n = 12) groups. The training program was done over 12 weeks, 3 times per week. Endurance training was performed on a cycle ergometer (intensity: 60-90% maximum heart rate) and resistance training involved selected resistance exercises (intensity: 40-75 one-repetition maximum, 8-18 repeats). All participants were evaluated before and after the training period. Results and conclusion: The data showed that performing resistance training before, after and/or in between aerobic exercise did not influence the adaptive response of insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (p = 0.07), growth hormone (p = 0.35), cortisol (p = 0.20), insulin (p = 0.72), epinephrine (p = 0.83) and norepinephrine (p = 0.86) levels throughout the study. However, when comparing pre and post, no significant differences were shown following combined training within the SE, ES and INT groups for all variables (p < 0.05), except of IGF-1 within ES (p = 0.04) and SE (p = 0.02), and testosterone within ES (p = 0.007). In conclusion, combined training with RE order may be more effective than other orders for increasing anabolic status in aged women. © 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.
Publication Date: 2024
Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism (23454008)23(6)pp. 398-408
Background: Fetoin-A and-B are hepatokines that are related to type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a period of resistance and endurance training with Ursolic acid consumption on the levels of Fetoin-A and-B in the liver tissue of elderly diabetics. Methods: Fifty six 21-month-old male diabetic rats were randomly divided into seven equal groups of control (C), Ursolic acid supplement (UA), supplement+resistance exercise (UA+R), supplement+endurance exercise (UA+E), Resistance training (R), endurance training (E) and sham group (D). Resistance training protocol with intensity of 60% MVCC, 14-20 times of ladder climbing with one minute rest between each effort and endurance training including running on Treadmill at high intensity 60-75% and low intensity 30-40% of maximum speed for five days per week for eight weeks. Supplemented groups received 500 mg/kg UA in combination with a high-fat meal. Results: Fetoin-A level was significantly decreased in UA, E, UA+E groups (p≤0.05) and only in R and UA+R groups, there was no significant decrease. Also, The amount of Fetoin-B in diabetic rats in the UA, E, R, UA+E groups decreased significantly (p≤0.05) and only in the UA+R training group there were no significant changes. The amount of Fetoin-A and Fetoin-B was significantly different between E and R and UA+R and UA+E groups (p≤0.05), which the largest decrease was in the UA+E group. supplementationConclusion: Consideringhas a more therapeuticbeneficialeffecteffectson theofhepaticexercisehepatokinestraining asof welldiabetics.as UA supplementation on hepatokines, it seems that the simultaneous application of two interventions of exercise training and UA. © 2024 Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism and Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
