Publication Date: 2023
Life Sciences (18790631)332
In type 1 diabetes (T1D), pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by the immune system, causing chronic hyperglycemia and micro and macrovascular complications. However, some people experience a ‘honeymoon’ phase (or partial remission) after being diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. During this phase, a substantial amount of insulin is still produced by the pancreas, helping to reduce blood sugar levels and the requirement for external insulin. The clinical significance of this phase lies in the potential for pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions during this time frame to either slow down or arrest beta-cell destruction. Clearly, we need to continue researching novel therapies like immunomodulatory agents, but we also need to look at potentially effective therapies with acceptable side effects that can serve as a complement to the medicines currently being studied. Physical activity and exercise, regardless of its type, is one of the factors its impact on the control of diabetes is being investigated and promising results have been achieved. Although there are still limited reports in this regard, there is some evidence to suggest that regular physical exercise could prolong the honeymoon period in both adults and children. In this review, having described the immune base of type 1 diabetes, we outline the benefits of exercise on the general health of individuals with T1D. Moreover, we centered on the honeymoon and current evidence suggesting the effects of physical activity and exercise on this phase duration. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.
Publication Date: 2021
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)12(1)
Background: Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) relative to the other adipose tissues may have different roles in health and insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of aerobic exercise on SAT thermogenesis indices, serum orexin-A (OXA), and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced obesity male Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats with an average weight of 180-200 g were randomly assigned into 4 equal groups: Normal fat diet (NFD), high-fat diet obesity (HFDO), normal fat diet after high-fat diet obesity (HFDO-NFD), and aerobic exercise group with normal fat diet after high-fat diet obesity (HFDO-AEX). Fasting levels of serum OXA, insulin, FBS, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, cholesterol and gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and UCP1 in SAT were evaluated. Samples were taken in the HFDO group after obesity-induced and in other groups 48 h after 8 weeks of aerobic exercise. Results: The results showed that HFD significantly decreased serum levels of OXA, HDL-c and gene expression of PGC1α and UCP1 in SAT. In addition, it caused a significant increase in Lee index, FBS, insulin resistance, and serum lipid profile in comparison with the NFD group (P ≤ 0.001). Aerobic exercise significantly modified the changes caused by HFD to the normal levels (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: These data suggest that aerobic exercise caused an improvement in insulin resistance and blood lipid profiles through an increase in the serum level of OXA and alteration in the SAT phenotype from white to brown or beige. © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2014
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)5
Background: Since correlations have been found between body composition and physical activity in different parts of the world, inactivity and poor physical condition likely contributes main factors in childhood obesity. This study was implemented to determine the relationship between cardiovascular fitness and body‑composition in a group of Iranian middle school students. Methods: In this descriptive study, subjects comprised of 12,946 students (10,531 girls and 2,415 boys aged 11–13 years) in the city of Isfahan. Height, weight, body‑fat percent, body mass index, and cardiovascular fitness of the aforesaid students were measured by valid tests. Results: This study showed that fat percentage and aerobic fitness (VO2 max) of girls were 24.73%, and 29.5 (ml/kg/min) and boys19.32% and 36.4 (ml/kg/min) respectively. Results also revealed that there was a negative significant correlation between fat percent and aerobic fitness of boys (r = −0.81), and girls (r = −0.77) respectively. Conclusions: To conclude, this study signifies that fat percentage augmentation leads to a decrease in aerobic fitness of children. Thus, fat percentage can be associated with different chronic diseases such as cardiovascular ones. © 2014, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2020
Journal of Sport Biomechanics (24765937)6(1)pp. 2-11
Objective The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of an 8-week 11+ exercise program on seven test scores of Functional Movement Screening (FMS) in female futsal players. Methods This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 48 female futsal players who were selected using purposive and convenience sampling methods and randomly divided into two groups of exercise (n=36; Mean±SD age=23.3±2.8 years; Mean±SD height=164.94±4.93 cm; Mean±SD weight=63.58±6.35 kg) and control (n=12; Mean±SD age=23.08±2.74 years; Mean±SD height=165.42±5.08 cm; Mean±SD weight=62.83±6.10 kg). Seven FMS tests were carried out before and after implementation of the 11+ exercise protocol for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week each for 20 minutes. For analyzing the data, repeated-measures ANOVA was used considering a significant level of P≤0.05. Results The 11+ exercise program had a significant interaction effect on the scores of deep squat (F(1.46) =6.07; P=0.01), hurdle step (F(1.46) =4.98; P=0.03), and in-line lunge (F(1.46) =11.63; P=0.001) in sub-jects, but had no significant effect on their shoulder mobility (F(1.46) =2.19; P=0.14), active straight-leg raise (F(1.46) =2.003; P=0.16), trunk stability push-up (F(1.46) =1.09; P=0.30), and rotary stability (F(1.46) =0.20; P=0.20). Conclusion It seems that the 11+ exercise program was effective in improving the FMS scores of female futsal players. It can be used by coaches and corrective exercises experts as a training method for injury prevention before training in female futsal players. © 2020, Islamic Azad University of Hamedan. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2012
