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Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (17358639)3(2)pp. 4-14
Objective: Many theorists have attempted to illustrate family functions. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between self-differentiation, mental well-being and welfare and the quality of an individual's married life, specifically in the framework of Bowen's theory. Methods: The sample size for this descriptive research project consisted of 560 participants who were chosen at random from the clients referred to a number of counseling centers in the city of Isfahan, located in central Iran. Assessment tools utilized in this project consisted of Differentiation of Self Inventory-2 (DSI-2), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and Positive and Negative Affects Scales (PANAS) as well as Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS). Results: Measurements were carried out to ensure the validity of this research: First, the validity of each subject questionnaire was examined by the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Then, the structural model for the conceptualization of the relationship between differentiation of self and other factors along with the quality of an individual's married life was presented and accordingly adjusted by reviewing preceding studies in the framework of Bowen's theory. Conclusion: It was concluded that the questionnaires were indeed valid to be used in both research and clinical settings.
Ghaffari, M., Ahmadi, A., Abedi, M., Fatehizade, M., Baghban, I.
Iranian Journal Of Psychiatry And Behavioral Sciences (17358639)5(2)pp. 99-105
Objective: Impulsivity appears to play an important role in suicidal behavior. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare the impulsivity, substance abuse, and family/friends history of suicide attempt between suicide-ideated and non suicide-ideated university students. Methods: The research population consisted of all the students of the University of Isfahan in the academic year of 2009-2010. Three hundred and forty students (136 boys and 204 girls) were selected randomly through cluster sampling, of whom 53 participants were suicide-ideated and the rest were non suicide-ideated. The instruments used in this study were the 11th version of Barratt Impulsivity Scale, Suicide Ideation Questionnaire, and the demographic questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance were used to examine hypothesis. Results: There was a significant difference between suicide ideated and non-suicide ideated subjects in impulsivity (F=3.83, p< 0.001). Accordingly, significant differences were observed between two groups in attentional (F=8.12, p<0.005), motor (F=7.67, p< 0.006), and non-planning (F=4.60, p< 0.033) impulsiveness. The results showed a higher incidence of substance abuse, and family/friends suicide attempt among suicide-ideated compared with non suicide-ideated students. Conclusion: A higher level of impulsivity is probably related to various indices of suicidal behavior. Substance abuse is probably associated with suicidal behavior and this association may involve an interaction with impulsivity. This study provides an initial evidence of familial linkages of suicide ideation and suggests that the loss of an important person in life would be an important predictor of suicide ideation in university students.
Isanejad, O., Ahmadi, S.A., Bahrami, F., Baghban-cichani, I., Etemadi toudeshki, O., Farajzadegan, Z.
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (19918178)5(9)pp. 200-206
This study aimed to investigate the effect of relationship enhancement on improving optimism and marital happiness of couples in Isfahan. The design of this study is quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and control group. The sample was 36 couples were randomly selected and assigned in an experimental group (20couples) and a control group (16 couples). The independent variable was relationship enhancement which was administrated in 8 sessions on the experimental group while there was no treatment for the control group. The instrument for this study was Marital Happiness Scale (MHS) and Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). The data was analyzed by covariance analysis. The results showed that relationship enhancement has effectively led to improving of optimism and marital happiness of couples (p<0.01). The results showed significantly differences between experimental group, and control group considering the amount of marital happiness and optimism, and the efficacy of relationship enhancement has remained after a month follow up. The results showed that relationship enhancement was significantly effective on improving of optimism and marital happiness. These results may be product useful information about effectiveness of relationship enhancement on marital quality for researchers, counselors and psychotherapists.
Europe's Journal of Psychology (18410413)8(3)pp. 363-374
The present study evaluated the relations between anxious attachment styles and rejection sensitivity, and the potential mediating role of self-esteem and worry. A sample of 125 Iranian college students completed surveys assessing rejection sensitivity, attachment style, worry and self-esteem. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analyses were conducted. Results show that there is a significant positive relationship between anxious attachment styles and rejection sensitivity. The study suggests that a higher score in anxious attachment styles is associated with a higher level of worry and lower level of self-esteem and it is also associated with higher level of rejection sensitivity. Furthermore, there is a positive significant relationship between worry and rejection sensitivity and there is a negative significant relationship between self-esteem and rejection sensitivity. Results indicate that self-esteem and worry mediate the relationship between anxious attachment styles and rejection sensitivity.
Isanejad, O., Ahmadi, S.A., Bahrami, F., Baghban-cichani, I., Farajzadegan, Z., Etemadi toudeshki, O.
Iranian Journal Of Psychiatry And Behavioral Sciences (17358639)6(2)pp. 55-61
Objective: To determine the reliability and validity of the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS) with 14 items (short form) in Iranian population. Methods:The English version of the RDAS was translated into Persian. Then, Persian version was retranslated to English. To study factor structure 338 questionnaires were filled out by parents of elementary students. Other measurement tools were The Marital Happiness Scale (MHS), Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (ENRICH).Both English and Persian forms were completed by 35 married undergraduate English students. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the RDAS, MHS, and ENRICH were 0.79, 0.87. and 0.76-0.91, respectively. Results: The content validity of the backward translation of the original version was confirmed. The findings confirmed the factor structure.Also, the validity was confirmed by retest and internal consistency. There was relationship between RDAS with marital happiness and satisfaction in anticipated direct, between husband and wifeadjustment scores. Conclusion: The reliability and validity of the RDAS with 3-factor structure in Iranian population was confirmed with an appropriate validity and reliability.
Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences (1560652X)17(4)pp. 1-9
Background and Aim: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between internet addiction and depression, anxiety, stress and social phobia among students in Isfahan University. Material and Method: This is a cross-sectional study (descriptive-analytic). The study population was students of Isfahan University, in Iran. 71 students (36 girls and 35 boys) were randomly entered into the study. We used Young's internet addiction test (IAT), depression anxiety stress scale (DASS) and social phobia inventory (SPIN). The data were analysed by correlation and regression analysis. Results: The results indicated a significant correlation between internet addiction and each clinical variable (depression, anxiety, stress and social phobia (p<0.001). Also the results of regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between internet addiction and the set of these clinical variables (r=0.62). These clinical variables can predict 39% of addiction to the internet (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results of the current study implied that the set of these clinical variables (depression, anxiety, stress and social phobia) can predict internet addiction.
International Journal Of Preventive Medicine (20088213)4(1)pp. 78-87
Background: Research on attachment has shed new light on understanding one of the underlying mechanisms of psychopathology in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of attachment based intervention in a pediatric sample with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Methods: Twelve participants, 10-12 years of age, were treated across an eight week period. They had not been treated with either pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy previously and remained medication free during the attachment based therapy. This study comprised two groups of children: The experimental group, who received attachment based intervention, and the control group, who did not receive treatment. All participants were assessed in terms of severity of OCD symptoms by administrating the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale before and after the experimental group had received the therapeutic sessions. The children were assessed again one month later. The level of children's depression, and attachment insecurity, as well as their mothers' depression, OCD symptoms, and attachment insecurity, were statistically controlled in this study. Results: Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) indicated that the OCD symptoms in children decreased significantly over the course of the therapy, and this gain was maintained at follow up. The results of this study demonstrated that the attachment based intervention was efficacious in alleviating the OCD symptoms. Conclusion: It is suggested that parental instruction in attachment based relationships may help prevent young children from developing OCD symptoms in middle childhood and adulthood.
Ghaffari, M., Fatehizade, M., Ahmadia, S.A., Ghasemia, V., Baghbana, I.
Europe's Journal of Psychology (18410413)9(4)pp. 731-743
The main purpose of this study was to construct and validate a scale for measuring marital justice. A sample of three hundred and four voluntary and unpaid married participants (194 females, 110 males), aged between 20 and 35 years old (29.01 ± 4.44 years), were selected randomly through multi-stage sampling in Isfahan, Iran; the participants included in this sample had preschool child/children, were all in the first decade of marriage, and had at least eight grades of education. All participants were asked to complete the Marital Justice Scale (MJS), the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (R-DAS; Busby, Christensen, Crane, & Larson, 1995), and the Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ; Sanai Zaker, 2000). The exploratory factor analysis extracted two factors labelled 'Procedural/interactional justice' (twelve items) and 'Distributive justice' (eight items) which accounted for 66.70% of the total variance. The convergent and discriminant validity of the 20-item MJS were supported by an expected pattern of correlations between the scale and the measures of marital quality and marital conflict. All correlation coefficients between the mean scores of the MJS and the scores of the RDAS and the MCQ were statistically significant. The obtained internal consistency was markedly high (Cronbach's α =.97). The test-retest reliability of the MJS was.87. The results suggest that the MJS is a reliable and valid measure; however, further studies should be carried out in other countries, based on different age groups and socio-economic levels, various developmental stages of family life cycles, diverse cultures and sub-cultures, and according to gender difference so as to validate the MJS.
Europe's Journal of Psychology (18410413)9(4)pp. 783-797
The purpose of this research was to explore the role of General Factor of Personality (GFP) and adult attachment dimensions in marital quality through relationship attributions and emotional reactions. The sample consisted of 261 couples who were married at least more than one year and had no major stressful events in their lives up to the time of the study. In this study, the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), the Experiences in Close Relationships Questionnaire-Revised (ECR-R), the Relationship Attribution Measure (RAM), the Geneva Emotion Wheel (GEW), and the Perceived Relationship Quality Components (PRQC) were used for collecting the data. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the data. The results suggest that attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance and GFP directly and indirectly, through relationship attributions and emotional reactions, were related to marital quality. In addition, relationship attributions are antecedent to emotional reactions. Based on the findings, an intrapersonal-situational model of marital quality is suggested.
Ghaffari, M., Fatehizade, M., Ahmadi, A., Ghasemi, V., Baghban, I.
