تاریخ انتشار: ۲۰۲۰/۱۲/۲۱
پیشرفت های حسابداری (20089988)(2)pp. 159-190
ادبیات پیشین نشان میدهد سود یک شرکت همراه با سود سایر شرکتها در همان صنعت حرکت میکند. این مفهوم، اصطلاحا هم حرکتی سود نامیده میشود که سرمایهگذاران میتوانند بر اساس آن انتظارات خود از سود شرکت را با استفاده از اطلاعات صنعت شکل دهند. از آنجاییکه سودهای فصلی منعکس کننده جریان اطلاعات به بازار هستند هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی تاثیر هم حرکتی سود بر واکنش سرمایهگذاران نسبت به اعلام سودهای فصلی شرکتها است. نمونه پژوهش شامل داده های فصلی 134 شرکت پذیرفتهشده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران در دوره زمانی 1387 تا 1398 است. نتایج حاصل از آزمون فرضیه اول نشان داد ضریب واکنش سودهای فصلی با بازده خرید و نگهداری در پنجره سه روزه اعلام سود رابطه مثبت و معنادار دارد و هم حرکتی سود این رابطه را تضعیف میکند. این بدین مفهوم است که میزان بالاتر هم حرکتی سود شرکت منجر به کاهش ضریب واکنش سود میشود. همچنین نتایج آزمون فرضیه دوم و سوم نشان داد زمانی که اخبار خوب سود وجود دارد هم حرکتی سود، ضریب واکنش سود را تضعیف میکند ولی در شرایط وجود اخبار بد، هم حرکتی تاثیری بر ضریب واکنش سود ندارد.
تاریخ انتشار: ۲۰۲۱/۱۲/۲۲
پیشرفت های حسابداری (20089988)(2)pp. 37-68
اصطلاح سقف شیشهای بیانگر موانع مصنوعی نامرئی است که توسط تعصبات نگرشی و سازمانی شکل میگیرد و زنان را از سمتهای اجرایی ارشد باز میدارد. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی تأثیر باورهای سقف شیشهای حسابرسان زن بر قصد ترک مؤسسه حسابرسی با در نظر گرفتن نقش متغیر میانجی توانمندی روانشناختی است. این مطالعه یک پژوهش توصیفی و از نوع همبستگی است و جامعه آماری این پژوهش را حسابرسان زن شاغل در مؤسسات عضو جامعه حسابداران رسمی از رده کمک حسابرس تا شریک تشکیل میدهند. اطلاعات مورد نیاز این پژوهش از طریق تکمیل پرسشنامه توسط 116 نفر از حسابرسان زن در سال 1400 جمعآوری شده است. در این پژوهش به منظور سنجش باورهای سقف شیشهای از سازههای انکار، انعطافپذیری، کنارهگیری و پذیرش و به منظور آزمون فرضیهها از مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری به روش کمترین مربعات جزئی استفاده شده است. نتایج حاصل از آزمون فرضیهها با بهرهگیری از نرمافزارSmartPLS نسخه 3 بیانگر تأثیر مثبت و معنادار سازههای انکار و انعطافپذیری و تأثیر منفی و معنادار سازه پذیرش بر توانمندی روانشناختی حسابرسان زن بود. همچنین نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که سازههای انکار و انعطافپذیری به واسطه سازه توانمندی روانشناختی بر قصد ترک مؤسسه حسابرسی تأثیر دارند، اما تأثیر غیرمستقیم سازههای کنارهگیری و پذیرش بر قصد ترک مؤسسه حسابرسی معنادار نیستند. از این رو، بخشی از تمایل بالاتر حسابرسان زن برای ترک مؤسسات حسابرسی نسبت به حسابرسان مرد را میتوان به باورهای سقف شیشهای نسبت داد.
تاریخ انتشار: ۲۰۲۱/۰۴/۲۱
پیشرفت های حسابداری (20089988)(1)pp. 379-409
هدف این پژوهش بررسی قابلیت مقایسه صورتهای مالی بر ارتباط ارزشی سود با توجه به نقش عدم شفافیت گزارشگری مالی و ضعف کنترلهای داخلی است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش کلیه شرکتهای پذیرفتهشده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران است که تعداد 102 شرکت در دوره زمانی 1390 تا 1398 به روش حذف سیستماتیک انتخابشده است. همچنین برای آزمون فرضیههای پژوهش از الگوی رگرسیون چند متغیره مبتنی بر دادههای ترکیبی استفاده گردید. نتایج حاصل از برآورد مدل پژوهش حاکی از آن است که قابلیت مقایسه صورتهای مالی بر ارتباط ارزشی ارزش دفتری و سود هر سهم، تأثیر مثبت و معناداری دارد. همچنین یافتههای پژوهش نشان داد زمانی که عدم شفافیت گزارشگری مالی زیاد است، تأثیر قابلیت مقایسه صورتهای مالی بر ارتباط ارزشی ارزش دفتری و سود هر سهم کاهش مییابد. علاوه بر این نیز، زمانی که ضعف کنترلهای داخلی وجود دارد، قابلیت مقایسه صورتهای مالی بر ارتباط ارزشی ارزش دفتری و سود هر سهم تأثیر معناداری ندارد.
