International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)12(1)
Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of systematic corrective exercises on the static and dynamic balance of students with pronation distortion syndrome. Methods: In this randomized controlled clinical trial study, 30 volunteers were selected and randomly divided into the control and experimental groups (15 subjects per group). The experimental group performed systematic corrective exercises for 12 weeks, while the control group performed the routine exercise. Static and dynamic balance was evaluated before and after the interventions. The data were analyzed using independent and paired t-tests (P < 0.05). Results: The results showed significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the static and dynamic balance in the experimental group, but not in the control group. A significant difference was evident between the experimental and control groups in terms of static and dynamic balances, in static balance including Flamingo balance test (42.26 ± 5.35 vs. 10.13 ± 1.92) stabilometr (1.23 ± 0.48 vs. 3.71 ± 1.02), and in dynamic balance including star excursion balance test (anterior direction 82.4 ± 6.2 vs. 66.7 ± 6.9, Posterior-internal direction 87.8 ± 4.7 vs. 69.6 ± 6.3, posterior-external direction 86.06 ± 6.93 vs. 67.2 ± 6.2), stabilometr (3.8 ± 0.6 vs. 11.18 ± 1.8) (P < 0.05 for all variables). Conclusions: It can be concluded that systematic corrective exercises improve static and dynamic balance in students with pronation distortion syndrome and it could be recommended as modalities for these people. © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
Iranian Rehabilitation Journal (17353602)18(2)pp. 181-192
Objectives: Pronation distortion syndrome is one of the common physical deformities, that causes distortions in the skeletal structures of the feet. The current study aimed to determine the effects of 12 weeks of systematic and functional corrective exercises on the body posture of students with pronation distortion syndrome. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 volunteers suffering from pronation distortion syndrome were selected. Then, they were randomly divided into two 15-member groups, i.e. the experimental and the control groups. The experimental group practiced systematic and functional corrective exercises for 12 weeks (three sessions a week, each lasting an hour), while the control group did not receive any exercises. Before and after the exercises, the students were evaluated using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) screening test as well as body posture tests, including flat feet, pronation angle of ankle joint, knock-knee (bow-leggedness or genu valgum), and lumbar lordosis (swayback). The obtained data were analyzed using the dependent and independent t-tests (P<0.05). Results: After 12 weeks of systematic and functional corrective exercises, the experimental group showed significant improvement in FMS and body posture (P=0.001). However, no significant difference was observed in the control group (P<0.05). In general, the body posture of the experimental group was significantly better than the control group (P=0.001). Discussion: Based on the findings of the current study, systematic and functional corrective exercises improve the body posture of students suffering from pronation distortion syndrome. Therefore, these exercises are recommended for such students. © 2020, Iranian Rehabilitation Journal. All Rights Reserved.
Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine (15363724)29(3)pp. 193-202
Objective:To investigate the effect of corrective exercises on functional movement patterns, sensorimotor function, self-reported function, and fatigue sensitivity in collegiate athletes with chronic ankle instability (CAI).Design:A randomized controlled trial.Setting:Laboratory of sports sciences.Participants:Forty male volunteers were randomly assigned to the experimental group (age 21.2 ± 1.7 years, height 174.5 ± 6.1 cm, and weight 69.6 ± 6.9 kg) or the control group (age 20.9 ± 1.8 years, height 178.2 ± 6.6 cm, and weight 68.8 ± 8.1 kg).Intervention:Participants in the experimental group performed supervised corrective exercises 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Fatigue was induced with a progressive treadmill protocol before and after the 8-week intervention.Main Outcome Measures:Outcomes included movement efficiency during 3 squat tasks, static and dynamic postural control, strength of the ankle musculature, joint position sense, and self-reported function with the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure subscales. These outcomes were assessed before and immediately after fatiguing treadmill running both before and after 8-weeks of corrective exercises.Results:Significant improvements in movement efficiency, sensorimotor function, and self-reported function were noted in the experimental group relative to the control group (P < 0.001), in a nonfatigued state. However, in a fatigued stated, the experimental intervention only improved static postural control (P = 0.016) relative to the control group.Conclusions:These findings demonstrate that 8-weeks of corrective exercises were effective at enhancing movement efficiency, sensorimotor function, and self-reported function in collegiate athletes with CAI. However, this intervention program has limited abilities at reducing the effects of fatigue. © 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Iranian Journal of War and Public Health (2980969X)11(4)pp. 189-196
Aim(s) Individuals with lower extremity amputation have more difficulties than healthy people in static and dynamic balance. The significant effect of core stability training in different subjects has proven in previous studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of core stability training on static and dynamic balance and strength on disabled veterans with unilateral below knee amputation. Materials & Methods This semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and control group was carried out on 36 disabled veterans with unilateral below knee amputation in Mashhad city in 2018. The subjects were selected by the purposive sampling method and the subjects were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (N=18). After measuring the static and dynamic balance and strength variables, core stability training was performed for the subjects of the experimental group for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week under the supervision of the researcher. Then, the research variables were again evaluated in two groups. Data were analyzed through SPSS 19 software using independent and paired sample t-tests. Findings There was a significant difference between the mean scores of post-test and pretest in the experimental group (p<0.0001), but there was no significant difference between the mean scores of the posttest and pretest in the control group (p>0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the post-test step (p<0.0001). Conclusion The offered training can be effective in the balance, strength and core stability in people with unilateral lower limb amputation and can improve their balance. Copyright© 2019, ASP Ins. This open-access article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License which permits Share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and Adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) under the Attribution-NonCommercial terms.
Journal Of Research In Health Sciences (22287809)19(3)
Background: Hyperkyphosis is often accompanied by forward head and shoulder postures. Together, these three disorders are called “Upper Cross Syndrome (UCS)”. We aimed to perform a photogrammetric analysis of UCS among teachers and to determine the effects of National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM) exercises with ergonomic training interventions on the syndrome. Study design: A semi-experimental study. Methods: Photogrammetric analysis was performed using the UCS software among teachers in order to determine the angles of forward head, rounded shoulders, and hyperkyphosis. Twenty-three teachers were selected purposefully and enrolled in Fasa City in 2018. They were randomly divided into experimental (n=12) and control (n=11) groups. Experimental group attended 12 wk of NASM exercises with ergonomic intervention but the control group did not participate in any regular exercise. The data were analyzed using paired t-test and differential independent t-test (P[removed]
Asian Journal Of Sports Medicine (20087209)10(2)
Objectives: In accordance with the multiple causes of impingement syndrome being a major injury of the swimmers’ shoulder, choosing an effective method in preventing shoulder injury is important. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of eight weeks open and closed kinetic chain exercises on muscle torque of internal and external rotators of shoulder in elite swimmers. Methods: In this study, 45 swimmers were selected based on the inclusion criteria and divided randomly and equally into three groups of open chain, closed chain exercises, and control. Both open and closed chain groups performed their own exercises three times a week for eight weeks, but no upper extremity exercises were given to the control group. Before the training, the pick torque of the external and internal rotators of shoulder were measured by the isokinetic HUMAC NORM machine at various speeds of 60, 120 and 180 degrees/s. After eight weeks of practice, the variables were re-measured. Shapiro-Wilk test was used for data normalization, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc testes were used accordingly to compare the groups and to show the intra-group difference (P < 0.05). Results: The results of this study showed that eight weeks of open and closed chain training improved the torque of internal and external shoulder rotator muscles at 60, 120 and 180 degrees per second (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference between open chain and closed chain exercises, and the effect of open chain was more than closed chain training (P < 0.05). Conclusions: According to this study, it can be concluded that open and closed kinetic chain exercises improve the torque of the external and internal rotating muscles in swimmers. They also suggest that kinetic chain exercises are more effective than closed kinetic chain exercises in this regard so could be prescribed for swimmers. © 2019, Author(s).
Tabatabaee, R.A.,
Rahnama, N.,
Khayambashy, K.,
Dehkhoda, M.R.,
Shahi, M.H.P. Asian Journal Of Sports Medicine (20087209)10(2)
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of ankle TheraBand resistance training on dynamic balance index among elite male basketball players. Methods: This was a randomized trial performed on 24 male professional basketball players without lower extremity injury. The participants were selected using purposeful sampling and were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 8, including: (1) high-intensity resistance training using TheraBand (80%-95% 1RM), (N = 8); (2) moderate-intensity resistance training using TheraBand (65%-80% 1RM), (N = 8); and (3) control group with regular basketball training (N = 8). The groups were trained in three sessions for 8 weeks. Trial and error table for TheraBand resistance from American Physical Therapy Organization (APTA) 2012 was used to measure maximum 1RM in each participant. In addition, the dynamic balance index in the APSI (anterior-posterior stability index), MLSI (medial-lateral stability index) and OSI (overall stability index) were measured using Biodex stability system. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data (P < 0.05). Results: Results showed that the high-intensity resistance training and moderate-intensity resistance training significantly improved dynamic stability index in the anterior-posterior axis, medial-lateral axis and overall axis (P = 0.0001). No significant changes were observed in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral axes after a detraining period (4 weeks), “durability rate”. However, the overall axis values of the dynamic balance index in the moderate intensity training group indicated a higher durability rate than the high intensity resistance training group after detraining (P = 0.02). Conclusions: It can be concluded that the high and moderate intensity resistance training improved dynamic balance index, and even moderate intensity resistance training was effective after a period of detraining, so it can be recommended for basketball players. © 2019, Author(s).
