Publication Date: 2023
Journal of Philosophical Investigations (22517960)17pp. 89-111
The goal of science is to explain reality and the world, and the goal of philosophy is also ontology. Philosophical views on scientific opinions and scientific opinions have had a direct influence on the way of worldview and ontology. Since the early twentieth century, the scientific flow of reduction affects logic and philosophy, psychology and sociology, and even theology and religion. On the other hand, the new emergent flow of emergentism in opposition to reductionism flourished in the late twentieth century. The philosophical and analytical validation of these two seemingly contradictory views promotes the levels of scientific methods and approaches, as well as philosophical views, especially philosophies such as the philosophy of religion, the philosophy of psychology, and the philosophy of sociology. Reductionism is trying to coordinate with unity, realize the unity of sciences, eliminate the waste of scientific theories, and provide the possibility of a stronger justification. On the other hand, emergentism involves the hierarchical plurality of the world's creatures. On the other hand, emergentism involves the hierarchical plurality of the world's creatures which causes the classification of science. Each level and class have its lows, rules, and concepts per se. Reductionism is unable to explain the plurality of facts and levels of existence; But emergentism with its theoretical framework explains both the continuum, unity and multiplicity of reality means the hierarchical plurality of reality. the reduction merely is an essential step in understanding and discovering down-up causality that is used as one of the theoretical concepts of emergentism and somewhat explains the cause of the relationship between the layers of existence. But reduction strategy is not successful in recognizing and explaining the existence of layers and classes of science. Reductions with a priority look at reality are subject to selfish judgment and preference, but in emergentism, reality and ontology determine and identify the methodology and epistemology. © The Author(s).
Publication Date: 2021
HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies (20728050)77(4)
According to property-emergentism, consciousness is an emergent property of certain aggregate neurological constructions, whereas substance-emergentism maintains that the emergence of consciousness depends on the emergence of mental substance or soul. In this article, we presented some arguments supporting substance-emergentism by analysing various properties of consciousness, including the first-person perspective, referral state, qualia, being active, causative, non-atomic, interpretative, inferential and inventive (emanative and innovative). We also explored the impossibility of representing big images on the small monitor and the incapacity of physical entities being conscious because of their intrinsic multiplicity, absence and deficiency. These arguments, which apply the philosophy of Mulla Sadra, could be considered by philosophers of mind and religion, as well as theologians who follow some religious beliefs such as the afterlife on existence and survival of the soul. Also, we attempted to respond to property-emergentists’ objections to substance-emergentism. Contribution: This research contributes to prove and accept the emergence of the immaterial soul after the stages of natural evolution of the body. It uses the basics of emergentism, including natural evolution, to link science and religion in believing the existence of the immaterial soul. Demonstrating the immaterial reality of human existence provides the ground for theological issues such as afterlife and religious morality. © 2021. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS.
Publication Date: 2018
Islamic Quarterly (00211842)62(2)pp. 229-246
Singular proposition (al-qadīyah al-shakhsīyah) is a type of categorical proposition (al-qadīyah al-hamlīyah). Islamic logicians have paid close attention to defining, naming, and analyzing of singular proposition. From the works of logicians of Islamic period, eight features of singular propositions can be derived: constituency relation, unquantifiability, indivisibility into confirmation of the subject and confirmation of the object, indivisibility into factual/extrinsic propositions, inefficiency in categorical syllogism, not being convertible, having no value in al- 'ulūm al-burhāniyah, and truth of contradictory propositions in square of opposition. © 2018 Islamic Cultural Centre. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2012
Optics InfoBase Conference Papers (21622701)18pp. 130-149
We describe a quantum interface between an optical and a microwave field based on their common interaction with a nano-mechanical resonator. This is an effective source of two-mode squeezing with an optical idler and a microwave signal, enabling continuous variable teleportation. © 2012 OSA.