تاریخ انتشار: ۲۰۲۳/۰۸/۲۳
پیشرفت های حسابداری (20089988)(1)pp. 227-257
نتایج ادبیات پیشین در حوزه ارتباط سود و بازده بیانگر تاثیر منفی اعلام سودهای با تاخیر بر بازده غیرعادی سهام است که این واکنش منفی میتواند ناشی از وجود دستکاری سود در اعلام سودهای با تاخیر باشد. با توجه به اهمیت ارتباط سود و بازده، هدف این پژوهش بررسی تاثیر تاخیر اعلام سود فصلی بر بازده غیرعادی در پنجره اعلام سود و همچنین بررسی نقش تعدیلی دستکاری سود بر این ارتباط است. بدین منظور، نمونهای شامل دادههای فصلی از 126 شرکت پذیرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار در دوره زمانی 1391 تا 1400 انتخاب گردید. . برای آزمون فرضیه ها از تحلیل رگرسیون استفاده شد. نتیجه آزمون فرضیه اول نشان داد تاخیر اعلام سود فصلی بر بازده غیرعادی در پنجره اعلام سود تاثیر منفی و معنادار دارد. همچنین بر اساس فرضیه دوم، دستکاری سود مبتنی بر مدل تعدیل شده بنیش (1999) این تاثیر منفی را تشدید میکند. این بدین مفهوم است که اعلام سودهای با تاخیر از دید سرمایهگذاران میتواند دربردارنده دستکاری سود باشد و در نتیجه دستکاری سود، واکنش منفی به تاخیر اعلام سود فصلی را تشدید میکند. با اینحال، دستکاری سود مبتنی بر مدل کوتاری و همکاران (2005) تاثیر معناداری بر واکنش منفی بازار به تاخیر اعلام سود نداشت.
تاریخ انتشار: ۲۰۲۳/۰۲/۲۰
پیشرفت های حسابداری (20089988)(2)pp. 39-64
چکیده:
چسبندگی هزینه یکی از عوامل تأثیر گذار بر ارزش شرکت است که خود می تواند ناشی از هزینه های تعدیل منابع یا مشکلات نمایندگی باشد و این خود انگیزه اصلی این مطالعه بوده است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش کلیه شرکتهای پذیرفتهشده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران است که به منظور تعیین نمونه با استفاده از روش حذف سیستماتیک تعداد 102 شرکت در دوره زمانی 1391 تا 1400 انتخاب شده است. برای آزمون فرضیههای پژوهش از الگوی رگرسیون چند متغیره مبتنی بر دادههای ترکیبی استفاده گردید. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که چسبندگی هزینه ها بر ارزش شرکت تأثیر منفی دارد. همچنین یافته ها نشان داد که زمانی که هزینه تعدیل منابع زیاد باشد، تأثیر چسبندگی هزینه ها بر ارزش شرکت افزایش می یابد. علاوه بر این مشکلات نمایندگی بر رابطه چسبندگی هزینه ها و ارزش شرکت تأثیر گذار نیست.
کلید واژه: ارزش شرکت، چسبندگی هزینه ها، هزینه تعدیل منابع، مشکلات نمایندگی
تاریخ انتشار: ۲۰۲۳/۰۲/۲۰
پیشرفت های حسابداری (20089988)(2)pp. 65-97
ادبیات حسابداری نشان میدهد مدیران شرکتها با انگیزههای مختلفی فرصت مدیریت و دستکاری سود را در اختیار دارند. با اینحال، توانایی و تصمیم مدیران برای دستکاری یا عدم دستکاری سود، بستگی به میزان اطلاعاتی دارد که از سایر منابع اطلاعاتی در صنعت قابل دستیابی است. همحرکتی سود که به حرکت همزمان سود شرکت با سود سایر شرکتها در صنعت اشاره دارد، میتواند بر میزان درگیری مدیران با فعالیتهای دستکاری سود تاثیرگذار باشد. بر این اساس، هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی تاثیر همحرکتی سود بر احتمال دستکاری سود و همچنین بررسی این ارتباط تحت شرایط رقابت بازار محصول است. نمونه مورد بررسی شامل 134 شرکت پذیرفتهشده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران در دوره زمانی 1388 تا 1399 است. نتایج آزمون فرضیه اول نشان داد همحرکتی سود تاثیر منفی و معنادار بر احتمال دستکاری سود دارد. به عبارت دیگر، افزایش همحرکتی سود باعث کاهش احتمال دستکاری سود میشود. بر اساس نتایج فرضیه دوم در شرکتهای با رقابت بازار محصول بالا، همحرکتی سود تاثیر معناداری بر احتمال دستکاری سود ندارد ولی در شرکت-های با رقابت بازار محصول پایین، همحرکتی سود تاثیر منفی و معنادار بر احتمال دستکاری سود دارد. نتایج آزمون تحلیل حساسیت نیز بیانگر این بود که در شرکتهای با سن بالا، همحرکتی سود تاثیر منفی و معنادار بر احتمال دستکاری سود دارد ولی تاثیر معناداری در شرکتهای با سن پایین مشاهده نشد.