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)29(169)
Background: Chronic neck pain is one of the most common problems among computer users. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of an eight-week selected therapeutic exercises course and self-treatment with pamphlet programs on the rate of chronic neck pain and disability among computer users. Methods: Out of a total number of 196 bank staff members, 66 men with chronic neck pain (mean age: 39.19 ±3.1 years) voluntarily recruited in this study. they were randomly allocated into three groups of selected exercise therapy (N = 18), self treatment with pamphlet (N = 23) and control (N = 25). Chronic neck pain and disability were measured by the Neck Pain and Disability Scale. For analyzing data, pretest-posttest measures were calculated. Then, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe post hoc test were used to analyze the obtained data. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was used to determine the relationship between work experience and neck pain and disability rate of subjects. Findings: The results of this study revealed 42.85% of the subjects to be suffering from chronic neck pain. There were significant differences between decreased values of neck pain and disability between the three groups (P < 0.01). There was no significant relationships between neck pain, disability and work experience (P =0.086; r = 0.21). Conclusion: Generally, it can be concluded that compared to self- treatment by pamphlet program, the selected therapeutic exercises course under supervision of a trainer was beneficial in reducing chronic neck pain and disability.
Publication Date: 2021
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)12(1)
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the third most common cause of adult neurologic disabilities. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of neuromuscular exercises on strength, proprioceptive receptors, and balance of women with MS. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial study, 20 female volunteers with relapsing-remitting MS were randomly assigned into the experimental group (n = 10) and control group (n = 10). Maximum muscular strength of knee extensor and flexor muscles, knee joint proprioceptive error (Biodex), and balance (Berg Balance Scale) was measured at baseline and after 8 weeks of neuromuscular exercise. The data were analyzed using paired t-test and independent t-test. Results: The results showed a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the quadriceps strength, hamstring strength, proprioceptive receptor error, and the balance in the experimental group, but not in the control group. A significant difference was evident between the experimental and control groups in terms of strength, balance, and proprioceptive receptor error (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Neuromuscular exercise training is effective in improving balance, strength, and reducing the proprioceptive error in people with MS, and it could be recommended as modalities for these patients. © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2019
Journal of Sport Rehabilitation (15433072)28(5)pp. 444-449
Context: Preparticipation examinations are the standard approach for assessing poor movement quality that would increase musculoskeletal injury risk. However, little is known about how core stability influences functional movement patterns. Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an 8-week core stability program on functional movement patterns in college athletes. The secondary purpose was to determine if the core stability training program would be more effective in those with worse movement quality (ie, ≤14 baseline functional movement screen [FMS] score). Design: Quasiexperimental design. Setting: Athletic training facility. Participants: One-hundred college athletes. Main Outcome Measures: Functional movement patterns included the FMS, lateral step-down, and Y balance test and were assessed before and after the 8- week program. Intervention: Participants were placed into one of the 2 groups: intervention and control. The intervention group was required to complete a core stability training program that met 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Results: Significant group × time interactions demonstrated improvements in FMS, lateral step-down, and Y balance test scores in the experimental group relative to the control group (P < .001). Independent sample t tests demonstrate that change scores were larger (greater improvement) for the FMS total score and hurdle step (P < .001) in athletes with worse movement quality. Conclusions: An 8-week core stability training program enhances functional movement patterns and dynamic postural control in college athletes. The benefits are more pronounced in college athletes with poor movement quality. © 2019 Human Kinetics, Inc.
Publication Date: 2018
International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training (21577277)23(1)pp. 27-32
Sensorimotor function is impaired in chronic ankle instability (CAI) patients. CAI patients have an increased sensitivity to fatigue relative to controls. Few investigations have quantified functional movement scores in CAI patients or the effect of fatigue on such scores. Therefore, we characterized functional movement scores before and after fatigue in 40 collegiate athletes with CAI. Three movement patterns (double-limb squat, double-limb squat with heel lift, and single-limb squat) were completed before and after fatigue and scored using Fusionetics®. All Fusionetics scores were higher (worse) after fatigue. The results demonstrate that functional movement scores were sensitive to fatigue. © 2018 Human Kinetics, Inc.