Bagherian, S.,
Ghasempoor, K.,
Rahnama, N.,
Wikstrom, E.A. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation (15433072)28(5)pp. 444-449
Context: Preparticipation examinations are the standard approach for assessing poor movement quality that would increase musculoskeletal injury risk. However, little is known about how core stability influences functional movement patterns. Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an 8-week core stability program on functional movement patterns in college athletes. The secondary purpose was to determine if the core stability training program would be more effective in those with worse movement quality (ie, ≤14 baseline functional movement screen [FMS] score). Design: Quasiexperimental design. Setting: Athletic training facility. Participants: One-hundred college athletes. Main Outcome Measures: Functional movement patterns included the FMS, lateral step-down, and Y balance test and were assessed before and after the 8- week program. Intervention: Participants were placed into one of the 2 groups: intervention and control. The intervention group was required to complete a core stability training program that met 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Results: Significant group × time interactions demonstrated improvements in FMS, lateral step-down, and Y balance test scores in the experimental group relative to the control group (P < .001). Independent sample t tests demonstrate that change scores were larger (greater improvement) for the FMS total score and hurdle step (P < .001) in athletes with worse movement quality. Conclusions: An 8-week core stability training program enhances functional movement patterns and dynamic postural control in college athletes. The benefits are more pronounced in college athletes with poor movement quality. © 2019 Human Kinetics, Inc.
Bagherian, S.,
Rahnama, N.,
Wikstrom, E.A.,
Clark, M.A.,
Rostami, F.,
Donovan, L. International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training (21577277)23(1)pp. 27-32
Sensorimotor function is impaired in chronic ankle instability (CAI) patients. CAI patients have an increased sensitivity to fatigue relative to controls. Few investigations have quantified functional movement scores in CAI patients or the effect of fatigue on such scores. Therefore, we characterized functional movement scores before and after fatigue in 40 collegiate athletes with CAI. Three movement patterns (double-limb squat, double-limb squat with heel lift, and single-limb squat) were completed before and after fatigue and scored using Fusionetics®. All Fusionetics scores were higher (worse) after fatigue. The results demonstrate that functional movement scores were sensitive to fatigue. © 2018 Human Kinetics, Inc.
Mohammadpour, H.,
Rahnama, N.,
Alizade, M.,
Shaighan, V. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health (discontinued) (09746005)12(Special Issue)
Parkinson's disease is a prevalent chronic neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by symptoms such as slowed movement, rigid muscles, tremor (shaking) at rest and impaired posture. They can impose serious motor and mental problems to patients. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise program on the quality of life and motor function of male with Parkinson's disease. Thirty patients were selected in Isfahan using targeted and convenience sampling method. The patients were divided equally and randomly into two experimental (mean ± SD; age 60.6±6.01year, weight, 73.8±12.1kgand height, 170.2±8.3cm) and control groups (mean ± SD; age 61.9±5.2years, weight, 74.3±12.6kgs and height, 171.2±7.8cm). The experimental group underwent combined exercise program for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week) while the control group had no regular physical activity. The quality of life and motor function were measured using PDQL and UPDRS questionnaires and the data was analyzed using dependent and independent t - tests(P<0.05). There was a significant difference in all sub-scales of the quality of life and motor function of the experimental group before and after the exercise programs (P<0.05) as all variables improved, but no significant difference was observed in the control group (P>0.05). There was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (P<0.05). It can be concluded that combined exercise program can be recommended for Parkinson's disease patients. © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice (17443881)31pp. 343-348
The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of two different interventions on pain and disability in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Forty-one individuals (Mean ± SD: Age 52.1 ± 8.9 years, Height 172.8 ± 6.6 cm, Weight 80.2 ± 6.9 kg) with KOA were randomly allocated into Pilates (N = 14), conventional therapeutic exercise (CTE) (N = 14), and control (N = 13) groups. Joint position sense (JPS), functional performance, pain, and disability were examined using Biodex system, aggregate time of four daily activities, and Lequesne Index. One-Way ANOVA, and Post Hoc Scheffe test were administrated to analyze the data (P < 0.05). There was a significant (P < 0.001) difference between the experimental groups in all measured outcomes compared to the control. While, regarding pain and disability, more significant (P = 0.003) improvement was observed in participants following Pilates training compared to CTE. It seemed that Pilates training was more effective than the CTE to improve pain and disability in individuals with KOA. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology (discontinued) (23204672)7(12)pp. 1417-1421
Background: The process of recovery plays a significant role in sustaining athletic performance and preventing exhaustion among players. Active recovery (AR) is generally accepted as a series of light intrinsic activity after intense activities. It is believed that this type of recovery improves athletes’ recovery process. On the other hand, among different recovery methods, recovery in water in different temperatures is highly reputed among athletes. Aims and Objectives: The present research was aimed at comparison of effects of AR and deep water running (DWR) on serum levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferases (AST) as indices of muscular damage subsequent to a simulated soccer game among 19-21-year-old players of Ahwaz Naft soccer team present in premier league. Materials and Methods: 18 players of Naft soccer team were randomly assigned to either of the two 9 membered groups of AR and DWR. Afterward, the aforementioned participants took part in a 90 min (including two 45 min rounds of random activity) simulated soccer activity that was primarily designed by Bangsbow and modified by Bishop et al. After the activity, one group was administered an AR while the other was administered DWR recovery. To compare the changes of variables in the aforementioned groups, the statistical method of mixed variance analysis among individuals was used. Results: The difference between changes of variables between the groups of AR and DWR was not statistically significant (P = 0.541, P = 115 and P = 748, respectively, for LDH, CK, and AST). Conclusion: It seems that there is no statistically significant difference between the effects of AR and DWR recovery on muscular damages of soccer players after a period of playing. However, still more research is required in this regard. © 2018 Mohammad Sajadian, et al.
Akoochakian, M.,
Davari, H.A.,
Alizadeh, M.H.,
Rahnama, N. Journal Of Research In Medical Sciences (17357136)22(3)
Background: Muscle strength is necessary for upper body normal function. Upper extremity function impairments have been reported in breast cancer (BC) survivors. It is not possible to know precisely if cancer adjuvant therapy such as radiation and chemotherapy had any effect on the unaffected arm. The aim of this study was to compare shoulder girdle strength among women with BC and similarly aged women without cancer. Materials and Methods: Thirty‑three postmenopausal women (51 ± 6.46 years) with BC who underwent surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy and 30 healthy postmenopausal women (53.26 ± 5.05 years) were selected. Muscle strength was measured using a handheld dynamometer for flexion, horizontal adduction, internal and external rotation, scapular abduction and upward rotation, scapular depression, and adduction. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (P < 0.05). Results: The findings indicated significant differences between groups of 6 of the shoulder girdle strength measure (flexion (P = 0.003), internal rotation (P = 0.001), external rotation (P = 0.040), scapular abduction and upward rotation (P = 0.001), scapular depression and adduction (P = 0.025), and shoulder horizontal adduction (P = 0.00)). Patients showed significantly lower strength compared with healthy controls (flexion = 34.3%, abd = 64.2%, int.rot = 51.2%, ext.rot = 32.4%, hor.add = 58.06, and depression = 35.2%). Conclusion: The results indicate that the shoulder girdle strength in women with BC decreased compared with healthy women without BC. Therefore, during the treatment of patients with BC, designing of training programs and rehabilitation programs need to be performed on shoulder girdle strength factors in patients undergoing mastectomy with axillary surgery and radiation therapy. © 2017 Journal of Research in Medical Sciences.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)34(390)pp. 809-815
Background: Considering todays life, sports and physical activities are of special importance in people’s health. Athletes, as a unique part of the society, are very famous and children and teenagers look at them as heroes. But, they are at the risk of sudden death mainly because of unknown origin. Since there is little information about the causes of sudden death among the athletes in Iran, this study aimed to assess the causes of nontraumatic sudden death during sport activities in Isfahan province, Iran, according to the data of Isfahan Legal Medicine Organization. Methods: In this retrograde descriptive study, considering the data of Isfahan Legal Medicine Organization, 32942 file of the Division of Decedents from the years 2003 to 2013 were investigated; in some cases, the pathological samples were studied again to confirm the diagnosis and in some others, their families were asked to complete the data. Finally, the sample consisted of 30 cadavers (27 men and 3 women) who were divided to 2 groups of under and over the age of 35 years. Findings were presented using tables and charts. Findings: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) was the most common cause of death seen in 11 cases (37%), 9 of them were of the group of under 35 years. Second prevalent cause was ischemic coronary atherosclerosis in 9 cases (30%), 3 of were of the group of under 35 years. Mitral valve prolapse was seen in 2 cases (7%) both of the group of under 35 years. Coronary and cerebral arteries abnormalities each one were seen in one case (3%) both of the group of under 35 years where as myocardial dysplasia was seen in 1 case (3%) of the group over 35 years. Other causes were identified in 4 cases (13%) of the group of less than 35 years. Conclusion: Based on this study, the most common cause of nontraumatic sudden death during sport activities in Isfahan Province was severe coronary atherosclerosis for the ages of over 35 years hypertrophic cardiomyopathy for the ages of less than 35 years. © 2016, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved.