تاریخ انتشار: ۲۰۲۳/۱۱/۲۲
پیشرفت های حسابداری (20089988)(2)pp. 292-319
هدف این پژوهش بررسی تأثیر مراحل مختلف چرخه عمر شرکت بر کیفیت گزارشگری مالی است. برای اندازهگیری کیفیت گزارشگری مالی از کیفیت تطابق (همسبتگی همزمان بین درآمد و هزینه) و احتمال گزارشگری مالی نادرست استفادهشده است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش کلیه شرکتهای پذیرفتهشده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران است. به منظور تعیین نمونه با استفاده از روش حذف سیستماتیک تعداد 101 شرکت در دوره زمانی 1390 تا 1400 انتخابشده است. برای آزمون فرضیههای پژوهش از الگوی رگرسیون چند متغیره مبتنی بر دادههای ترکیبی و رگرسیون لاجیت استفادهشده است. نتایج آزمون فرضیهها نشان داد که کیفیت تطابق در مرحله بلوغ از مرحله معرفی و رشد بیشتر است ولی مرحله افول بر کیفیت تطابق تأثیرگذار نیست. علاوه بر این نتایج نشان داد که در مرحله معرفی احتمال گزارشگری مالی نادرست نسبت به مرحله بلوغ بیشتر است. در نهایت یافتهها نشان داد که در مرحله رشد و افول احتمال گزارشگری مالی نادرست نسبت به مرحله بلوغ بیشتر نیست. به طور کلی، یافتههای این مطالعه درک پژوهشگران را از نقش مراحل چرخه عمر در ایجاد تنوع در کیفیت گزارشگری مالی افزایش میدهد.
تاریخ انتشار: ۲۰۲۴/۰۴/۲۰
پیشرفت های حسابداری (20089988)(1)pp. 1-28
اشتباهات در همه سطوح تیم حسابرسی رخ میدهند و مدیریت این اشتباهات توسط حسابرسان مرتکب شونده نقش با اهمیتی در ارتقای کیفیت حسابرسی ایفا میکند. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی تأثیر سازههای شخصی و سازمانی بر تمایل حسابرسان به مدیریت اشتباهات خود با در نظر گرفتن نقش متغیر تعدیلی ادراک حسابرسان از جو مدیریت اشتباه سازمانی مؤسسه حسابرسی است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل حسابرسان شاغل در سازمان حسابرسی و مؤسسات حسابرسی عضو جامعه حسابداران رسمی ایران میباشد. دادههای مورد نیاز با استفاده از روش پیمایشی و از طریق پرسشنامه استاندارد از 178 نفر از حسابرسان در سال 1402 جمعآوری شده است. در این پژوهش از مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری به روش کمترین مربعات جزئی برای تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها استفاده گردیده است. نتایج حاصل از آزمون فرضیهها حاکی از آن است که سازههای تابآوری، خودکارآمدی، تعهد استقلال و ادراک حسابرسان از جو مدیریت اشتباه سازمانی مِؤسسه حسابرسی تأثیر مثبت و معناداری بر تمایل حسابرسان مستقل به مدیریت اشتباهات خود دارد. افزون بر این سازه ادراک حسابرسان از جو مدیریت اشتباه سازمانی مِؤسسه حسابرسی تأثیر سازههای تابآوری و خودکارآمدی بر تمایل حسابرسان مستقل به مدیریت اشتباهات خود را تعدیل میکند. نتایج این پژوهش بیانگر این است که با افزایش تابآوری و خودکارآمدی حسابرسان مستقل و بهبود جو مدیریت اشتباه سازمانی در مؤسسات حسابرسی میتوان زمینههای بهبود کیفیت حسابرسی را فراهم نمود.