Publication Date: 2012
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)3(7)pp. 493-498
Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two types of rehabilitation techniques, including aerobic and strengthening exercises on patients with knee rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: 48 male patients with knee RA were randomly assigned into 3 groups, including aerobic exercises, strengthening exercise, and control. The two first groups completed their treatment protocol for 8 weeks, 3 days per week. Visual Analogue Scale, WOMAC questionnaire, 6-minute walking test, standard goniometer were used to assess pain severity, functional ability, walking ability, knee joint ROM respectively at baseline and after applying therapeutic interventions. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P < 0.05 significant level. Results: Participants had a mean ± SD age of 58.6 ± 7.8 years (height 1.72 ± 0.07 m, weight 81.0 ± 6.4 kg) with no significant difference between three groups. Both therapeutic interventions reduced pain significantly (P < 0.001) compared to the control group, without significant difference between the two experimental groups. The patients fulfilled aerobic exercise attained higher levels of function and walking ability compared to strengthening group significantly (P < 0.001). The knee range of motion (ROM)wassignificantly (P < 0.001) improved in the two experimental groups in comparison to controls, the strengthening group had more significant (P < 0.001) improvement. Conclusions: It can be concluded that an aerobic exercise program improves functional and walking ability in patients with knee RA, and strengthening exercise has more efficient effect on knee ROM, both aerobic and strengthening exercises can equally relieve pain.
Publication Date: 2012
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)30(186)
Background: Cardiac biomarkers are factors that are used in the diagnosis of heart tissue damage and acute myocardial infarction. The main purpose of this study was to compare 3 types of endurance, resistance, and combined exercise on cardiac biomarkers, i.e. cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and creatine kinase isoenzymes MB (CK-MB), in active men. Methods: A total number of 15 healthy active young men with a mean age of 23 ± 1.60 years, mean height of 173 ± 3.75 cm, mean weight of 69 ± 8.74 kg, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) of 51.48 ± 1.84 mL/kg.min were selected. Each subject performed the 3 types of exercise with 7-day intervals. Blood samples were obtained before and immediately after exercise and cardiac biomarkers were evaluated. Statistical analyses were conducted using paired t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings: Our results indicated that CK-MB increased significantly after resistance, endurance, and combined exercise (pretest value = 20.87 ± 2.39; posttest values = 25.98 ± 3.86, 26.34 ± 4.21, and 27± 2.66, respectively; α = 0.01). However, the 3 types of exercise did not result in significantly different CK-MB levels. CTnT levels did not change significantly after resistance, endurance, or combined exercise (pretest value = 0.65 ± 0.11; posttest values = 0.48 ± 0.11, 0.65 ± 0.11, and 0.77 ± 0.11, respectively; α = 0.01). Nevertheless, cTnT levels were higher after endurance and combined exercise compared to resistance exercise. Conclusion: The results indicated that despite the increased amounts of CK-MB which might have been caused by the nature of exercises and muscle damage due to intense muscular activity, none of endurance, resistance, and combined exercises triggered significant changes in cTnT levels in active men. Therefore, these types of exercise cannot be followed by heart damage.
Publication Date: 2011
Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche (03933660)170(5)pp. 307-313
Aim. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acute and prolonged periods of aerobic training and detraining on novel inflammatory marker the predictive of cardiovascular disease in Wistar rats. Methods. Forty-two male rats divided randomly into two groups: aerobic training group (experimental) (N.=24) and control group (N.=18; without any training program). Experimental group trained for 12 weeks, three times a week, with the definite speed and duration. To study the effects of detraining, six trained rats were taken off of training regimen after 24 sessions of training. The blood samples were gathered in different phases of training. A cellular adhesion molecule (sICAM-1) was measured with ELISA kits following the manufacturer's protocol. Data were analyzed by two way ANOVA and different and independent t-test. Results. The results showed that sICAM-1 levels were decreased insignificantly (P=0.179) in the first 8 weeks, but a significant decrease was observed in sICAM-1 concentration (P=0.001) as the training continued to 36 sessions. Also, it was revealed that by detraining, the gained adaptation faded out and the body was exposed to the danger of atherogenesis damages (P=0.07). Conclusion. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that the measurement of sICAM-1, is beneficial for the diagnosis of different environmental factors on vascular disorders and that the regular aerobic training would be a helpful mean in prophylaxis and reduction of atherosclerosis by lowering the concentration of sICAM-1.