Arjmandi, B.H.,
Ormsbee, L.T.,
Elam, M.L.,
Campbell, S.C.,
Rahnama, N.,
Payton, M.E.,
Brummel-smith, K.,
Daggy, B.P. Journal of Medicinal Food (15577600)17(6)pp. 707-713
The extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis and Acacia catechu have been shown in previous studies to alleviate joint discomfort, reduce stiffness, and improve mobility by reducing the production of proinflammatory molecules over long periods of supplementation. The acute effects of intake of these extracts have not yet been investigated. Thus, we carried out a 1 week clinical trial to examine the extent to which UP446 - a natural proprietary blend of S. baicalensis and A. catechu (UP446) - decreases knee joint pain, mobility, and biomarkers of inflammation in comparison to naproxen. Seventy-nine men and women (40-90 years old) diagnosed as having mild to moderate osteoarthritis (OA) consumed either 500mg/day of the UP446 supplement or 440mg/day of naproxen for 1 week in a double-blind randomized control trial. Pain, knee range of motion (ROM), and overall physical activity were evaluated at the start and at the end of treatment. Fasting blood was collected to determine serum interleukins 1β and 6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, and hyaluronic acid. The UP446 group experienced a significant decrease in perceived pain (P=.009) time dependently. Stiffness was significantly reduced by both treatments (P=.002 UP446, P=.008 naproxen). Significant increases in mean ROM over time (P=.04) were found in the UP446 group. These findings suggest that UP446 is effective in reducing the physical symptoms associated with knee OA. © 2014, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
Nuri r., R.,
Mahmudieh b., ,
Damirchi a., A.,
Rahmani-nia r., ,
Rahnama, N.,
Emami h., H. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services (16069366)22(91)pp. 1-10
Background and Objective: IGFs (Insulin-like growth factors) and some binding proteins can cause occurrence and recurrence of breast cancer. Since the role of combined exercise training on these factors is not clear, therefore, the aim of this study was to look at the changes of IGF axis and some binding proteins in postmenopausal women with breast cancer after 15 weeks of combined exercise training. Materials and Methods: Twenty- nine women with breast cancer (58.27 ± 6.31 years) who underwent surgery, chemotherapy and radiation- therapy with current hormone therapy were divided into two groups of experimental and control. Subjects of the experimental group performed 15 weeks of combined exercises including walking (2 sessions per week) and resistance training (2 sessions per week that differed from walking days). Data were analyzed by using ANCOVA (p< 0.05). Results: Combined exercise training had significant effect on IGF-1 levels (P= 0.001), IGFB-3 levels (P= 0.000) and IGF-1: IGFB-3 (P= 0.000) in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. After 15 weeks, IGE -1 reduced in the experimental group up to 9 percent and IGFB-3 increased by 28 percent. On the other hand, exercise training had no significant effect on the IGFB-1 (P= 0.652) in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Conclusion: While the IGF axis factors and some binding proteins play an important role in breast cancer and its recurrence, it seems that changes in these factors through combined exercise training programs can delay its recurrence.
Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences (15614107)16(6)pp. 26-32
Background and Objective: Decreasing muscle strength and the quality of life (QOL) are some major problems for hemophilic patients. The purpose of this study was to compare two treatment protocols, including land-based and water-based exercise therapy on muscle strength and QOL in patients with hemophilia for 8 weeks. Methods: In this experimental study, thirty-eight patients with hemophilia (type A) were randomly assigned into land-based exercise therapy, hydrotherapy and control groups. The participants in hydrotherapy group performed hamstring stretching and quadriceps strengthening exercises in water while the patients in land-based exercise therapy group followed the same exercises outside the water three days in a week for 8 weeks and the subjects in control group have their everyday life. The muscle strength and QOL were evaluated using hand held dynamometer and WOMAC questionnaire at base line and after interventions, respectively. Findings: The patients who completed the interventions had significant increase in hamstring (Mean±SD: hydrotherapy: post-test 17.7±4.8; exercise therapy: post-test 17.3±8.1; control: post-test 12.3±6.6) strength and quadriceps (Mean±SD: hydrotherapy: post-test 20.9±5.5; exercise therapy: post-test20.2±7.7; control: post-test (15.2±6.8) and improvement in QOL compared to subjects in control group (p<0.001). More significant (p<0.01) improvement in QOL (hydrotherapy: post-test 26.4±9.1; exercise therapy: post-test 26.4±9.1; control: post-test 43.4±6.4) was found in participants of WET group in comparison to those in LET group, although no significant (p>0.05) difference was detected between the WET and LET therapeutic programs in changes of quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength at baseline and after finishing the treatment protocols. Conclusion: Both interventions can improve quality of life and muscle strength of knee joint in patients with knee joint arthropathy due to hemophilia, although the influence of water-based exercise therapy program in improving QOL protocol is more than land-based exercise therapy method.
Journal Of Kerman University Of Medical Sciences (20082843)21(5)pp. 437-445
Methods: In the present study, 35 men (mean ± standard deviation of: age = 22.6±2.9 years, height = 175.5±8.3 cm, and weight =77.6±9.3 kg) were selected via convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three groups, including the vibration technique (n=12), resistive exercise (n=12), and control (n=11). The first two groups followed their own specific protocol 3 days per week for 8 weeks, and were forbidden from participating in any sport or physical activity. Pain intensity and active angle reproduction error (AARE) for 45˚ knee flexion were assessed using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Biodex system.
Olamazadeh s., ,
Taghian f., F.,
Barakatain m., M.,
Rahnama, N. Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche (03933660)173(4)pp. 185-195
Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aquatic exercises on respiratory, fatigue and lactate level in panic disorders patients. Metods. Thirty-eight women patients with panic disorders (age 35.8±8.3 yrs, weight 67.7±13.2 kg, height 183.5±5.3 cm) were selected after medical screening, and were randomly divided into two control (N.=19) and experimental (N.=19) groups. Pulmonary indices and forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow in one second (FEV), volume rate of FEV1% were measured using spirometer and fatigue was measured using multidimensional fatigue inventory questionnaire, blood lactate level in resting position using lactometer. All variables were measured in rest and at the end of the 12 th week intervention. The experimental group participated in a 12-week aquatic exercise (one-hour, three sessions per week with the maximum heart rate reserve intensity of 50-85%), while the control group continued their normal life. Paird-samples t-test was used for analyse of data (P<0.05). Results. The results of this study showed that, FVC, FEV and FEV1% increased significantly after 12 weeks of aquatic exercise intervention (P<0.05). The fatigue reduced significantly (P<0.05) significant changes in blood lactate levels (P<0.05) was observed. Conclusion. It can be concluded that aquatic exercise could be used as a supplementary therapeutic method in improving fatigue and respiratory factors, for treatment of panic patients.
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)5(1)pp. 83-88
Background: Pain and limited range of motion (ROM) are the crucial subsequent results of joint hemorrhages in individuals with bleeding disorders and hemophilia. Exercise interventions are particularly recommended in treatment of such patients. The purpose of this study was to detect the influences of conventional exercise therapy and hydrotherapy on the knee joint complications in patients with hemophilia. Methods: A total of 40 patients engaging hemophilia A were randomized into one of three groups: Therapeutic exercise (N = 13), hydrotherapy (N = 14) or control (N = 13). While the first two groups followed their specific programs for 4 weeks, routine life-style was maintained by subjects in the control group in this period. To evaluate the pain level and knee ROM the visual analog scale and standard goniometer were utilized, respectively. The outcome was measured at baseline and after completing the prescribed protocols. Data analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and Scheffe statistical tests (P < 0.05). Results: Both experimental groups experienced more significant decreasing in pain level (P < 0.001) and knee flexion and extension ROM (P < 0.001) in comparison to the control group. Although the pain was significantly (P < 0.01) more alleviated in participants treated through hydrotherapy in comparison to exercise therapy, the difference in ROM improvement was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Using hydrotherapy in addition to usual rehabilitation training can result in beneficial effect in terms of pain and knee joint ROM. However, it appears that hydrotherapy is more effective in reducing pain.
Daneshjoo, A.,
Rahnama, N.,
Mokhtar a.h., A.H.,
Yusof a., A. Journal of Human Kinetics (16405544)36(1)pp. 45-53
This study investigated bilateral and unilateral asymmetries of strength and flexibility in male young professional soccer players. Thirty-six soccer players (age: 18.9 ± 1.4 years) participated in this study. A Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer was used to assess the hamstring and quadriceps strength at selected speeds of 60°/s, 180°/s and 300°/s. Hip joint flexibility was measured using a goniometer. No difference was observed in conventional strength ratio, dynamic control ratio and fast/slow speed ratio between the dominant and non-dominant legs (p>0.05). All but one of the players (97.2%) had musculoskeletal abnormality (bilateral imbalance > 10%) in one or more specific muscle groups. The dominant leg had greater hip joint flexibility compared with the non-dominant leg (108.8 ± 10.7° versus 104.6 ± 9.8°, respectively). The findings support the hypothesis that physical performance and movement pattern experienced during soccer playing may negatively change the balance of strength in both legs (bilateral strength balance), but not on the same leg of the young male professional soccer players. The results can be helpful for trainers and coaches to decide whether the players need to improve their balance and strength which in turn may prevent injury. It is suggested that in professional soccer training, quadriceps and hamstrings muscle strength, as well as hip joint flexibility should not be overlooked. © Editorial Committee of Journal of Human Kinetics.
Taghian f., F.,
Rahnama, N.,
Esfarjani f., ,
Sharifi g.r., G.R. Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche (03933660)172(1-2)pp. 130-130
Daneshjoo, A.,
Rahnama, N.,
Mokhtar a.h., A.H.,
Yusof a., A. Journal of Human Kinetics (16405544)39(1)pp. 115-125
Muscular strength is an important factor which is crucial for performance and injury prevention in most sports. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the FIFA's Medical Assessment and Research Centre 11〈 and HarmoKnee injury prevention programs on knee strength of young professional male soccer players. Thirty-six soccer players (age: 18.9 ± 1.4 years) were divided equally into three groups; the 11〈 , HarmoKnee and control groups. The programs were performed for 24 sessions. Hamstring and quadriceps strength was measured using the Biodex System 3 at 30°, 60° and 90° of knee flexion. The 11〈 increased quadriceps strength in the dominant leg by 19.7% and 47.8% at 60°and 90° knee flexion, respectively, and in the non-dominant leg by 16%, 35.3% and 78.1 % at 30°, 60° and 90° knee flexion, respectively. The HarmoKnee group, however, showed increased quadriceps strength only at 90° i.e., by 85.7% in the dominant leg and 73.8% in the non-dominant leg. As for hamstring strength, only the 11〈 group demonstrated an increment by 24.8% and 19.8% at 30° and 60° knee flexion in the dominant leg, and in the nondominant leg, by 28.7% and 13.7% at 30° and 60deg; knee flexion, respectively. In conclusion, both warm-up programs improve quadriceps strength. The 11〈 demonstrated improvement in hamstring strength while the HarmoKnee program did not indicate any improvement. We suggest adding eccentric hamstring components such as Nordic hamstring exercise to the HarmoKnee program in order to enhance hamstring strength. © Editorial Committee of Journal of Human Kinetics.