تاریخ انتشار: ۲۰۲۴/۰۴/۲۰
پیشرفت های حسابداری (20089988)(1)pp. 111-141
هدف این پژوهش تحلیل تاثیر احساسات سرمایهگذاران بر نوسانپذیری بازده سبد شرکتهای با مشخصه قیمتگذاری دشوار نسبت به شرکتهای متضاد آنها بوده است. عدم تقارن اطلاعاتی منجر به اختلاف نظر در مورد قیمتگذاری میشود. شرکتهای با قیمتگذاری دشوار، شرکتهایی هستند که امکان تعیین درست قیمت آنها وجود ندارد. انتظار میرود سرمایهگذاران نسبت به سهام این شرکتها بیشتر درگیر جو احساسی شوند. به همین منظور سه فرضیه مرتبط طراحی گردید. نمونه ای شامل 173 شرکت از بورس اوراق بهادار تهران در بازه 1392 تا 1402 انتخاب گردید و از طریق تشکیل سبد سهام و با انجام رگرسیونهای سری زمانی و با دادههای ماهانه فرضیهها بررسی گردید. از سه ملاک برای تعیین شرکتهای با مشخصه قیمتگذاری دشوار شامل اندازه، نسبت ارزش دفتری به بازار و عدم نقدشوندگی استفاده شد. یافتههای حاصل از تحلیل مدلهای رگرسیونی چند متغیره نشان داد احساسات سرمایهگذاران تاثیر نامتقارن بر نوسانپذیری بازده سبد شرکتهای با مشخصه قیمتگذاری دشوار و شرکتهای متضاد داشته است. بهطوریکه معیارهای نسبت ارزش دفتری به ارزش بازار و عدم نقدشوندگی، تاثیر احساسات بر سبد شرکتهای با قیمتگذاری دشوار را بیشتر از شرکتهای متضاد نشان میدهد در حالی که معیار اندازه، این تاثیر را برای سبد شرکتهای با قیمتگذاری متضاد بیشتر از شرکتهای با قیمتگذاری دشوار نشان میدهد. بنابراین میتوان نتیجه گرفت که حداقل برای شرکتهای با عدم نقدشوندگی بالا و نسبت ارزش دفتری به بازار بالا، احساسات سرمایهگذاران بر نوسانپذیری بازده تاثیر مضاعف دارد و سرمایهگذاران باید با احتیاط و با در نظر گرفتن جو احساسی در معاملات اینگونه سهام مشارکت نمایند.
Publication Date: 2015
International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research (09727302)13(2)pp. 955-970
In this study, the impact Profitability was investigated on Stock Returns based on the price, return and differenced model. Profitability was considered as independent variable and firm size and life cycle as control variables. The sample was included 60 members of the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 2005 to 2012. Library study was used for collecting information. Quantitative methods were utilized including statistical analysis and multiple regression analysis. Also STATA version 11 and Excel software were used for the analysis of data and results. The results suggest that all models profitability impact on stock returns and profitability factor should be addressed for earning higher returns.
Publication Date: 2016
International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital (14794861)13(4)pp. 316-337
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among intellectual capital (IC) and its components and earnings quality for non-financial companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). Moreover, we examined the role of financial performance as a mediator effect on the impact of IC and its components on earnings quality. Our findings show that IC and its components have significant impact on earnings quality. Also, financial performance mediates the effect of IC and its components on earnings quality. Therefore, it is concluded that IC and its components affect earnings quality through improving financial performance. As the existing studies on the relationship between IC and earnings quality have not used comprehensive measure of earnings quality, and they did not consider the financial performance as a mediator factor, this study contributes to the literature by filling these gaps in the literature. Copyright © 2016 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
Publication Date: 2017
International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research (09727302)15(5)pp. 195-205
The present Research Aimed to Evaluate the Effect of Environmental Uncertainty on the Relation between Earning Management and the Information Asymmetry. In this way, a Sample Evaluated Including 106 Listed Companies in Tehran Exchange Stock during 2008-2013. To Test Hypothesis, Multivariate Regression and Panel Data were used. To Measure Information Asymmetry, the Proposed Scope of Bid-Ask Spread Was Used Following Venkatesh and Chiang (1986) Model. To Measure Earning Management, an Alternative Variable Called Discretionary Accruals Were Used and Estimated with Modified Jones (1991) Model. The Coefficient of Sale Variation is Also a Proxy Variable of Environmental Uncertainty of the Firms. Findings indicated that Managers by Earnings Management through Discretionary Accruals Reduced Earnings Volatility to react to the Undesirable Effect of Environmental Uncertainty Which is Effective on the Performance and Profitability of the Firms and they tried to hide it From Investors and Creditors Attention by Earnings Management, Which Lead to Increases the Information Asymmetry. © Serials Publications Pvt. Ltd.
