Publication Date: 2012
Journal of Human Sport and Exercise (19885202)7(1 SPECIAL ISSUE)
Litigation is now a common occurrence and the sport environment is not excluded. The law affects all aspects of sport, whether you are an Olympic champion, a referee of a soccer game, a fan of special team, a constructor or seller of sports equipment, or a coach of team. Many circumstances do occur in the field of sports through which administrators, coaches, referees, et cetera, could be entangled in legal disputes on the conducts of their duties in sports. With of referee's career in the sport competitions and the effective role of them in the result of matches regards to the importance, discussion about the duties of referees, their responsibilities arising from breaching their duties, required factors for imposing liability to them, and the criteria of the standard referees are important. In this article, it is tried to analyze different aspects of civil liability of referees in the sport competitions. © Faculty of Education. University of Alicante.
Rejaei, S.F.,
Mojtahedi, H.,
Marandi, S.M.,
Rahnama, N.,
Movahedi, A.,
Bambaeichi e., E.,
Khayambashi, K. Publication Date: 2012
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)30(186)
Background: Cardiac biomarkers are factors that are used in the diagnosis of heart tissue damage and acute myocardial infarction. The main purpose of this study was to compare 3 types of endurance, resistance, and combined exercise on cardiac biomarkers, i.e. cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and creatine kinase isoenzymes MB (CK-MB), in active men. Methods: A total number of 15 healthy active young men with a mean age of 23 ± 1.60 years, mean height of 173 ± 3.75 cm, mean weight of 69 ± 8.74 kg, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) of 51.48 ± 1.84 mL/kg.min were selected. Each subject performed the 3 types of exercise with 7-day intervals. Blood samples were obtained before and immediately after exercise and cardiac biomarkers were evaluated. Statistical analyses were conducted using paired t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings: Our results indicated that CK-MB increased significantly after resistance, endurance, and combined exercise (pretest value = 20.87 ± 2.39; posttest values = 25.98 ± 3.86, 26.34 ± 4.21, and 27± 2.66, respectively; α = 0.01). However, the 3 types of exercise did not result in significantly different CK-MB levels. CTnT levels did not change significantly after resistance, endurance, or combined exercise (pretest value = 0.65 ± 0.11; posttest values = 0.48 ± 0.11, 0.65 ± 0.11, and 0.77 ± 0.11, respectively; α = 0.01). Nevertheless, cTnT levels were higher after endurance and combined exercise compared to resistance exercise. Conclusion: The results indicated that despite the increased amounts of CK-MB which might have been caused by the nature of exercises and muscle damage due to intense muscular activity, none of endurance, resistance, and combined exercises triggered significant changes in cTnT levels in active men. Therefore, these types of exercise cannot be followed by heart damage.
Publication Date: 2013
Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders (17509467)7(9)pp. 1054-1061
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of long term Kata techniques training on social interaction of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We assigned 30 school aged children with ASD to an exercise (n = 15) or a no-exercise group (n = 15). We required participants of the exercise group to exercise Kata techniques for 14 weeks, while participants of the control group received no exercise. We evaluated the social interaction of the participants at baseline, post-intervention (week 14), and at one month follow up. Results revealed that Kata techniques training significantly improved social dysfunction in the exercise group. Interestingly, at one month follow up improvement in social deficiency in the exercise group remained unchanged compared to post-intervention time. The social deficiency of participants of the control group was not changed across the experimental period. We concluded that teaching martial arts techniques to children with ASD leads to significant improvement in their social interaction. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2014
Iranian Studies (00210862)47(6)pp. 951-966
Women's sport has always been a challenging subject in Muslim countries and Muslim women have had to face various constraints regarding their participation in sport and exercise, which also influence their attitudes to sport. This study aims to explore the attitude of Iranian female university students toward sport by survey method (N = 1,120) and qualitative interviews (N = 50). The results indicate that the majority of the participants have negative attitudes to sport, and accordingly they do not practice it. Various macro-, meso-and micro-level factors were found as perceived barriers. From the results it can be concluded that the media as a tool for raising awareness to providing role models and shaping the social values of mainstream society does not take a positive role in order to develop the culture of women's sport, and to change the attitude of female students and their social environments to sport in Iranian society. © 2013 The International Society for Iranian Studies.