Daneshjoo, A.,
Mokhtar a.h., A.H.,
Rahnama, N.,
Yusof a., A. Journal Of Sports Science And Medicine (13032968)12(3)pp. 489-496
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the 11+ and HarmoKnee warm-up programs on performance measures in professional soccer players. Thirty-six male professional soccer players (age: 18.9 ± 1.4 years) were divided into 3 groups, the 11+, HarmoKnee and control group (n = 12 per group). The experimental groups performed the programs 3 times per week for 2 months (24 sessions), whereas the control group only performed their regular soccer training. The performance tests carried out were: 10m speed tests with and without a ball, 20m single sprint, vertical jump, Wall-Volley and Illinois agility tests. The 11+ group demonstrated significant increases from pre-to-post time points in the vertical jump (3.7%), Wall-Volley (5.4%) and Illinois agility tests (1.7%), while the HarmoKnee group showed a significant increase in Wall-Volley test, with a 5.2% increase. The repeated measures analysis revealed differences between the groups (large effect size) in the 11+ and HarmoKnee groups, compared to the control group, in 10m speed tests with and without a ball, 20m single sprint and Illinois agility tests (p < 0.05). Thus 8-weeks performing the 11+ warm-up program can enhance jump height, agility and soccer skill while the HarmoKnee program generally only improves soccer skill in young professional male soccer players. © Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2013).
Daneshjoo, A.,
Mokhtar a.h., A.H.,
Rahnama, N.,
Yusof a., A. Biology of Sport (20831862)30(4)pp. 281-288
The study investigates the effects of the 11+ and HarmoKnee injury prevention programmes on knee strength in male soccer players. Under-21-year-old players (n=36) were divided equally into: the 11+, HarmoKnee and control groups. The programmes were performed for 24 sessions (20-25 min each). The hamstrings and quadriceps strength were measured bilaterally at 60°·s-1, 180°·s-1 and 300°·s-1. The concentric quadriceps peak torque (PT) of the 11+ increased by 27.7% at 300°·s-1 in the dominant leg (p<0.05). The concentric quadriceps PT of HarmoKnee increased by 36.6%, 36.2% and 28% in the dominant leg, and by 31.3%, 31.7% and 20.05% at 60°·s-1, 180°·s-1 and 300°·s-1 in the non-dominant leg respectively. In the 11+ group the concentric hamstring PT increased by 22%, 21.4% and 22.1% at 60°·s-1, 180°·s-1 and 300°·s-1, respectively in the dominant leg, and by 22.3%, and 15.7% at 60°·s-1 and 180°·s-1, in the non-dominant leg. In the HarmoKnee group the hamstrings in the dominant leg showed an increase in PT by 32.5%, 31.3% and 14.3% at 60°·s-1, 180°·s-1 and 300°·s-1, and in the non-dominant leg hamstrings PT increased by 21.1% and 19.3% at 60°·s-1 and 180°·s-1 respectively. The concentric hamstrings strength was significantly different between the 11+ and control groups in the dominant (p=0.01) and non-dominant legs (p=0.02). The HarmoKnee programme enhanced the concentric strength of quadriceps. The 11+ and HarmoKnee programmes are useful warm-up protocols for improving concentric hamstring strength in young professional male soccer players. The 11+ programme is more advantageous for its greater concentric hamstring strength improvement compared to the HarmoKnee programme.
Sports Biomechanics (17526116)12(3)pp. 283-292
The purpose of this paper was to establish the variability and typical error of kinematic and kinetic variables representing the maximal instep kick in soccer for both the kicking and support legs. Ten skilled (good amateur or semi-professional) soccer players performed 20 maximal instep kicks of a stationary ball into a goal mouth. Motion of the kicking and support legs was recorded by an optoelectronic motion analysis system, and a six degrees of freedom model was used to compute kinematic and kinetic variables. Participants repeated the kicks on a second day at least 1 week later. The mean within-subject coefficient of variation across the kinematic and kinetic variables, trials, and days was 16% and did not change substantially as trial number increased or between day of test. Increasing trial number reduced the typical error (as determined by the standard error of the mean) such that for 20 trials 75% of the variables were below an arbitrary 5% threshold. It was concluded that for kicking investigations, 10-15 trials could be used and typical errors of 5% should be expected. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
Rahnama, N.,
Bambaeichi e., E.,
Bagherian, S.,
Nezhadroomazi, S. Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)30(196)
Background: Triathlon is a popular sport match that combines swimming, cycling, and running into a single event. During each stage, athletes have specific positions which may affect their spinal curvatures. The aim of this study was to compare forward head posture, thoracic kyphosis, and lumbar lordosis in triathlon athletes and non-athletes. Methods: This study included 40 Iranian male triathlon athletes and 40 non-athletes. Each athlete had to complete a questionnaire about training procedures and his experience of participation in a triathlon. The degrees of forward head, kyphosis, and lordosis were measured using a goniometer and a flexible ruler. Findings: The mean degree of forward head in triathlon athletes (44.58° ± 7.11°) was significantly (about 20%) greater than non-athletes (28.55° ± 7.24°). A significant difference was observed in mean kyphosis between triathlon athletes and non-athletes (45.86° ± 6.68° vs. 43.03° ± 5.6°). However, no significant difference was found between triathlon athletes and non-athletes in mean lordosis (32.96° ± 5.85° vs. 33.76° ± 4.16°). Conclusion: It can be concluded that posing specific postures during the 3 stages of a triathlon increases forward head posture and kyphosis among athletes. Therefore, stretching and strengthening exercises are recommended to prevent athletes from developing these abnormalities.
Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche (03933660)171(6)pp. 767-773
Aim. Physical activity inversely associated with inflammatory markers. Active old people as compared with non-active have the lower level of IL-6, TNF-α and CRP. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic exercises on inflammatory markers in elderly women (75-60 old years). Methods. Twenty old women were chosen and then randomly were divided into two groups; control (mean±SD, age 68 ± 4 years, height 1/55±0/4 m, weight 72/67 ± 14/62 kg) and experimental (age 69 ± 3 years, height 1.56±0/5 m, body weight 68/36 ± 15/90 kg). Weight, body fat percent and waist to hip ratio were assessed by the body composition analyzer. The inflammatory markers IL - 6, TNF-α and CRP were measured before and after aerobic exercise program (walking three sessions per week, for 3 months) by ELIZA. Paired t-test and analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. Results. Significant reduction was observed in body weight (68 vs. 64 kg), fat percent (38 vs. 35%), body mass index (28 vs. 26) and waist to hip ratio (1/02 vs. 1/01) in experimental group after the training period (P<0.05). But no significant difference was found for control group in these variables (P>0.05). Following training modality TNF-α and CRP levels decreased significantly (P<0.05), but no change was observed in IL-6 (P>0.05). No significant changes were found for the control group in inflammation markers (P>0.05). It can be concluded that aerobic training would be recommended as an appropriate modality for the elderly women for improving their health and reducing cardiovascular risk factors.
Nuri r., R.,
Kordi, M.R.,
Moghaddasi, M.,
Rahnama, N.,
Damirchi a., A.,
Rahmani-nia f., F.,
Emami h., H. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics (19984138)8(2)pp. 238-242
Context: Studies have shown that physical activity or exercise training may decrease the metabolic syndrome. Aim: The aim of the present study is to clarify the effect of combination exercise training on metabolic syndrome parameters in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Setting and Design: Twenty nine postmenopausal women (58.27 ± 6.31 years) with breast cancer were divided into two groups randomly as experimental group (n=14) and control group (n=15). Materials and Methods: Subjects of experimental group were performed 15 weeks combination exercise training including walking (2 sessions per week) and resistance training (2 sessions per week that was different from walking days). Before and after 15 weeks, fasting insulin and glucose, insulin resistance, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) were calculated. Also, Vo2peak, rest heart rate (RHR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were measured in two groups. Statistical Analysis Used: Mean values of two groups in pre and post test were compared by independent and paired t-test for all measurements (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Significant differences were observed for VO2peak, RHR, BW, BMI, WHR, SBP, fasting insulin and glucose, HDL-C and TG between experimental and control groups after 15 weeks (P< 0.05). Conclusions: Combination exercise training can improve metabolic syndrome parameters in postmenopausal women with breast cancer.
Emami h., H.,
Rahnama, N.,
Nuri r., R.,
Damirchi a., A.,
Rahmani-nia f., F.,
Afshar-nejad t., Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche (03933660)171(5)pp. 633-638
Aim. Studies indicated that decreased sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) can increase the risk of breast cancer and its recurrences in postmenopausal women. On the other hand, it is possible that exercise training can be positive effect on SHBG levels. Therefore, the aim of current study was to clarify the effect of combination exercise training on SHBG in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Methods. Thus, 29 postmenopausal women with breast cancer that received surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy divided into two groups; intervention and control. Subjects of intervention group were performed 15 weeks combination exercise training including walking (2 sessions per week) and resistance training (2 sessions per week different from walking days). Pre and post of 15 weeks, body weight, BMI and serum SHBG levels were measured into two groups. Data were analyzed using by ANCOVA and significant levels set as P<0.05. Results. The findings of present study demonstrated that combination exercise training has significant effect on body weight, BMI and serum SHBG levels (P<0.05). In intervention group, body weight and BMI were decreased and SHBG levels were increased, after 15 weeks. Conclusion. Combination exercise training can increase serum SHBG levels in postmenopausal women with breast cancer, significantly. Because of elevated serum or plasma SHBG levels can reduce risk of breast cancer and its recurrences, combination exercise training during treatment can reduce recurrence of breast cancer by increased levels of SHBG.