Publication Date: 2019
Journal of Applied Accounting Research (09675426)20(2)pp. 154-171
Purpose: In accounting and finance, researchers have used many ways to detect manager’s fraud risk. Until now, many researchers have used some data mining methods in these two fields to detect this risk. The purpose of this paper is to compare the precision of two data mining methods in detecting such a risk. Design/methodology/approach: For this purpose, this paper analyzed the texts of board’s reports and used two methods including the convex optimization (CVX) method and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression method. In this way, the words of these reports, which have the greatest power in explaining the manager’s high fraud risk index, were identified. Using these words, this paper presented a model that could detect manager’s high fraud risk index in companies. Findings: The results indicated that both methods can detect the manager’s high fraud risk index with a precision between 82.55 and 91.25 percent. The LASSO method was significantly more precise than the CVX method. Research limitations/implications: The lack of access to an official and reliable list of firms suspected to fraud and the lack of access to the Microsoft Word (MS Word) file of board’s reports were two of the most important limitations of this study. Practical implications: Regulatory bodies and independent auditors can consider the proposed methods in this study for assessing the fraud risk for a firm or other legal parties. Originality/value: This paper avoided using merely financial statements data to detect the manager’s fraud risk index and focused on texts of board’s reports for the detection process. The capabilities of data mining and text mining methods for detecting the manager’s fraud risk index using board’s reports were tested in this paper. By comparing CVX and LASSO results, this paper indicated that methods with a binary-dependent variable have more power and are more precise than methods with continuous-dependent variables for detecting fraud. © 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited.
Publication Date: 2022
Evaluation and Program Planning (01497189)94
The present research aims to examine the conceptual structure of balanced scorecard (BSC) research from its inception (1992) to the end of 2020. After a review of the BSC literature, co-word analysis and social network analysis are used to analyze the data. The results show that 3742 documents have been published between 1992 and 2020 with 2638 distinctive keywords. The most frequently used keywords are “Balanced Scorecard”, “Management”, “Performance”, “Framework” and “Strategy”. Moreover, the article “The Balanced Scorecard: Measures That Drive Performance” with 4253 citations, was the most frequently cited article and “Robert Kaplan” with 16 documents and 8063 citations was the top author in terms of citation count and the number of documents. The United States is the top country with 486 documents and 18,805 citations. In addition, the journal “Total Quality Management and Business Excellence” is the most prolific journal with 50 articles, and the journal “Harvard Business Review” with 7778 citations, is the top journal in the number of citations. “Islamic Azad University of Iran” is the top university in the world with 57 documents. The most common keyword in Asia, Europe, North America, South America, and Oceania is “Balanced Scorecard”. The results of this study provide an overview of the state of BSC literature and can enable researchers to identify and develop ideas for future research. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
Publication Date: 2023
Risks (22279091)11(2)
Budgeting is allocating limited resources to unlimited needs and aims to maximise the use of resources that are usually scarce. In the face of these scarce resources, continuous attention to planning, allocating resources, and budgeting is an undeniable necessity. The importance of the budget in universities that receive their credits from the government is much greater because of their significant role in society’s scientific and cultural orientation of the younger generations. It is evident that incorrect budgeting will cause mistakes in allocating resources in this critical field and will cause severe damage to the country at the national level. Hence, reforming the methods of budgeting and distribution of resources in Iraqi public universities is one of the primary necessities. Therefore, the current research has investigated the feasibility of establishing operational budgeting in Iraqi public universities based on the PESTEL model. The study period is 2022, and the research community is Iraqi public universities (35 universities), of which 15 top universities were selected as a statistical sample. The research data were collected using 198 questionnaires completed by financial managers, accounting experts in financial affairs, and experts specializing in budgeting in sample universities. The results of hypothesis testing showed that all aspects of the study, including political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal, affect the establishment of operational budgeting in Iraqi public universities, and all the research hypotheses are confirmed. In other words, it was found that the political, economic, social, technical, environmental, and legal factors identified in the current research are significant for establishing operational budgeting in Iraqi public universities. It is suggested that legislators and budgeting planners prioritise these factors and rely on them in making decisions since experts approved these stimuli in the field of operational budgeting in the strategic environment of universities and according to the current conditions prevailing in Iraq. © 2023 by the authors.
Publication Date: 2023
Heritage and Sustainable Development (27120554)5(2)pp. 351-362
Skill, experience, and expertise are three factors that might influence the quality of an audit; forensic accountants can conduct higher-quality audits since they have completed a specialized fraud course. Thus, the purpose of this article is to examine how forensic accounting methods affect the caliber of audits. All of the businesses that are listed on the stock exchanges in Tehran and Iraq make up the statistical population. To determine the sample, 35 enterprises from 2013 to 2020 in Iraq and 100 companies from 2014 to 202 in Iran were chosen using the systematic elimination approach. The study hypotheses were tested using the multi-variate regression model that was based on the combined data. The findings indicated that the quality of audits in Iran and Iraq is positively impacted by forensic accounting techniques. Additionally, the findings demonstrated that the number of independent audit report paragraphs in Iran and Iraq is not significantly impacted by the forensic accounting technique. The importance and application of accounting and forensic auditing are felt more than before due to the lack of professional activities related to forensic accounting in the Iraqi economic environment, the rise in cases of financial embezzlement and corruption, the need for financial discipline along with economic development, and the preservation of public trust in the accuracy of financial information. Thus, doing this research can help enhance the corporate climate in Iran and Iraq by determining the significance and requirement of implementing forensic auditing. © The Author 2022.