Publication Date: 2009
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)27(92)
Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the bone mineral density (BMD) of the upper and lower body between professional female footsal players and non-athlete females. Methods: Fifteen professional female footsal players (age: 24.3 ± 2.8 years, height: 161.1 ± 4.4 cm, weight: 54.3 ± 7.0 kg) and 15 healthy nonathlete females (age: 23.8 ± 2.0 years, height: 160.9 ± 7.0 cm, weight: 51.5 ± 9.6 kg) participated in this study. BMD was measured by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) at the lumbar spines and femoral neck, femoral trochanter of both legs. Findings: In footsal players BMD values were found to be significantly higher at the whole body, lower and upper body compared with non-athletes. BMD of footsal players in upper and lower body was 1269.1 and 1161.0 mg/cm2 respectively. These values for non-athletes were 1102.4 and 877.7 mg/cm2 respectively. The difference between these sites in both groups was statistically significant (P < 0.01). When the BMD values of the footsal players were compared with non-athletes, we found that the BMD gain in the lower body of the footsal players relative to the non-athletes was twice as much as the upper body of footsal players compared to the non-athletes. Conclusion: It seems that weight bearing and high impact loads are the most important factors to improve the BMD in lower body. The bones of lower body are subjected to multidirectional, dynamic compressive, and sheer forces during footsal activities such as the starts, jumping, landing, cutting and running. Therefore, it can be concluded that the BMD of the lower body were benefited more than upper body in footsal players. © 2009, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2008
Sport Sciences for Health (18247490)3(3)pp. 57-64
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sprint exercise and a detraining period on lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) and response of antioxidant system (ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), uric acid, bilirubin and total protein). Forty-two male rats were divided randomly into two groups: sprint group (experimental) (n = 24) and control group (n = 18, without any training programme). The experimental group trained for 12 weeks, 3 times per week, with given intensities. Five trained rats experienced the detraining, so the effects of detraining were also studied (from the 8th to 12th weeks). Data were analysed using a two-way repeated ANOVA. A significant difference between the two groups was observed for MDA (p = 0.022), FRAP (p = 0.005) and bilirubin (p = 0.002) but for total protein and uric acid no significant change occurred. In the experimental group, a significant difference was found through various assessments for MDA (p = 0.001), FRAP (p = 0.001), bilirubin (p = 0.008) and uric acid (p = 0.012). It can be concluded that this protocol of sprint exercise training causes adaptation in the antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation, but by detraining these results will be reversed. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2008.
Publication Date: 2008
Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche (03933660)167(5)pp. 221-229
Aim. This study was designed to investigate the effect of continuous training on C-reactive protein (CRP), which is the most sensitive inflammatory marker for predicting of cardiovascular disease. Methods. This study was conducted on obese, female wistar14848 rats (325.6±4.93 g and 21 months old). A pilot study was carried out to investigate the difference in CRP between the obese (226.75±5.12 g and 4 months old) and thin (168.13±5.6 g and 4 months old) young rats, and also between the obese (325.6±4.93 g and 21 months old) and thin (246.87±4.79 g and 21 months old) rats (each group included 8 rats). Then, 32 rats were divided randomly into control and experimental groups and in each group the related sub-groups were chosen randomly. An experimental training programme was carried out for five days a week at a definite treadmill speed for 12 weeks. Blood samples were drawn at three phases of pretraining, mid-training and post-training. High-sensitivity CRP was measured with an immunoturbidimetric method. Results. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed that the reduction in CRP levels was not significant (P=0/08) in the fast six weeks but CRP decreased significantly (P<0.0001) after 12 weeks. Conclusion. It can be concluded that the decline in this inflammatory marker after a period of continuous training attenuated the atherogenesis process.