Samadi a., ,
Gaeini, A.,
Kordi, M.R.,
Rahimi m., M.,
Rahnama, N.,
Bambaeichi e., E. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness (18271928)52(2)pp. 151-157
Aim. Previous studies have indicated that exercise-induced muscle damage might be attenuated by coingestion of protein and carbohydrate supplement. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of three various ratios of carbohydrateprotein (CHO+PRO) supplements on resistance exercise-induced muscle damage indices. Methods. Twenty-eight untrained male students voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: 1) CHO+PRO 2:1 ratio, N.7; 2) CHO+PRO 3:1 ratio, N.8; 3) CHO+PRO 4:1 ratio, N.7; 4) placebo group, N.6. They performed a single bout of resistance exercise (whole body: 3 setx8-10 reps with 70-75% IRM), with eccentric concentration. Every group consumed prepared CHO/PRO beverages (9% concentration, 10 mL/ kg/bw -1 at different ratios) or the same amount of placebo beverage before and in 15 min intervals during exercise. Blood samples were taken before the exercise bout and also at 1 and 24 h post-exercise. In addition, muscle soreness scores were recorded before and 1, 24, and 48 h postexercise. Repeated measures ANOVA (between-within design) and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze dependent measures (α0.05). Results. Serum creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin (Mb) increased in all groups compared with pre-exercise but the significant difference among groups was observed in 24 h postexercise, in a way that both CK and Mb levels were higher in placebo group. Muscle soreness increased for all groups from pre to postexercise, but there was not any significant difference among groups at any time point. Conclusion. Findings of this study showed that CHO+PRO decreased serum CK and Mb at 24 h post exercise, but did not affect muscle soreness at any time points after exercise. Moreover, there were no significant differences between various ratios of CHO-PRO supplementation.
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)3(7)pp. 493-498
Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two types of rehabilitation techniques, including aerobic and strengthening exercises on patients with knee rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: 48 male patients with knee RA were randomly assigned into 3 groups, including aerobic exercises, strengthening exercise, and control. The two first groups completed their treatment protocol for 8 weeks, 3 days per week. Visual Analogue Scale, WOMAC questionnaire, 6-minute walking test, standard goniometer were used to assess pain severity, functional ability, walking ability, knee joint ROM respectively at baseline and after applying therapeutic interventions. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P < 0.05 significant level. Results: Participants had a mean ± SD age of 58.6 ± 7.8 years (height 1.72 ± 0.07 m, weight 81.0 ± 6.4 kg) with no significant difference between three groups. Both therapeutic interventions reduced pain significantly (P < 0.001) compared to the control group, without significant difference between the two experimental groups. The patients fulfilled aerobic exercise attained higher levels of function and walking ability compared to strengthening group significantly (P < 0.001). The knee range of motion (ROM)wassignificantly (P < 0.001) improved in the two experimental groups in comparison to controls, the strengthening group had more significant (P < 0.001) improvement. Conclusions: It can be concluded that an aerobic exercise program improves functional and walking ability in patients with knee RA, and strengthening exercise has more efficient effect on knee ROM, both aerobic and strengthening exercises can equally relieve pain.
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)3(3)pp. 143-144
Daneshjoo, A.,
Mokhtar a.h., A.H.,
Rahnama, N.,
Yusof a., A. PLoS ONE (19326203)7(12)
Purpose: The study investigated the effects of FIFA 11+ and HarmoKnee, both being popular warm-up programs, on proprioception, and on the static and dynamic balance of professional male soccer players. Methods: Under 21 year-old soccer players (n = 36) were divided randomly into 11+, HarmoKnee and control groups. The programs were performed for 2 months (24 sessions). Proprioception was measured bilaterally at 30°, 45° and 60° knee flexion using the Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer. Static and dynamic balances were evaluated using the stork stand test and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), respectively. Results: The proprioception error of dominant leg significantly decreased from pre- to post-test by 2.8% and 1.7% in the 11+ group at 45° and 60° knee flexion, compared to 3% and 2.1% in the HarmoKnee group. The largest joint positioning error was in the non-dominant leg at 30° knee flexion (mean error value = 5.047), (p<0.05). The static balance with the eyes opened increased in the 11+ by 10.9% and in the HarmoKnee by 6.1% (p<0.05). The static balance with eyes closed significantly increased in the 11+ by 12.4% and in the HarmoKnee by 17.6%. The results indicated that static balance was significantly higher in eyes opened compared to eyes closed (p = 0.000). Significant improvements in SEBT in the 11+ (12.4%) and HarmoKnee (17.6%) groups were also found. Conclusion: Both the 11+ and HarmoKnee programs were proven to be useful warm-up protocols in improving proprioception at 45° and 60° knee flexion as well as static and dynamic balance in professional male soccer players. Data from this research may be helpful in encouraging coaches or trainers to implement the two warm-up programs in their soccer teams. © 2012 Daneshjoo et al.
Daneshjoo, A.,
Mokhtar a.h., A.H.,
Rahnama, N.,
Yusof a., A. PLoS ONE (19326203)7(12)
Purpose: We aimed to investigate the effect of FIFA 11+ (11+) and HarmoKnee injury preventive warm-up programs on conventional strength ratio (CSR), dynamic control ratio (DCR) and fast/slow speed ratio (FSR) in young male professional soccer players. These ratios are related to the risk of injury to the knee in soccer players. Methods: Thirty-six players were divided into 3 groups; FIFA 11+, HarmoKnee and control (n = 12 per group). These exercises were performed 3 times per week for 2 months (24 sessions). The CSR, DCR and FSR were measured before and after the intervention. Results: After training, the CSR and DCR of knee muscles in both groups were found to be lower than the published normal values (0.61, 0.72, and 0.78 during 60°.s-1, 180°.s-1 and 300°.s-1, respectively). The CSR (60°.s-1) increased by 8% and FSR in the quadriceps of the non-dominant leg by 8% in the 11+. Meanwhile, the DCR in the dominant and non-dominant legs were reduced by 40% and 30% respectively in the 11+. The CSR (60°.s-1) in the non-dominant leg showed significant differences between the 11+, HarmoKnee and control groups (p = 0.02). As for the DCR analysis between groups, there were significant differences in the non-dominant leg between both programs with the control group (p = 0.04). For FSR no significant changes were found between groups. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the 11+ improved CSR and FSR, but the HarmoKnee program did not demonstrate improvement. We suggest adding more training elements to the HarmoKnee program that aimed to enhance hamstring strength (CSR, DCR and FSR). Professional soccer players have higher predisposition of getting knee injuries because hamstring to quadriceps ratio were found to be lower than the average values. It seems that the 11+ have potentials to improve CSR and FSR as well as prevent knee injuries in soccer players. © 2012 Daneshjoo et al.
Rejaei, S.F.,
Mojtahedi, H.,
Marandi, S.M.,
Rahnama, N.,
Movahedi, A.,
Bambaeichi e., E.,
Khayambashi, K. Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)30(186)
Background: Cardiac biomarkers are factors that are used in the diagnosis of heart tissue damage and acute myocardial infarction. The main purpose of this study was to compare 3 types of endurance, resistance, and combined exercise on cardiac biomarkers, i.e. cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and creatine kinase isoenzymes MB (CK-MB), in active men. Methods: A total number of 15 healthy active young men with a mean age of 23 ± 1.60 years, mean height of 173 ± 3.75 cm, mean weight of 69 ± 8.74 kg, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) of 51.48 ± 1.84 mL/kg.min were selected. Each subject performed the 3 types of exercise with 7-day intervals. Blood samples were obtained before and immediately after exercise and cardiac biomarkers were evaluated. Statistical analyses were conducted using paired t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings: Our results indicated that CK-MB increased significantly after resistance, endurance, and combined exercise (pretest value = 20.87 ± 2.39; posttest values = 25.98 ± 3.86, 26.34 ± 4.21, and 27± 2.66, respectively; α = 0.01). However, the 3 types of exercise did not result in significantly different CK-MB levels. CTnT levels did not change significantly after resistance, endurance, or combined exercise (pretest value = 0.65 ± 0.11; posttest values = 0.48 ± 0.11, 0.65 ± 0.11, and 0.77 ± 0.11, respectively; α = 0.01). Nevertheless, cTnT levels were higher after endurance and combined exercise compared to resistance exercise. Conclusion: The results indicated that despite the increased amounts of CK-MB which might have been caused by the nature of exercises and muscle damage due to intense muscular activity, none of endurance, resistance, and combined exercises triggered significant changes in cTnT levels in active men. Therefore, these types of exercise cannot be followed by heart damage.
Mogharnasi m., ,
Gaeini, A.,
Sheikholeslami vatani d., D.,
Rahnama, N.,
Arjmandi, B.H.,
Bambaeichi e., E. Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche (03933660)170(5)pp. 307-313
Aim. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acute and prolonged periods of aerobic training and detraining on novel inflammatory marker the predictive of cardiovascular disease in Wistar rats. Methods. Forty-two male rats divided randomly into two groups: aerobic training group (experimental) (N.=24) and control group (N.=18; without any training program). Experimental group trained for 12 weeks, three times a week, with the definite speed and duration. To study the effects of detraining, six trained rats were taken off of training regimen after 24 sessions of training. The blood samples were gathered in different phases of training. A cellular adhesion molecule (sICAM-1) was measured with ELISA kits following the manufacturer's protocol. Data were analyzed by two way ANOVA and different and independent t-test. Results. The results showed that sICAM-1 levels were decreased insignificantly (P=0.179) in the first 8 weeks, but a significant decrease was observed in sICAM-1 concentration (P=0.001) as the training continued to 36 sessions. Also, it was revealed that by detraining, the gained adaptation faded out and the body was exposed to the danger of atherogenesis damages (P=0.07). Conclusion. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that the measurement of sICAM-1, is beneficial for the diagnosis of different environmental factors on vascular disorders and that the regular aerobic training would be a helpful mean in prophylaxis and reduction of atherosclerosis by lowering the concentration of sICAM-1.
