Bereavement Care (02682621)9(1)pp. 5-7
228 pre-school children whose fathers were killed during the Iran-Iraq war and who attended nurseries run by the Martyrs’ Foundation in the central city of Isfahan, were compared with 124 children from intact families on McGuire and Richman's (1986) Pre-school Behaviour Checklist. Results showed that 1) the overall rate of behaviour problems was lower in Martyrs’ children than controls; 2) among the bereaved children, this rate was significantly lower when the mothers had remarried; 3) sex differences were found in the rates of behaviour problems reported. © 1990, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
Journal of Child and Family Studies (15732843)2(2)pp. 97-108
Out of 228 Iranian preschool Martyrs' children whose behaviour adjustment in the nursery settings was screened using the Preschool Behaviour Checklist, 12 well adjusted, zero scorers were compared with 8 poorly adjusted, high scorers. Using the parent's Behaviour Checklist, high scorers showed significantly more problems at home than zero scorers. On the Malaise Inventory, mothers of high scorers showed poorer mental health than mothers of zero scorers. Home observations showed that mother-child interaction was more aversive in high scorers than in zero scorers. More mothers of zero scorers had remarried. © 1993 Human Sciences Press, Inc.
Dalgleish, T.,
Taghavi, R.,
Neshat doost, H.T.,
Moradi, A.,
Yule, W.,
Canterbury, R. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines (00219630)38(5)pp. 535-541
The investigation of cognitive content and processes in childhood anxiety and depression has lagged behind similar research in the adult population. What studies do exist have largely restricted themselves to examining the nature of the thoughts that anxious and depressed children report. There is almost no research examining the ways in which anxious and depressed children perceive, attend to, remember, or think and make judgements about, emotional material. The present study investigated the subjective probability judgements that anxious and depressed children make concerning future negative events. Subjects generated probability estimates either for themselves or for other children for a range of events on a visual analogue scale. Events were either physically-threat-related or socially-threat-related. The results revealed no differences of interest with respect to type of threat but interesting differences between the groups with respect to reference. Depressed subjects estimated that events were equally likely to happen to themselves as to other children whereas both the controls and anxious children estimated that negative events were more likely to happen to others than to themselves, with this effect being stronger in the anxious group. These results are discussed in the context of the adult literature and also the limited literature on emotion-related cognitive processing in children.
Personality and Individual Differences (01918869)23(5)pp. 753-759
The study investigated selective processing of emotional information in childhood depression using a computerised version of the modified Stroop colour naming task. Three groups of children and adolescents - clinically depressed (n-19), patients with mixed depression and anxiety (n= 19), and normal controls (n = 26) - were required to name the colours of depression-related, threat-related, trauma-related, happy, and categorised neutral words. Normal subjects, compared with the patient groups, exhibited faster colour naming overall. There were no significant differences on the colour naming of different categories of words and the performance across the three groups was not significantly different for different categories of words. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Dalgleish, T.,
Neshat doost, H.T.,
Taghavi, R.,
Moradi, A.,
Yule, W.,
Canterbury, R.,
Vostanis p., P. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines (00219630)39(7)pp. 1031-1035
Previous research into subjective probability estimates for negative events revealed that depressed children estimated events as equally likely to happen to themselves as to other children. In contrast, both controls and anxious children estimated that negative events were more likely to happen to others than to themselves. The present study followed up this finding by investigating the subjective probability judgements concerning future negative events generated by children and adolescents who have recovered from depression. Subjects generated probability estimates either for themselves or for other children for a range of negative events on a visual analogue scale. The results revealed that both recovered depressed and matched control groups estimated negative events as significantly more likely to happen to others than to themselves. It was also found that the recovered depressed subjects estimated that negative events were less likely overall, compared to the controls. These results are discussed in the context of the adult literature.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology (0021843X)107(4)pp. 642-650
An experiment was conducted to examine memory for emotional trait adjectives in depressed children and adolescents. Two groups of children and adolescents, clinically depressed participants and non-clinical controls, were compared on computerized versions of recall and recognition memory tasks. Three groups of words (positive trait adjectives, negative trait adjectives, and categorized neutral words) were used in the experiment. Results showed that the depressed group recalled significantly more negative adjectives than positive adjectives, whereas the control group recalled the same number of positive and negative adjectives. This effect was predicted by the association between age and level of depression, with the depression- related bias becoming stronger with age. Signal detection analysis revealed that the depressed group did not show any bias in the recognition task. The findings are discussed with respect to cognitive theories of depression with consideration of the developmental implications.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology (15732835)27(3)pp. 215-223
Recent research has indicated that anxious adult and child patients and high trait-anxious adults selectively shift attention toward threatening stimuli. The present study extends this research and investigates the content-specificity of the effects in clinically anxious and mixed anxious- depressed children and adolescents. Twenty four generally anxious patients, aged 9 to 18, 19 mixed anxious-depressed patients, and 24 normal controls were comparable with respect to age, sex, verbal IQ, and vocabulary level. The participants carried out an attentional deployment task in which probe detection latency data were used to determine the distribution of visual attention for threat-related and depression-related material. The results showed that clinically anxious children, relative to controls, selectively allocated processing resources toward threat stimuli. However, mixed anxious- depressed children, relative to controls, did not show any attentional bias towards either threat- or depression-related stimuli. Preliminary data on age and gender differences are also presented. The results of this study are discussed in the light of previous research.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines (00219630)40(3)pp. 357-361
Adult post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients often report a wide range of cognitive problems in memory, concentration, attention, planning, and judgement. Evaluation of these cognitive aspects of PTSD in adults has helped to define the nature of the disorder. However, there is a paucity of such work in younger subjects. This study has employed the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT) to examine cognitive factors in children and adolescents with PTSD. Eighteen child and adolescent patients with PTSD and 22 control subjects completed the test. PTSD subjects showed poorer overall memory performance compared with controls. Specifically, they were worse on the prospective and orientation items of the RBMT. The results are discussed in the light of research on everyday memory in adults with PTSD.