Publication Date: 2023
Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences (23034521)11(4)pp. 27-39
The primary purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the quality of the external audit and the quality of the financial reporting done by companies that are traded on the Tehran and Baghdad Stock Exchanges. The experience of the auditor in the sector, the auditor's reputation, and the auditor's length of service were utilized as determining factors for the quality of the external audit. In order to determine whether or not the reporting of financial data can be trusted, discretionary accruals are analyzed. The companies that are members of the Tehran Stock Exchange and the Baghdad Stock Exchange make up the statistical population for the current study. They were chosen using the process of systematic elimination, which was applied to 102 firms that were admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange and 35 companies that were admitted to the Baghdad Stock Exchange. In order to examine the data, multiple regression analyses were performed. According to the findings of the study, the quality of financial reporting at the Baghdad Stock Exchange is not significantly impacted by the standard of external auditing. In addition, the independence of the Tehran Stock Exchange's financial reporting is directly and considerably impacted by the quality of the audits conducted by external parties. The findings, taken as a whole, suggested that in order for enterprises to function properly in Iraq they need a secure and politically stable environment. This, in turn, has an effect on the accuracy of the reports they provide. On the other hand, the profession of auditing in Iraq is still in its formative stages, and auditors need to have a deeper understanding of their respective industries. © The Author 2023. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) that allows others to share and adapt the material for any purpose (even commercially), in any medium with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Publication Date: 2023
Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences (23034521)11(5)pp. 15-26
Internal control is a critical strategy employed by organizations to enhance efficiency and operational effectiveness. Accounting information systems (AIS) also serve as valuable tools for acquiring necessary information to evaluate the performance of both managers and employees. This study examines the impact of internal control on employees' performance in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Iraq, with a particular focus on the moderating role of accounting information systems (AIS). Questionnaires were distributed among SMEs in Iraq, and data from 198 responses were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings indicate that internal control has a positive and significant influence on employees' performance in Iraqi SMEs. Furthermore, the utilization of information systems contributes to improved employee performance. However, the study did not find evidence of AIS moderating the relationship between internal control and employees' performance. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that in the economic context of Iraq, particularly within SMEs, internal control plays a crucial role in enhancing efficiency and improving employees' performance. Additionally, information systems have the potential to make a substantial impact in this domain. Nevertheless, it is imperative for these systems to be regularly updated and upgraded to effectively influence all departments and components within an organization. This research contributes to the understanding of internal control and information systems in SMEs in Iraq, which can aid similar organizations in developing economies. © The Author 2023. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) that allows others to share and adapt the material for any purpose (even commercially), in any medium with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Publication Date: 2024
International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies (13098055)16(3)pp. 305-320
Auditors’ personality affects audit quality, as an auditor performance function. Auditing may attract many personalities and require different personalities. This leads to the existence of different categories of personality features resulting in varying audit quality. This study examines the impact of auditor personality traits (agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and flexibility) on audit quality (auditor judgment and professional skepticism). The research statistical is all certified auditors in Iraq. For data analysis, the collected data were first entered into Excel and then analyzed using statistical software. In this study, ten hypotheses were formulated. The results indicate that extraversion, agreeableness, flexibility, neuroticism, and conscientiousness are positively related to audit quality (auditor professional skepticism). Additionally, extraversion and conscientiousness are in a positive relation with audit quality (auditor professional judgment), while flexibility and agreeableness negatively with audit quality (auditor professional judgment). Out of the ten hypotheses designed, nine were accepted, and only one hypothesis (the eighth) was rejected, indicating that neuroticism does not positively impact auditor professional judgment. © (2024), (Social Sciences Research Society). All Rights Reserved.