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)2(1)pp. 20-23
Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of high-intensity intermittent exercise and carbohydrate supplementation on cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) in soccer players. Methods: Twelve elite soccer players were selected and divided equally into three groups of carbohydrate (CHO), placebo (P) and control (C). Blood samples were taken in six phases and were analyzed with the chemiluminescence method. Results: Results showed that three bouts of 90-min exercise along with carbohydrate supplementation did not have any significant effect on the level of cTnI indices. However, there was a significant difference in CK-MB values after the second and third sessions compared with the first day (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In summary, exercises with less duration and intensity like soccer do not seem to be effective on cTnI and CK-MB. When the overall intensity of exercise was moderate, it appeared that carbohydrate supplementation had less effect on the alteration of biochemical markers of the myocardial muscle.
Rahnama, N.,
Namazizadeh, M.,
Etemadifar, M.,
Bambaeichi e., E.,
Arbabzadeh, S.,
Sadeghipour, H.R. Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)29(136)
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive disease which influences the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of nervous system and women are diagnosed with the disease 2 to 3 times more frequently than men. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influences of yoga on depression in women with multiple sclerosis. Methods: Thirty women with multiple sclerosis from Isfahan multiple sclerosis Association volunteered to participate in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups of 15 people: control (age: 31.06 ± 9.7 y; height: 159.46 ± 3.83 cm; and weight: 59.1 ± 11.37 kg) and experimental (age: 35.73 ± 8.3 y; height: 161.9 ± 4.46 cm; and weight 59.53 ± 10.48 kg). The experimental group practiced yoga for 8 weeks (two sessions a week) under the supervision of a yoga teacher in class, and also one session a week at home for 60-75 minutes, while the control group performed only their everyday activities. The depressions of all subjects were evaluated at the beginning and in the end of the study using Beck questionnaire. Date was analyzed using student t-test. Finding: The depression in the experimental group decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after 8 weeks of yoga. No significant change was observed in the control group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that yoga can be considered as a useful modality in treatment of the depression disorder in women with multiple sclerosis.
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)2(1)pp. 38-40
Rahnama, N.,
Bambaeichi e., E.,
Taghian f., F.,
Nazarian, A.B.,
Abdollahi, M. Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)27(101)
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks regular corrective exercise on spinal columns deformities, such as kyphosis, scoliosis and lumbar lordosis, in girl students. Methods: 150 girl students in Jiroft city, aged 12-14 year, participated in this study. The subjects were examined twice in beginning and after 8 weeks of corrective exercise. Spinal column deformities were measured by grid plane, plumb line and other relevant testes. Co-variation test was used to analysis the data. Findings: In 12 year-old subjets the degree of kyphosis and scoliosis in post-test were lower than pre-test and differences were significant (F = 28.5, P < 0.001 and F = 100, P < 0.001, respectively), but in lordosis deformity differences were not significant (F = 3.32, P ≥ 0.05). The differences between pre and post measurents of kyphosis and scoliosis in 13 year-old subjects were significant (F = 39.7, P < 0.001, F= 47.8 and P < 0.001, respectively) but in lordosis deformity differences were not significant (P ≥ 0.05, F = 3.34). Finally in 14 year-old subjects for kyphosis, scoliosis and lumbar lordosis, differences between pre and post measurents were significant (F = 7.9, P < 0.001, F = 112.4, P < 0.001, and F = 16.6, P = 0.009, respectively). Conclusion:: It seems that corrective exercise is the safe and valuable method to correct spinal deformities such as kyphosis, scoliosis, and lumbar lordosis and it can decrease the old age problems and disabilities. © 2018, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved.
Dabidi-roshan, V.,
Rahnama, N.,
Hamzehkolaei, H.A.,
Mohammadi, Z.F. Sport Sciences for Health (18247490)6(1)pp. 44-44
Sport Sciences for Health (18247490)6(1)pp. 43-43
Sadeghipour, H.R.,
Rahnama, A.,
Salesi, M.,
Rahnama, N.,
Mojtahedi, H. International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)1(4)pp. 242-246
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between C-reactive protein (CRP) with physical fitness, physical activity, obesity, and selected cardiovascular risk factors in schoolchildren. Methods: Forty-four boy schoolchildren (mean ± SD: age 10.25 ± 0.75 years, height 144 ± 0.2 cm, body weight 46.1 5± 4.59 kg, body mass index 22.16 ± 2.16 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in this study. Physical fitness and physical activity were assessed using the 20-meter fitness test. Adiposity was estimated using body mass index. Blood samples were taken after an overnight fast and measured for CRP, LDL, HDL and cholesterol. Pearson's correlation was calculated to determine the relations between these factors. Results: Mean (SD) CRP concentration was 1.07 (0.82) mg/l. A significant correlation was observed between CRP and VO2max (r=-0.45, P= 0.001), body mass index (r=0.55, P=0.000) and cholesterol (r=-0.35, P=0.04). No significant relation was found between CRP and physical activity, LDL and HDL (P> 0.05). Moreover, significant associations were observed between body mass index and VO2max (r=-0.33, P=0.02) and physical activity (r=-0.43, P=0.04). Conclusions: Body mass index was the most powerful predictor of serum concentrations of CRP in schoolchildren. It may be an important factor to control body weight to prevent an increase in serum CRP in children and to help the primordial prevention of chronic diseases.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)28(106)pp. 143-148
Background: Rate of injuries among female athletes is higher than male. Cyclic sex hormones fluctuation during the menstrual cycle might play an important role in this respect. The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of female athletes' injuries in different phases of menstrual cycle. Methods: Athletes from twenty clubs participated in Iran league competition (2006-2007) were studied. Information of menstrual cycle and athletes' injuries was collected using injury report form completed by athletes and team physicians. Findings: The rate of injuries, ligament injury and also anterior cruciate ligament injuries were significantly higher in luteal phase, compare to ovulation and follicular phases (P < 0.01). When data were analysed based on the duration of each phase, more injuries were observed in the ovulation phase. Conclusion: There is circamenstrual variation in female athlete's sport injuries. So, for minimising rate of injury, female athletes should avoid from dangerous situations in training and competition during ovulation phase.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)28(108)pp. 316-326
Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are a common health related problem throughout the world and a major cause of disability in the workplace, especially in the development countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8-week corrective exercise on musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) among workers of Loabiran industry. Methods: Ninety-one workers of Loabiran industry participated in this study. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to study the prevalence of MSD. After primarily evaluations from 91 workers, thirty-one workers identified as having MSD involved in corrective exercise program for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week, each session 45 to 90 minutes). Findings: Regarding MSD, a significant difference between different sites of body was found (P < 0.05); low back (26.3 %), shoulder (18.9 %) and knee (17 %) were the most prevalent sites. The severity and rate of disorders decreased significantly following 8-weeks training in low back, shoulder, knee, neck and hand/wrist areas (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that prevalence of MSD among workers of Loabiran industry was relatively high and corrective exercise program was effective to decrease it. So, corrective exercise for reducing risk level would be recommended.
Journal Of Research In Medical Sciences (17357136)15(3)pp. 127-132
BACKGROUND: Consumption of energy drinks has become widespread among athletes. The effectiveness of Red Bull and Hype energy drinks on selected indices of maximal cardiorespiratory fitness and blood lactate levels in male athletes was examined in this study. METHODS: Ten male student athletes (age: 22.4 ± 2.1 years, height: 180.8 ± 7.7 cm, weight: 74.2 ± 8.5 kg) performed three randomized maximal oxygen consumption tests on a treadmill. Each test was separated by four days and participants were asked to ingest Red Bull, Hype or placebo drinks 40 minutes before the exercise bout. The VO2max, time to exhaustion, heart rate and lactate were measured to determine if the caffeine-based beverages influence performance. ANOVA test was used for analyzing data. RESULTS: A greater value was observed in VO2max and time to exhaustion for the Red Bull and Hype trial compared to the placebo trial (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in pre and post-test heart rate for two drinks (p > 0.05). For blood lactate levels no significant changes were observed before and two minute after the test (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ingestion of Red Bull and Hype prior to exercise testing is effective on some indices of cardiorespiratory fitness but not on the blood lactate levels.
Rahnama, N.,
Nuri r., R.,
Rahmaninia, F.,
Damirchi a., A.,
Emami h., H. Journal Of Research In Medical Sciences (17357136)15(2)pp. 78-83
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise training on maximum aerobic capacity, resting heart rate (RHR), blood pressure and anthropometric variables of postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Methods: Twenty nine women with breast cancer who received surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy with current hormone therapy were divided into two groups; intervention and control. Subjects in the intervention group performed 15 weeks combination exercise training including walking for 25 to 45 minutes (2 sessions per week) and resistance training for 60 minutes (2 sessions per week that were different from walking days). In pre and post tests, VO2max, RHR, blood pressure, body weight, body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were measured in both groups. Data was analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: Significant differences were observed for VO2max, RHR, body weight, BMI and WHR between intervention and control groups after 15 weeks (p < 0.05). In fact, exercise training had positive effects on the VO2max, RHR, body weight, BMI and WHR in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. No significant different was found for blood pressure between two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: It can be concluded that exercise training may improve maximum aerobic capacity, RHR and anthropometric variables in postmenopausal women with breast cancer.