Iranian Journal Of Psychiatry And Behavioral Sciences (17358639)7(2)pp. 57-67
Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of spiritual well-being and family protective factors on the family strength in a propositional structural model. Methods: The research population consisted of all the married people of the Isfahan, Iran, in 2012 with preschool-aged children and in the first decade of marriage with at least eight grades of educational level. Three hundred and ninety five voluntary and unpaid participants were selected randomly through multi-stage sampling from seven regions of the city. The instruments used were the Spiritual Well-being Scale, Inventory of Family Protective Factors, and Family Strength Scale. Descriptive statistics and a structural equation modeling analytic approach were used. Results: The analytic model predicted 82% of the variance of the family strength. The total effect of the spiritual well-being on the family strength was higher compared to the family protective factors. Furthermore, spiritual well-being predicted 43% of the distribution of the family protective factors and had indirect effect on the family strength through the family protective factors (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results of this study confirmed the interrelationships among spiritual well-being and family protective factors, and their simultaneous effects on family strength. Family counselors may employ an integrated spiritual-religious/resilient perspective to inform their strength-based work with individuals and their families.
Objectives: From the psychological point of view, coping strategies and attitudes have considerable effects on people's tendency towards risky behavior, including opioid substance abuse. Dysfunctional attitudes are attitudes and beliefs that predispose the individual toward depression and psychological disorder, generally speaking. Usually, people use three types of coping strategies when confronting stressful situations; problem-focused, emotion-focused and avoidance strategies. This study therefore aimed to compare dysfunctional attitudes and coping strategies in substance-dependent & healthy individuals. Methods: A causal-comparative study was conducted. The population under study consisted of 100 addicts attending Robat-Karim's addiction rehabilitation centers who were selected through simple random sampling. Another 100 ordinary individuals were matched with the addicts. The dysfunctional attitudes scale and the coping strategies questionnaire was used to collect data. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze data. Results: The two groups differed significantly in their dysfunctional attitudes and problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies. Substance-dependent individuals applied emotion-focused coping more and had greater dysfunctional attitudes than the healthy ones, and the latter applied problem-focused strategies more. Discussion: Based on our results, addicts have greater dysfunctional attitudes than non-addicts. Therefore, better treatment and rehabilitation results may be obtained by preparing grounds for appropriate psychological interventions and coping strategies in substance-dependent individuals.
Objectives: According to the gateway drug theory, tobacco use is a predisposing factor for future substance abuse. This study was conducted to compare nicotine and opiate dependents to identify the differences between their personality traits and psychopathology that makes them turn to other substances after cigarette smoking. Methods: A causal-comparative study was conducted. Three groups were randomly selected: nicotine dependents, opiate dependents and ordinary individuals (non-dependent population). Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised, the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, Maudsley Addiction Profile, the Beck Depression Inventory, and Beck Anxiety Inventory were used to collect data. Analysis of variance was used to analyze data. Results: Opiate dependents had higher 'novelty seeking' and lower 'cooperativeness' scores as compared to the other two groups. They also had higher anxiety and depression scores than the other two groups. Discussion: Higher 'novelty seeking' and lower 'cooperativeness' scores are important personality traits predicting future substance abuse.
Objectives: Adolescents are the most vulnerable group of the society when it comes to risky behaviors. As a consequence of their volatile behavior during adolescence they are more likely to behave in ways that threatens their ongoing physical and psychological health and their future. The current study was designed to examine the association between the emotional expressiveness style and addiction potential among male high school students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 180 male high school students that had been selected through multi-stage random sampling from Karaj city's at-risk high schools. The research tools consisted of: a) the researcher-made demographic questionnaire, b) addiction potential scale, c) emotional expressiveness questionnaire. Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used for data analyzing. Results: Based on the results, emotional expressiveness and its components were negatively and significantly associated with addiction: 'expression of positive emotion' (p=0.001), 'expression of negative emotion' (p=0.001), and 'expression of intimacy' (p=0.001). 'Expression of positive emotion' plays a more significant role in predicting addiction potential. Addiction potential was significantly associated with familial economic status (p=0.024). Discussion: On the whole, our results underscore the significance of emotions and emotional expressiveness in predicting addiction potential in adolescents. Therefore, it is essential to educate adolescents during their schooling years to prevent this phenomenon.
Objectives: The purpose of the study was to compare the emotion regulation strategies of blind and sighted students. Methods: The research method used was descriptive and causal-comparative, and the statistical population included all the sighted and blind students at the University of Isfahan and the Islamic Azad University of Khorasgan. The sample volume was 64 members (32 members in each group). Sampling was conducted using the availability sampling method for the first group and the simple random sampling method for the second group. Data was gathered and measured with the help of the Emotion Regulation Scale by O.P. John and J.J. Gross, and analyzed using SPSS 21 and the ANOVA test. Results: The results indicated a significant difference between two groups with regard to applied emotion regulation strategies (P < 0.05); Blind students applied both strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) less. The effect of gender, interaction between gender and vision status was also not significant with respect to emotion regulation (P > 0.05). Discussion: Emotion regulation is a possible influential factor in many problems that blind people suffer from, more than sighted ones, and using interventions that target emotion regulation strategies would be useful.