Publication Date: 2024
Montenegrin Journal of Economics (18006698)20(1)pp. 161-169
The accumulation of cash by corporations creates an agency conflict between management and shareholders, which benefits management at the expense of shareholders. A company's ability to generate profits depends on several factors, but lack of cash on hand is one of the most critical, increasing the risk of insolvency for that business. In the context of modern corporations, where there is separation between agent (management) and principals (owners), it is argued that the agent does not always act and perform its duties in the best interests of owners. Due to the asymmetric information between agent and principals, tax avoidance activities, in this case, can be used as a tool to facilitate the opportunistic behaviour of managers which at the end increasing costs borne by the owners (Dhaliwal et al. 2011). With this in mind, the study's overarching goal is to learn how much a different firm size makes in the correlation between tax evasion and cash on hand among Muscat Stock Exchange-traded corporations from 2011 to 2020. This study adopted the companies listed on the Muscat Stock Exchange as its statistical population; 20 companies were chosen using the process of systematic elimination. Hypotheses were examined using a multivariate regression technique and aggregated data. Moreover, the research found that the firm's size negatively modifies the correlation between tax avoidance and cash on hand. This study provides an insight that agency theory in the context of tax avoidance and corporate cash holdings in developing countries such as Oman needs to be explored further as the agency conflict in Indonesia as a developing country is more principal-principal conflicts. © 2024, Economic Laboratory for Transition Research. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2024
International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies (13098055)16(4)pp. 212-231
Objective: Given that many factors in identifying fraud are consistent with the audit methods used by the auditor, using an efficient and effective audit method such as risk-based auditing can be a big step in identifying fraud in auditing. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the effect of risk-based continuous auditing on reducing fraud. Research Methodology: The statistical population of this study includes financial experts and consultants, as well as professors in economics and finance who have at least 10 years of experience in the fiscal year 2024. Due to the limitation of the statistical population, the subjects were studied using a random-access method, and the questionnaire collected after removing corrupted copies or containing incomplete answers, 133 copies were included in the analysis. Findings: The results of the research questions showed that the tools used in continuous auditing, cooperation with external institutions for continuous auditing, managers’ goals for continuous audit reports, and the type of industry reduce the possibility of fraud. Also, the amount of adjustment in continuous audit reports, the objectives of the internal audit unit, and the number of members of the internal audit committee do not affect the reduction of fraud. In general, the results indicate that risk-based continuous auditing reduces fraud. © (2024), (Social Sciences Research Society). All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2024
Heritage and Sustainable Development (27120554)6(2)pp. 501-514
Research hypotheses that focus on financial leverage, earnings management, and sustainability factors which include growth potential will be highlighted in this study. Data collection includes all establishments that are trading on the Iraq Stock Exchange which is the sample population. Data comprised 31 issuers; selection was done systematically by eliminating companies from fiscal years 2009 through the year 2021. Estimation of the multivariate regression model used panel data actually to test hypotheses of this study. In relation to hypotheses, findings show that real EMS is not affected by financial leverage while accrual EMS is negatively affected. Furthermore, the research finds that a pertinent issue in this regard is the fact that the negative influence of monetary leverage on accrual-based earnings administration increases when growth opportunities are present. In another case, the relationship between monetary leverage and real earnings management does not depend on growth opportunity. Hence, this study shows the need to factor in sustainability elements like readiness for growth when examining the relation between financial leverage, earning management, and company performance. © The Author 2024. Published by ARDA.
Publication Date: 2025
Heritage and Sustainable Development (27120554)7(2)pp. 1041-1054
This study explores the impact of cost stickiness and its signaling effect on the accuracy of earnings per share (EPS) forecasts in the capital markets of developing countries, with a focus on Iraq and Jordan. Cost stickiness, defined as the asymmetric response of costs to revenue fluctuations, particularly their slower reduction during sales declines, challenges traditional forecasting models that assume cost symmetry. Drawing on panel data from 30 publicly listed firms between 2014 and 2023, the study tests six regression-based hypotheses. The results indicate that higher levels of total and operational cost stickiness significantly impair EPS forecast accuracy. In Iraq, operational and wage-related stickiness exert the strongest effects, while in Jordan, service and depreciation costs play a more prominent role. These findings are interpreted through agency theory, signaling, and information asymmetry, emphasizing how weaker institutional quality and disclosure, as in Iraq, intensify the adverse effects. The study contributes to the cost behavior literature and offers practical insights for analysts, regulators, and managers in emerging markets. © The Author 2025. Published by ARDA. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) that allows others to share and adapt the material for any purpose (even commercially), in any medium with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Shirzad-Aski H.,
Yazdi, M.,
Mohebbi A.,
Rafiee M.,
Soleimani-delfan, A.,
Tabarraei A.,
Ghaemi, E.A.,
Asadi, P.,
Abbasi jondani, J.,
Rahrovi dastjerdi, A.,
Taymouri, S.,
Yazdkhasti, F.,
Saadatseresht, M.,
Foroghi, D.,
Khodarahmi, G.,
Abedi, A.,
Varshosaz m., M.,
Kiani, G.H.,
Jalali, H.,
Zaker, H.,
Sadeghi-aliabadi, H.,
Dinari, M. Publication Date: 2025
Virology Journal (1743422X)(1)pp. 1358-1366
Background: Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus) is the second most prevalent etiological agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in young women. However, there is a paucity of data regarding its bacteriophage (phage). Therefore, this study was conducted to isolate and identify new lytic phages from municipal wastewater with the objective of increasing knowledge about phages and their genomes. Methods: A total of 11 clinical isolates of S. saprophyticus and 30 wastewater samples were used to isolate three lytic phages (vB_SsapH-Golestan-100, vB_SsapH-Golestan101-M, and vB_SsapH-Golestan-105-M). The morphology, behavioral characteristics, and complete DNA genomes of these phages were analyzed. Results: The microscopic images of the phages revealed that the sizes of their heads and tail lengths fell within the ranges of 90–111 nm and 234–266 nm, respectively. All phages exhibited high adsorption rates (99.5% in 15 min) and burst sizes (150–210 PFU per infected cell), with a potential for a narrow host range. Genomic analysis of Staphylococcus phages indicated a size of 136,433 base pairs (bp) with a guanine-cytosine (GC) content of 33.7% and 192 open reading frames (ORFs) for vB_SsapH-Golestan-100, 144,081 bp with a GC content of 29.6% and 205 ORFs for vB_SsapH-Golestan101-M, and 142,199 bp with a GC content of 30.6% and 203 ORFs for vB_SsapH-Golestan-105-M. A bioinformatics analysis indicated that all three phages belong to the Twortvirinae subfamily of Herelleviridae. Among the three phages, vB_SsapH-Golestan-100 exhibited the least similarity to previously known phages, with less than 21% similarity with its closest counterparts in genomic databases. Conclusions: This study identified new phages that have the ability to destroy a broad range of S. saprophyticus isolates and may potentially be classified as a new genus and species within the Herelleviridae family in future studies. © The Author(s) 2025.