Rahnama, N.,
Younesian, A.,
Mohammadion, M.,
Bambaeichi e., E. Journal Of Research In Medical Sciences (17357136)14(6)pp. 335-341
BACKGROUND: The association between the lipid profiles level and the incidence and severity of coronary heart disease (CHD) is very pronounced in epidemiological studies, and an inverse relation between physical fitness and the incidence of coronary heart disease has been observed in many studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a soccer match on lipid parameters of professional soccer players. METHODS: Twenty two professional soccer players participated in the study. Blood (10ml) for determination of lipid profiles was obtained at rest and immediately after a 90 minute soccer match. Lipid parameters were measured using Boehringer Mannheim kits and Clinilab and BioMerieux analyser. RESULTS: The results of this study showed that the triglyceride was significantly higher before the match than afterwards (159.09 ± 58.2 vs. 88.63 ± 34.1 mg/dl, p < 0.001), whereas the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was lower before the match than after it (98.04 ± 28.9 vs. 112.31 ± 30.5 mg/dl). Moreover, there were no significant differences in cholesterol concentration (171.4 ± 30.28 mg/dl vs. 173.18 ± 32.75 mg/dl) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration (34.04 ± 5.58 mg/dl vs. 34.4 ± 4.6 mg/dl) between before and after the match. CONCLUSIONS: Although the soccer competitive match has no favourable acute effect on lipid profiles, the lower rate of LDL, cholesterol and triglyceride as well as the higher level of HDL in players suggest a beneficial effect of regular soccer training on arthrosclerosis and perhaps on CHD risk as well.
Dabidi-roshan, V.,
Rahnama, N.,
Hamzehkolaei, H.A.,
Mohammadi, Z.F. Sport Sciences for Health (18247490)5(2)pp. 75-80
Previous studies have shown the increase of heat shock protein (HSP72) following exercise in animals. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of type of exercise on HSP72 response in active young females. Nineteen female physical education students were randomly divided into two groups: an endurance training group (ETG) and a weight training group (WTG). The exercise protocol in the ETG included incremental running to exhaustion performed at 65-75% VO2max on a treadmill with a 0% grade. The subjects in the WTG also performed 4 sets of eccentric contractions of elbow flexors: two sets of 25 reps at 50% 1RM and two sets of 15-20 reps at 60% 1RM. Blood sampling from antecubital vein was done at baseline level (rest), mid-exercise and 30 min post-exercise in the same conditions, after a 12-14 h overnight fast. The samples were sent to a laboratory and centrifuged, and the serum used to analyse variables. A sandwich **Elisa and enzymatic assay were used for determination of HSP72 values and creatine kinase (CK) respectively. The data were analysed with repeated measures, LSD post hoc and independent t-test at p<0. 05. The results showed HSP72 level alterations in mid- and post-tests were only significant in the ERG in comparison with baseline values (p=0. 007, p=0. 03 respectively). In addition, HSP72 level alterations within the ETG and WTG were only significant mid-test. Also CK levels insignificantly increased and decreased in the ETG and WTG respectively. The CK alterations in mid- and post-tests were insignificant between groups. Thus these results suggest that eccentric weight exercise induces a further increase in HSP72 levels. © 2009 Springer-Verlag Italia.
Sport Sciences for Health (18247490)5(2)pp. 55-60
Energy drinks have gained popularity among athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute effects of Phantom and Dragon energy drinks on endurance performance. For this reason 12 female athlete students of Tehran University (age 22±0.63 years, height 162. 1±5. 8 cm, weight 56. 91±6. 79 kg) volunteered and performed three sessions on a Bruce treadmill test four days apart from each other. In each session, in a randomised, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced and double-blind design 6 ml/kg body weight of Phantom, Dragon or placebo was consumed 40 min before an exercise test. Using a 3×3 repeated measures analysis of variance and Least Significant Difference (LSD), a significant increase in VO2max time to exhaustion and a decrease in post-test rating of perceived exertion was found for Phantom and Dragon vs. placebo (p<0. 05). No significant difference was observed in pre-test hear rate for three drinks (p>0. 05). Post-test hear rate increased significantly for Dragon vs. Phantom and placebo (p<0. 05). In conclusion, two commercially available energy drinks had ergogenic effects on endurance performance. © 2009 Springer-Verlag Italia. © Springer-Verlag 2009.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)27(92)
Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the bone mineral density (BMD) of the upper and lower body between professional female footsal players and non-athlete females. Methods: Fifteen professional female footsal players (age: 24.3 ± 2.8 years, height: 161.1 ± 4.4 cm, weight: 54.3 ± 7.0 kg) and 15 healthy nonathlete females (age: 23.8 ± 2.0 years, height: 160.9 ± 7.0 cm, weight: 51.5 ± 9.6 kg) participated in this study. BMD was measured by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) at the lumbar spines and femoral neck, femoral trochanter of both legs. Findings: In footsal players BMD values were found to be significantly higher at the whole body, lower and upper body compared with non-athletes. BMD of footsal players in upper and lower body was 1269.1 and 1161.0 mg/cm2 respectively. These values for non-athletes were 1102.4 and 877.7 mg/cm2 respectively. The difference between these sites in both groups was statistically significant (P < 0.01). When the BMD values of the footsal players were compared with non-athletes, we found that the BMD gain in the lower body of the footsal players relative to the non-athletes was twice as much as the upper body of footsal players compared to the non-athletes. Conclusion: It seems that weight bearing and high impact loads are the most important factors to improve the BMD in lower body. The bones of lower body are subjected to multidirectional, dynamic compressive, and sheer forces during footsal activities such as the starts, jumping, landing, cutting and running. Therefore, it can be concluded that the BMD of the lower body were benefited more than upper body in footsal players. © 2009, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved.
Sport Sciences for Health (18247490)5(1)pp. 9-14
Detailed injury epidemiology is an invaluable tool for minimising risk associated with sporting injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate epidemiology of knee injuries in Iranian male professional soccer players. In total, 390 soccer players of 16 clubs were studied during one season. A total of 43 injured soccer players were interviewed and 16 team physicians were consulted. All information was collected through standard questionnaires. Furthermore, medical personal prospectively reported time-loss injuries sustained by players over one season and the knee injuries were evaluated. The results showed that in total, from 390 players, 43 of them suffered knee injuries (14.9 per 100 players). The anterior cruciate ligament was the most commonly injured ligament of the knee, in which 12.5% were accompanied by injuries to the medial meniscus and medial collateral ligament. There was a significant difference in incidence of injury between the preferred (62.9%) and non-preferred leg (37.1%). Most injuries were characteristically severe (82.3%). Most injuries occurred in away games (52.94%), mostly in the second half and most commonly in the final 15 min (35.3%). The incidence of non-contact injuries (66.12%) was significantly higher than contact injuries (33.87%). It can be concluded that the incidence of knee injury was high (0.12 injuries per team per match). Injury tends to be more common in match play and mostly at the end of season. Midfielders suffered more knee injuries. Most injuries occurred in the losing teams. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2009.
Rahmani-nia f., F.,
Rahnama, N.,
Hojjati z., ,
Soltani b., Sport Sciences for Health (18247490)2(3)pp. 118-124
Six young obese females (20.5±1.22 years; BMI=34.5±4.3 kg/m2) participated in a resistance exercise (RE) protocol (12 exercises, 4 sets × 15 repetitions at 60% of 1RM), an aerobic exercise (AE) protocol (3 sets × 10 min ergometer cycling at 60% of maximal heart rate with 5 min of rest between sets), and a control session. Blood samples were collected before, and immediately after and 10 h after exercise. All protocols were done in follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. ANOVA (3×3) with repeated measure on exercise (3 levels) and time (3 levels) factors was used to determine the effects of exercise protocol, time and exercise protocol by blood sampling time interaction, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and glucose concentrations. Immediately and 10 h after AE, serum leptin was significantly lower (p <0.05). Serum insulin after AE was lower than after RE and control sessions (p <0.05). Furthermore, no significant differences were found in serum leptin and insulin between RE and control sessions immediately after and 10 h after exercise. Blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were unchanged in both exercise protocols. In conclusion, AE resulted in a serum leptin reduction and suppressed the circadian rhythm of serum insulin when sampled immediately and 10 h after exercise; instread, RE did not result in serum leptin or insulin changes. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2008.
Sport Sciences for Health (18247490)3(3)pp. 57-64
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sprint exercise and a detraining period on lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) and response of antioxidant system (ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), uric acid, bilirubin and total protein). Forty-two male rats were divided randomly into two groups: sprint group (experimental) (n = 24) and control group (n = 18, without any training programme). The experimental group trained for 12 weeks, 3 times per week, with given intensities. Five trained rats experienced the detraining, so the effects of detraining were also studied (from the 8th to 12th weeks). Data were analysed using a two-way repeated ANOVA. A significant difference between the two groups was observed for MDA (p = 0.022), FRAP (p = 0.005) and bilirubin (p = 0.002) but for total protein and uric acid no significant change occurred. In the experimental group, a significant difference was found through various assessments for MDA (p = 0.001), FRAP (p = 0.001), bilirubin (p = 0.008) and uric acid (p = 0.012). It can be concluded that this protocol of sprint exercise training causes adaptation in the antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation, but by detraining these results will be reversed. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2008.
Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche (03933660)167(5)pp. 221-229
Aim. This study was designed to investigate the effect of continuous training on C-reactive protein (CRP), which is the most sensitive inflammatory marker for predicting of cardiovascular disease. Methods. This study was conducted on obese, female wistar14848 rats (325.6±4.93 g and 21 months old). A pilot study was carried out to investigate the difference in CRP between the obese (226.75±5.12 g and 4 months old) and thin (168.13±5.6 g and 4 months old) young rats, and also between the obese (325.6±4.93 g and 21 months old) and thin (246.87±4.79 g and 21 months old) rats (each group included 8 rats). Then, 32 rats were divided randomly into control and experimental groups and in each group the related sub-groups were chosen randomly. An experimental training programme was carried out for five days a week at a definite treadmill speed for 12 weeks. Blood samples were drawn at three phases of pretraining, mid-training and post-training. High-sensitivity CRP was measured with an immunoturbidimetric method. Results. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed that the reduction in CRP levels was not significant (P=0/08) in the fast six weeks but CRP decreased significantly (P<0.0001) after 12 weeks. Conclusion. It can be concluded that the decline in this inflammatory marker after a period of continuous training attenuated the atherogenesis process.