Publication Date: 2024
Journal Of Rehabilitation Sciences And Research (23456159)11(2)pp. 109-116
Background: The present study focuses on elucidating the effects of an eight-week combined turning exercise program on the physical performance of female students with Down syndrome (DS), a genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability and often associated with weaker muscle strength. Individuals with DS typically exhibit reduced muscle strength due to a lower percentage of slow-twitch muscle fibers and a diminished overall number of muscle fibers. Methods: In this semi-experimental clinical trial, the authors used purposive sampling to enroll 26 female students diagnosed with DS. Participants were randomly divided into an experimental group (n=13; mean age: 12.15±1.62 years, mean height: 139.23±8.94 cm, mean weight: 42.62±13.44 kg, mean IQ: 63.02±5.54) and a control group (n=13; mean age: 12.23±1.53 years, mean height: 141.15±10.31 cm, mean weight: 45.46±15.94 kg, mean IQ: 63.05±5.49). The authors evaluated muscle strength using a hand-held digital dynamometer, push-up test, long jump, and sit-up before and after the eight-week training period. The experimental group underwent a combined turning training program lasting 45-60 minutes daily, thrice a week, for eight weeks. We analyzed the data using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a significance level set at P≤0.05. Results: The findings revealed a significant enhancement in physical performance among participants in the experimental group compared to those in the control group (P≤0.05). Specifically, the combined turning exercise program positively influenced upper body, middle body, and lower body muscle strength in female students diagnosed with DS. Conclusion: The results of this investigation imply that incorporating combined turning exercises could serve as an effective strategy for enhancing muscle strength among female students diagnosed with DS. Integrating these exercises into rehabilitation programs tailored for individuals with DS may improve their physical performance and enhance their overall quality of life. 2024 © The Authors. Published by JRSR. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2021
Iranian Journal of Breast Diseases (26457482)13(4)pp. 67-76
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise with detraining in different phases of prevention on Bcl-2 gene expression and protein. Methods: For this purpose, 32 female BALB-c mice (18-20 g) were purchased and randomly assigned to four groups of primordial prevention (A), primary prevention (B), secondary prevention (C), and control (D). Group A performed aerobic exercise for 4 weeks, followed by injection of 4T1 cells and 8 weeks of detraining after the injection. Group B performed aerobic exercise for 4 weeks immediately after the injection of 4T1 cells and then detrained for 4 weeks. Group C received a 4T1 cell injection and maintained a sedentary life for 4 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of aerobic exercise. The subjects were killed 48 hours after the last training session and detraining courses and tumor tissues were removed. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure gene expression and western blotting was used to measure protein content.The one-way ANOVA test was used to analyze the data. Results: The mean gene expression due to aerobic exercise was significantly (P<0.001) lower in groups A (0.481), B (0.323), and C (0.035) compared with group D (1.711). Also, aerobic exercise caused a significant decrease in Bcl-2 (P=0.005) protein expression in groups A (0.692), B (0.821), and C (0.670) compared with group D (1.000). It should be noted that tumor growth in experimental groups was not significantly different from the control group (P=0.092). Conclusion: Exercise may be able to reduce anti-apoptotic agents in tumor cells, leading to apoptosis of tumor cells and reduced tumor growth. © 2021 Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research. All right reserved.
Publication Date: 2019
Frontiers in Physiology (1664042X)10(FEB)
The aims of the present study were to (a) examine recovery time-course and (b) analyze the usefulness of the Hooper-Index (wellness index) and resting heart rate variability (HRV) in professional soccer players during an in-season phase. The Hooper-Index and resting HRV were collected on matchday and on the four following days in three consecutive in-season weeks in nine players (25.2 ± 4.3-years). The usefulness of monitoring variables was assessed by (a) comparing noise (typical error, TE) to the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) (TE/SWC) and (b) comparing match-related changes (i.e., signal) to TE (i.e., signal-to-noise ratio). Between-days standardized differences in the changes of Hooper-Index and HRV were compared to the SWC using magnitude-based inferences. The magnitudes of TE were small and moderate for the Hooper-Index and HRV, respectively. The Hooper-Index showed to be more useful than HRV for monitoring match-induced fatigue as having a lower TE/SWC (3.1 versus 4.4) and a higher signal-to-noise ratio (5.5 versus 1.5). Small-to-very large [range of effect sizes, 0.48; 2.43, confidence limits (0.22; 2.91)] and moderate-to-large [-1.71; -0.61 (-2.44; -0.03)] detrimental changes in Hooper-Index and HRV, respectively, were observed on the days following matchday. While group analyses showed a similar pattern for recovery time-course, more individual players responded, similarly when tracked using the Hooper -Index compared to when they were tracked using HRV. An inverse moderate within-individual relationship was observed between changes in the Hooper index and HRV [r = -0.41, (-0.60, 0.18)]. The Hooper index is an easy-to-use, no-cost, and non-invasive monitoring tool and seems promising for tracking match-induced fatigue during in the season in professional soccer. Copyright © 2019 Rabbani, Clemente, Kargarfard and Chamari. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Publication Date: 2012
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)30(183)
Background: Obesity is a major public issue. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the prevalence of obesity and overweight would increase to 1.5 million individuals by 2015. Obesity is an important risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, some cancers. In addition, obesity and percent of body fat seem to be associated with respiratory problems, although the mechanism of this correlation is not very clear. The purpose of this study was examining the relationship between anthropometric characteristics, body composition, and lung function in obese, overweight, and normal students. Methods: In this study, 283 secondary school students in Isfahan, Iran [age: 12.79 ± 0.88 years old, body mass index (BMI): 20 ± 39.9 kg/m2] were selected using cluster random sampling. Subjects were divided into 3 groups of obese (BMI ≥ the 95th percentile; n= 50), overweight (the 85th ≤ BMI ≤ the 95th percentile; n = 62), and normal (the 15th percentile ≤ BMI ≤ the 85th percentile; n = 171). Pulmonary function was assessed using Spirometric methods. In addition, anthropometric characteristics and body composition were measured. Findings: Our results showed the three groups of normal, overweight and obese students to be significantly different in terms of the average lung capacity and volume. Moreover, significant negative correlations were observed between anthropometric characteristics and indicators of body composition and lung function. Least significant difference post hoc test results also showed that lung function in normal students was greater than overweight and obese students. In addition, the prevalence of normal weight, overweight, and obesity among the studied students were 60.4, 21.9, and 17.7, respectively. Conclusion: Based on our results, obesity has a specific effect on lung function and reduces lung capacity and volume. However, the exact mechanism has not been well understood. Therefore, further studies in this field are required.