Publication Date: 2025
International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies (13098055)17(3)pp. 53-68
The current study aims to examine financial leverage and the role of audit quality in accrual-based earnings management in emerging firms. The case study involved firms that are traded on stock exchanges in Iraq and Oman. The systematic sampling technique involved a total of 31 samples from Iraq and 26 samples from Oman between the years 2009 and 2022. In evaluating this study’s hypotheses regarding its variables, a multivariate regression analysis technique that is based on a total sample for all collected variables is used. The empirical findings of this study indicate that financial leverage has a total non-significant impact on earnings management in emerging firms. Furthermore, this study has a total significant and negative impact on earnings management. The findings indicate that financial leverage has a total non-significant impact on earnings management. In relation to this finding, financial leverage is not directly related to earnings management in emerging firms. The finding has a total significant and negative impact on earnings management. In this context, financial leverage has a significant impact in restricting opportunities for financial misrepresentation in emerging firms. The study therefore makes a key addition to this topic in identifying some key factors. The study makes a key point that financial leverage is not directly related to earnings management in emerging firms. The finding has a total significant and negative impact on earnings management. The finding makes a key point that financial leverage has a significant impact in restricting opportunities for financial misrepresentation. The finding has a total total impact in improving financial transparency and reliability in emerging firms in Iraq and Oman. The finding has a total impact in offering key suggestions and guidance to auditors in restricting opportunities for financial misrepresentation in emerging firms. © 2025, Social Sciences Research Society. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2025
International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies (13098055)17(3)pp. 29-52
This study aims to explore the joint effect of accounting fraud and financial performance indicators on the crash risk of stock price for the banking industry. This study considers a dataset of 11 banks traded on the Tehran Stock Exchange and 6 banks traded on the Iraqi Stock Exchange for a period of 2015-2023. This study uses the discretionary accruals method to represent accounting fraud to measure the effect of crash risk of stock price. This study considers the NCSKEW and DUVOL methods to represent crash risk of stock price. This study finds that accounting fraud has a strong positive impact on crash risk of stock price for the respective country datasets. This study finds evidence that supports the concept of the existing bad news hoarding theory for banks. This study finds that accounting fraud affects crash risk of stock price to a higher level for Iraqi banks than Iranian banks. This confirms that institutional differences impact accounting fraud for crash risk of stock price datasets. This study considers control variables to develop a theoretical conceptual framework for better understanding of crash risk of stock price. This study finds that crash risk of stock price to a lower level for banks with higher size, age, and profits. This study finds that banks with higher leverage indicate a higher probability for crash risk of stock price. This study validates the analysis by utilizing the Beneish M-Score method to represent accounting fraud for crash risk of stock price. This study considers a CRASH dummy test to validate the analysis. This study contributes to the existing crisis theory for crash risk of stock price for banking industry by identifying three key points. First, this study introduces a theoretical concept that banking industry institutions impact accounting fraud for crash risk of stock price theory to advance future crisis theory for banking industry study requirements. This study explains that a banking industry study should focus on safety enforcement to develop transparency to enhance audit quality to develop banking industry stability for developing countries like Iraq for banking industry crisis theory. This study introduces a warning message to stakeholders to demand awareness to demand carefulness to demand prudence to demand caution while analyzing banking industry profits that banking industry profits induce for developing country crisis theory for banking industry. Taken together, the results contribute to a better understanding of the impact of accounting fraud on emerging market economies with respect to financial system integrity. © 2025, Social Sciences Research Society. All rights reserved.