Sport Sciences for Health (18247490)3(3)pp. 53-56
The minimal running velocity at which maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is elicited during an incremental test to exhaustion has been used to prescribe training for competitive middle- and long-distance runners. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between velocity at lactate turnpoint (vLTP) and vVO2max in long-distance runners. For this purpose 11 highly trained endurance runners were selected randomly from the national team. The average age, height and mass of the subjects were 24.36±1.1 years, 1.73±0.02 m and 63.25±21 kg respectively. The first test was used to determine vVO2max and VO2max (a continuous run to exhaustion with the start velocity at 10 km/h and the velocity increased 1 km/h per minute). The second test was used to determine vLTP (start velocity was 10 km/h and velocity increased 1 km/h for 4 min to reach lactate concentration over 5 mmol/l). The average VO2max and vVO2max of subjects were 58.54±2.8 ml/kg/min and 19±0.29 km/h respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient and SPSS 12 software were used for analysing data. There was a positive moderate correlation between vLTP and vVO2max (p = 0.037, r = 0.63). This study may indicate that, the more the athlete is capable of delaying the accumulation of his/her lactate, and the higher the velocity at which the accumulation takes place, the higher vVO2max he/she can have. On the other hand, coaches can design training programmes at vVO2max intensity to promote a higher vLTP. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2008.
Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology (18735711)16(3)pp. 257-263
Surface electromyography has been useful in comparing muscular activity among different sports movements and it is a valuable technique for evaluating muscle activation, co-ordination and fatigue. Since these important variables have not been investigated during the full game in soccer, the present study aimed to investigate the activity of major muscles of the lower extremity during a soccer-simulation fatiguing protocol. Ten amateur soccer players (age 21.40 ± 3.13 years; height 1.77 ± 0.06 m; mass 74.55 ± 8.5 kg) were tested. The exercise protocol, performed on a programmable motorised treadmill, consisted of the different intensities observed during soccer match-play (walking, jogging, running, sprinting). Electromyographic activity was recorded from the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GC) muscles before exercise, at half-time and immediately after the 90-min exercise protocol. The EMG data were analysed using custom-written software to compute the root mean square (RMS) value over ten gait cycles. With regard to RF, BF and TA, a significant main effect (P < 0.05) was found for condition (pre-game, half-time and post-game), speed (6, 12, 15 and 21 km h-1) (P < 0.05) and interaction between condition and speed (P < 0.05). For GC, a significant effect was not found for condition or interaction between condition and speed, but a significant main effect (P < 0.001) was found for speed, with the RMS value increasing continually with increasing speed from 6 to 21 km h-1. The results indicated that after a simulation of the exercise intensity of soccer-play the EMG activity in major lower-limb muscles was less than before. This decrease indicated that prolonged intermittent exercise had an effect on muscle activity even when work-rate was sustained. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ergonomics (00140139)48(11-14)pp. 1568-1575
Most soccer players have a favoured foot for kicking the ball, and it is believed that this preference may lead to an asymmetry in the strength and flexibility of the lower extremities. This study was designed to determine whether asymmetry in strength and flexibility are present in the legs of soccer players. Forty-one elite and sub-elite soccer players (age 23.4 ± 3.8 years; height 1.81 ± 0.06 m; body mass 81.7 ± 9.9 kg) were studied (data are presented as mean ± SD). The dynamic strength of knee flexors (hamstrings) and knee extensors (quadriceps) was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at angular velocities of 1.05, 2.09, 5.23 rad/s (in a concentric mode) and 2.09 rad/s (in an eccentric mode). The concentric strength ratio (hamstringsconc/quadricepsconc) and the dynamic control ratio (hamstringsecc/quadricepsconc) were computed. Hip joint flexibility (in flexion) was measured using a goniometer. A significant difference between the preferred and non-preferred leg was found in the knee flexors at 2.09 rad/s (119 ± 22 versus 126 ± 24Nm; P < 0.05) and for the dynamic control ratio (0.79 ± 0.13 versus 0.84 ± 0.16Nm; P < 0.05). In both cases the knee flexors of the preferred leg were weaker than those of the non-preferred leg. A total of 28 of the 41 players (68%) had significant musculoskeletal abnormality (imbalance 410%) in one or more specific muscle groups. No significant differences were found in flexibility of the hip joint between the preferred and non-preferred leg (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the lower strength of the knee flexor muscl es of the preferred leg may be associated with the differential use of these muscle during the kicking action and thus constitutes a unique training effect associated with soccer. This in turn can lead to muscular imbalance which is generally regarded as an injury risk factor. © 2005 Taylor & Francis.
Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters (16891392)9(4 A)pp. 773-775
Bambaeichi e., E.,
Cable N.T.,
Reilly, T.,
Giacomoni M.,
Rahnama, N.,
Reilly, T.,
Lees, A.,
Graham-smith p., 2025 29th International Computer Conference, Computer Society of Iran, CSICC 2025pp. 227-239
Journal of Sports Sciences (1466447X)21(11)pp. 933-942
Fatigue represents a reduction in the capability of muscle to generate force. The aim of the present study was to establish the effects of exercise that simulates the work rate of competitive soccer players on the strength of the knee extensors and knee flexors. Thirteen amateur soccer players (age 23.3 ± 3.9 years, height 1.78 ± 0.05 m, body mass 74.8±3.6 kg; mean ± s) were tested during the 2000-2001 soccer season. Muscle strength of die quadriceps and hamstrings was measured on an isokinetic dynamometer. A 90 min soccer-specific intermittent exercise protocol, incorporating a 15 min half-time intermission, was developed to provide fatiguing exercise corresponding in work rate to a game of soccer. The exercise protocol, performed on a programmable motorized treadmill, consisted of the different intensities observed during soccer match-play (e.g. walking, jogging, running, sprinting). Muscle strength was assessed before exercise, at half-time and immediately after exercise. A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed significant reductions (P < 0.001) in peak torque for both the quadriceps and hamstrings at all angular velocities (concentric: 1.05, 2.09, 5.23 rad.s-1; eccentric: 2.09 rad.s-1). The peak torque of the knee extensors (KE) and knee flexors (KF) was greater before exercise [KE: 232±37, 182±34, 129±27, 219±41 N.m at 1.05, 2.09 and 5.23 rad.s-1 (concentric) and 2.09 rad.s-1 (eccentric), respectively; KF: 126±20, 112±19, 101±16, 137±23 N.m] than at half-time (KE: 209±45, 177±35, 125±36, 214±43 N.m; KF: 114±31, 102±20, 92±15, 125±25 N.m) and greater at half-time than after exercise (KE: 196±43, 167±35, 118±24, 204±43 N.m; KF: 104±25, 95±21, 87±13, 114±27 N.m). For the hamstrings: quadriceps ratio, significant changes were found (P<0.05) for both legs, the ratio being greater before than after exercise. For fast:slow speed and left:right ratios, no significant changes were found. We conclude that there is a progressive reduction in muscle strength that applies across a range of functional characteristics during exercise that mimics the work rate in soccer.
Physical Therapy in Sport (1466853X)3(4)pp. 183-190
Notation analysis has now gained wide use in the assessment of competitive football play. Computer-aided methods have largely replaced the use of hand-notation systems. Whilst a hand-notation approach has been adopted previously in assessing injury-risk in football, the recording and analysing of events with injury potential are time-consuming. In this report, a computerised system of notating incidents in the game is described. Key incidents are monitored with respect to degree of injury potential, location and other factors. The use of the system is illustrated by comparing home and away performances in Premier League matches between Manchester United and Liverpool F.C. The system has advantages in speed and accuracy of handling data related to injury and injury risk. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
British Journal of Sports Medicine (03063674)36(5)pp. 354-359
Objective: To assess the exposure of players to injury risk during English Premier League soccer matches in relation to selected factors. Methods: Injury risk was assessed by rating the injury potential of playing actions during competition with respect to (a) type of playing action, (b) period of the game, (c) zone of the pitch, and (d) playing either at home or away. In all, 10 games from the English Premier League 1999-2000 were chosen for analysis. A notation system was used whereby 16 soccer specific playing actions were classified into three categories: those inducing actual injury, those with a potential for injury (graded as mild, moderate, or high), and those deemed to have no potential for injury. The pitch was divided into 18 zones, and the position of each event was recorded along with time elapsed in the game, enabling six 15 minute periods to be defined. Results: Close to 18 000 actions were notated. On average (mean (SD)), 1788 (73) events (one every three seconds), 767 (99) events with injury potential (one every six seconds), and 2 (1) injuries (one every 45 minutes) per game were recorded. An overall injury incidence of 53 per 1000 playing hours was calculated. Receiving a tackle, receiving a "charge", and making a tackle were categorised as having a substantial injury risk, and goal catch, goal punch, kicking the ball, shot on goal, set kick, and heading the ball were all categorised as having a significant injury risk. All other actions were deemed low in risk. The first 15 minutes of each half contained the highest number of actions with mild injury potential, the last 15 minutes having the highest number of actions with moderate injury potential (p<0.01). The first and last 15 minutes of the game had the highest number of actions with high injury potential, although not significant. More actions with mild injury potential occurred in the goal area, and more actions with moderate and high injury potential occurred in the zone adjacent to the goal area (p<0.001). There was no significant difference between home and away with regard to injury potential. Conclusions: Playing actions with high injury risk were linked to contesting possession. Injury risk was highest in the first and last 15 minutes of the game, reflecting the intense engagements in the opening period and the possible effect of fatigue in the closing period. Injury risk was concentrated in the areas of the pitch where possession of the ball is most vigorously contested, which were specific attacking and defending zones close to the goal. Injury potential was no greater in away matches than at home.