Publication Date: 2012
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)29(166)
Background: Previous studies have often focused on plasma beta-endorphin (?-EP) and cortisol responses to either sub-maximal or maximal exercise. However, little research has been conducted on the effects of professional exercise sessions on? -EP and cortisol secretion levels. The aim of this study was to assess changes in plasma?-EP and cortisol levels in male sprint runners after one session of 200 meters run exercise training. Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 14 healthy male elite runners (mean age: 21.38 ± 2.76 years, mean weight: 69.78 ± 6.76 kg, mean height: 182.21 ± 5.22 cm, and mean body mass index of 20.99 ± 1.62 kg/m2) purposefully and voluntarily participated in this study. After a two hour exercise session, the subjects ran 200 meters in 23 seconds with an intensity equivalent to 80-85% of maximum oxygen consumption. Venous blood samples were taken from the right arm of the subjects to measure levels of?-EP and cortisol before exercise, immediately after specialized training, and 30 minutes after exercise. Serum blood samples were separated immediately in a refrigerated centrifuge at +4°C. They were then transferred to a -70°C refrigerator for future assessments.?-EP and cortisol were measured using enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings: Levels of?-EP among male sprint runners significantly differed between the three measurements (P ≤ 0.05). The paired comparison test showed a significant difference between the Mean?-EP level before training and in the recovery period (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, no significant differences in cortisol levels were observed (P ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that an acute exercise session caused significant increases only in levels of serum?-EP hormones among sprint runners.
Publication Date: 2011
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)2(3)pp. 145-150
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of exercise on the aerobic power, serum lactate level, and cell blood count among active individuals in the environments with similar climatic characteristics differing in their level of air pollution. Methods: This trial comprised 20 volunteer students of Physical education in The University of Isfahan, Iran. Two places with the same climate (altitude, temperature, and humidity), but low and high level of air pollutants air were selected in Isfahan, Iran. Participants underwent a field Cooper test with a 12-minute run for fitness assessment. Then the aerobic power, serum lactate, and cell blood counts were measured and compared between the two areas. Results: The study participants had a mean (SD) age of 21.70 (2.10) years and body mass index (BMI) of 24.44 (2.32) Kg/m2. We found a significant decrease in mean Vo2 max, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, as well as significant increase in mean lactate level, white blood cell count and mean corpuscular volume in the higherpolluted than in the lower-polluted area. No significant difference was documented for other parameters as platelet counts or maximum heart rate. Conclusions: Exercise in high-polluted air resulted in a significant reduction in the performance at submaximal levels of physical exertion. Therefore, the acute exposure to polluted air may cause a significant reduction in the performance of active individuals. The clinical importance of these findings should be assessed in longitudinal studies.
Publication Date: 2019
Research In Pharmaceutical Sciences (17355362)14(5)pp. 414-423
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of elastic resistance band training (ERBT) and green coffee bean extract (GCBE) supplement on novel cardiometabolic indices in obese women. To this end, a total number of 60 obese women aged 30-50 years with a body mass index of > 30 kg/m2 were selected for inclusion in this study and then they were randomly assigned to one of the following four groups: placebo (n = 15), GCBE supplement (n = 15), GCBE supplement + ERBT (n = 15), and placebo + ERBT (n = 15). Each commercially prepared GCBE supplement capsule used in this study contained 500 mg of GCBE supplement and it was also claimed by the manufacturer to have 50% chlorogenic acid (CGA) (250 mg). The participants in the placebo + ERBT and GCBE supplement + ERBT groups attended an 8-week ERBT program, 3 sessions / week, and 60 min each session. In the GCBE supplement + ERBT group, Framingham risk score (P = 0.018), atherogenic index of plasma (P = 0.003), and metabolic syndrome severity score (P = 0.001) significantly decreased. Taken together, the results of the present study supported the importance of supplemental and resistance-type training in improving obesity and novel cardiometabolic risk scores, despite the fact that longer nutritional and exercise interventions could enhance some cardiometabolic risk scores in obese women. © 2019 Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2018
Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation (18681883)35(3)
Background: Physiological aging can now be considered as a multi-factorial process that is associated with anatomical and signaling changes associated with endocrine function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the comparison of performing 12 weeks' resistance training before, after and/or in between aerobic exercise on the hormonal status of aged women. Materials and methods: Forty healthy aged women (age: 67.35 ± 1.40 years) were randomly divided into three training groups and a control group: resistance followed by endurance training (ER, n = 12), endurance training followed by resistance training (RE, n = 12, interval resistance-endurance (RE) training (INT, n = 12) and a control (Con, n = 12) groups. The training program was done over 12 weeks, 3 times per week. Endurance training was performed on a cycle ergometer (intensity: 60-90% maximum heart rate) and resistance training involved selected resistance exercises (intensity: 40-75 one-repetition maximum, 8-18 repeats). All participants were evaluated before and after the training period. Results and conclusion: The data showed that performing resistance training before, after and/or in between aerobic exercise did not influence the adaptive response of insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (p = 0.07), growth hormone (p = 0.35), cortisol (p = 0.20), insulin (p = 0.72), epinephrine (p = 0.83) and norepinephrine (p = 0.86) levels throughout the study. However, when comparing pre and post, no significant differences were shown following combined training within the SE, ES and INT groups for all variables (p < 0.05), except of IGF-1 within ES (p = 0.04) and SE (p = 0.02), and testosterone within ES (p = 0.007). In conclusion, combined training with RE order may be more effective than other orders for increasing anabolic status in aged women. © 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.
Publication Date: 2025
Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness (18271928)65(6)pp. 811-818
BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscles constitute approximately 40% of our body mass, performing crucial roles in mobility, metabolism, and heat generation. This study delves into the impact of whole body-electrical muscle stimulation (WB-EMS) training on muscle growth and anabolic factors in individuals grappling with excess weight. A cohort of 30 participants was randomly assigned to an EMS group and a control group. METHODS: The EMS group adhered to a training regimen involving a whole-body EMS device engineered to concurrently and independently stimulate various body regions. This innovative apparatus administered a bipolar electric current with a pulse frequency of 85 Hz, a pulse width spanning 350 µs, and a rectangular waveform featuring a 0.4-second ramp. Stimulation patterns oscillated between 6 seconds of activation and 4 seconds of rest. The device precisely targeted the legs, anterior and posterior thighs, arms, buttocks, abdomen, chest, and lower and upper back while covering a substantial area of 2600 cm2. The training program included 24 WB-EMS sessions conducted over 8 weeks. There were 3 training sessions per week, each lasting 20 minutes. A dedicated rest day was scheduled between sessions to facilitate recovery and adaptation. RESULTS: The results showed that exercise training significantly reduced Body Mass Index (BMI) (P<0.0001) and significantly improved cholesterol levels (P<0.0016), including reductions in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (P<0.0146) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) (P<0.0003). Along with an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (P<0.0238). In addition, the study showed an increase in growth hormone levels (P<0.0001) along with a decrease in cortisol levels (P<0.0008) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) (P<0.0187). CONCLUSIONS: Consequently, EMS training emerges as a time-efficient and effective alternative to conventional exercise routines, enhancing skeletal muscle function. © 2025 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA.
Publication Date: 2022
Human Movement (17323991)23(3)pp. 120-129
Purpose. The study investigated the effect of active recovery (Ar) and cold-water immersion (CWI) recovery strategies on the speed of recovery after small-sided games (SSGs) in soccer players. Methods. A crossover design was employed to divide 24 male soccer players from a first division Iranian National League (age: 22.3 ± 2.6 years) into 4 experimental conditions: active-active, active-CWI, CWI-active, and CWI-CWI. Heart rate (Hr) variations (standard deviation of normal r-r intervals [SDNN], log-transformed root mean square of successive r-r intervals [lnrMSSD]) and self-reported indices (Hooper questionnaire and rate of perceived exertion [rPE]) were measured. Twenty-four hours after SSGs, the players performed one of the recovery strategies. Forty-eight hours after the session, they completed a 20-m sprint test; changes were compared with baseline. Results. A significant difference in SDNN Hr variations between Ar and CWI recovery strategies (F= 4.86, p = 0.03, 2 = 0.31) was noted. regarding within-experimental condition changes (F = 60.82, p = 0.001, 2 = 0.85), significant differences were detected when comparing data recorded before SSGs and immediately after SSGs (p = 0.001), as well as for data recorded before SSGs and immediately after recovery (p = 0.001). There was also a significant difference in lnrMSSD Hr variations when Ar and CWI were compared (F = 2.41, p = 0.033, 2 = 0.29). Within-experimental condition changes (F = 127.9, p = 0.001, 2 = 0.74) indicated significant differences between data recorded before SSGs and immediately after SSGs (p = 0.001), as well as between data recorded before SSGs and immediately after recovery (p = 0.001). No significant difference was found between the SDNN index of Hr variability for different recoveries (p= 0.055, 2 = 0.07). Moreover, no significant differences were noted between recovery strategies in terms of Hooper index (p = 0.832, 2 = 0.11), rPE (p = 0.41, 2 = 0.06), or 20-m sprint test (p = 0.78, 2 = 0.02). Conclusions. CWI showed a greater effect than Ar in restoring the impaired vagal-related Hr variability indices observed immediately after SSGs. However, no advantage was observed between the recovery strategies. © Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences
Publication Date: 2022
Iranian Journal of Ageing (1735806X)17(2)
Objectives: Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems in older adults. Pain, stiffness, tenderness, decreased muscle strength and joint range of motion, impaired proprioception, and balance problems lead to impaired physical function, making the person incapable of performing functional activities. Therefore, it is necessary to use strategies to control and reduce the complications of the disease and improve their daily functional activities. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of land exercise therapy and hydrotherapy on functional activities in older women with knee osteoarthritis. Methods & Materials: Fifty-four female patients with knee osteoarthritis within an age range of 60-69 years (height: 159.96 ±5.53, weight: 76.93±9.50) were selected as available, and were randomly divided into two groups of land exercise therapy and hydrotherapy for 8 weeks. To evaluate the patients' functional activities, timed up & go, 30-second chair stand, 40-meter fast paced walk test, stair climb test, and 6-minute walk test were used. SPSS V. 26 and analysis of variance for repeated measures were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that The results showed that both land exercise therapy and hydrotherapy methods caused intra-group changes in functional tests (P ≤ 0.05) but the difference between the two groups was not significant (P ≥ 0.05), which indicates the same effect of the methods used in the study. Conclusion: Land exercise therapy has had the same effect as hydrotherapy on timed get up & go, 30-second chair stand, 40-meter fast paced walk test, stair climb test, and 6-minute walk test, which means that it has shown effective for the patients’ functional activities. Any of these methods can thus be recommended according to the conditions of each patient. © 2022. Iranian Journal of Ageing.All Rights Reserved
Publication Date: 2013
Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (17359260)23(103)pp. 94-103
Background and purpose: Impaired function of trunk extensor endurance is known as a risk factor and clinical sign for low-back pain. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between selected back muscles fatigue index and hyperlordosis. Materials and methods: This case-control study was carried out in 12 males diagnosed with hyperlordosis and 12 with normal lumbar curve. Participants were randomly assigned into case and control groups. Surface electromyography activity of iliocostalis, longissimus thoracis, multifidus and gluteus maximus muscles were recorded during performing Sorensen test until exhaustion. Independent ttest and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for data analyses (P<0.05). Results: Median frequency slope decreased significantly for iliocostalis lumborum (P=0.022) and multifidus (P=0.004) muscles. Gluteus maximus muscle had a high correlation with endurance time among hyperlordotic group (r=0.87, P=0.005). Conclusion: Lower median frequency in the iliocostalis lumborum muscle in hyperlordosis group resulted in reduction of median frequency in the multifidus muscle. According to our findings, the gluteus maximus and the iliocostalis lumborum muscles were important determinant of endurance time in case and control groups, respectively. Therefore, iliocostalis lumborum and multifidus muscles training program should be considered in individuals with increased lumbar lordosis while Gluteus maximus training is beneficial for subjects with normal lumbar curve.
Publication Date: 2020
International Journal of Developmental Disabilities (20473877)66(2)pp. 122-132
Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the combined effects of perceptual-motor exercises and vitamin D3 supplementation on the reduction of stereotypical behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: In this study, 100 eligible children with age ranging from 6 to 9 years were randomly selected and divided into four groups: Group A—perceptual-motor exercises (n = 25); Group B—25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25 (OH) D) (n = 25); Group C—perceptual-motor exercises and 25 (OH) D (n = 25); and Group D—control (n = 25). Results: The stereotypes decreased from elementary level, 17% in Group A, 13% in Group B and 28% in Group C among the participants. There was no change in the stereotypical in the control group during the interventions. Also, the stereotypes in Group C showed the highest decrease, compared to the other three groups. Conclusions: We concluded that combination of perceptual-motor exercises and vitamin D3 supplementation in children with ASD leads to significant reduction in their stereotypic behaviors. © 2018, © The British Society of Developmental Disabilities 2018.