Psychological Medicine (14698978)29(2)pp. 415-419
Background. Investigators have used various experimental paradigms such as the Stroop colour naming test to study how adults with different emotional disorders process emotional information. However, to date, little research has been carried out on younger subjects. Method. In the current experiment, children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and control subjects aged 9-17 years, participated in a modified Stroop colour naming task. Results. The results indicated that the children and adolescents with PTSD showed increased Stroop interference for trauma-related material relative to neutral words and to the performance of the controls. Conclusions. These findings indicate that attentional bias to trauma-congruent information is a function of PTSD in young age groups. The results are discussed with respect to the literature on information processing in PTSD.
Journal of Traumatic Stress (15736598)12(4)pp. 663-671
Investigators have used various experimental paradigms to study how individuals with different emotional disorders process emotional information. However, little research has been done on relatives of individuals with emotional disorders, despite developments in the area of emotional contagion. In the current experiment, children of adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (n = 18) and control participants (n = 21), ages 9-17 years, participated in a modified Stroop color-naming task. The results indicated that the children of adults with PTSD showed increased Stroop interference for threat-related relative to neutral words and to the performance of the controls. These findings are discussed with respect to the literature on information processing in PTSD and emotional contagion in families.
Cognition and Emotion (02699931)14(6)pp. 809-822
Cognitive theories of anxiety based on adult data predict that individuals vulnerable to anxiety should show threat-related interpretations of ambiguous material and it is proposed that this is an important maintaining factor in anxiety disorders. In the present study, interpretation of ambiguous emotional/neutral information was examined in child and adolescent anxious patients. Two groups of participants, anxious patients (n = 17) and healthy controls (n = 40), were presented with a series of homographs, each with a threatening and a neutral interpretation. For each homograph, the participants were asked to construct a sentence using the homograph. Anxious children and adolescents produced significantly more sentences consistent with threatening homograph interpretations and less consistent with neutral interpretations than did normal controls. Regression analyses revealed no relationship between age and this interpretive bias. Preliminary developmental and theoretical implications are discussed.
Dalgleish, T.,
Moradi, A.,
Taghavi, R.,
Neshat doost, H.T.,
Yule, W.,
Canterbury, R. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines (00219630)41(8)pp. 981-988
Research with clinically anxious adults has revealed that they estimate future negative events as far more likely to occur, relative to healthy controls. In addition, anxious adults estimate that such events are more likely to happen to themselves than to others. Previous research with anxious children and adolescents, in contrast, has revealed no increased probability estimates for negative events, relative to controls, and the events were rated as more likely to happen to others than to the self. The present study followed up these discrepant findings by investigating probability judgements concerning future negative events generated by children and adolescents who had actually experienced an extreme negative event and who met criteria for a diagnosis of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Control groups comprised a group of healthy participants, and a group of healthy participants whose parents had experienced a trauma and who met criteria for PTSD. The results revealed no overall differences between the clinical group and the controls. However, children and adolescents with PTSD estimated all negative events as significantly more likely to happen to others than to themselves, with this other-referent bias being strongest for events matched to their trauma. In contrast, the two control groups exhibited an other-referent bias for physically threatening events but not for socially threatening ones. Developmental analyses indicated that the strength of the relationship between anxiety and elevated judgements about future negative events declined with age in the control participants but that there was no significant relationship in the groups who had been exposed to trauma. The findings are discussed in the context of the literature on information processing biases and PTSD.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines (00219630)41(3)pp. 363-368
The present study utilised a cognitive paradigm to investigate attentional biases in clinically depressed children and adolescents. Two groups of children and adolescents - clinically depressed (N = 19) and normal controls (N = 26) - were asked to complete a computerised version of the attentional dot probe paradigm similar to that used by MacLeod, Mathews, and Tata (1986). Results provided no support for an attentional bias, either toward depression-related words or threat words, in the depressed group. This findings is discussed in the context of cognitive theories of anxiety and depression.
Journal of Anxiety Disorders (08876185)14(5)pp. 521-534
Studies with adult participants with emotional disorders have revealed an explicit memory bias in favor of recalling negative emotional information, particularly if the information is related to the participants' emotional concerns. This process was investigated in a preliminary study with children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder and control participants. Participants were presented with sets of negative, neutral, and positive words and asked to recall them after a short retention interval. Posttraumatic stress disorder participants showed poorer overall memory performance compared with control participants. They also showed a bias in favor of recalling negative information, but there was no evidence of any specificity beyond this for threat- related material. Regression analyses revealed no relationship between mood, memory bias, and age. Results are discussed in terms of the adult literature and with respect to issues of the developmental continuity of posttraumatic stress disorder. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Psychological Medicine (14698978)31(3)pp. 541-547
Background. The present study examined biases in visual attention for emotional material in children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and healthy controls. Methods. The participants carried out an attentional deployment task in which probe detection latency data were used to determine the distribution of visual attention for threat-related and depression-related material. Results. The results showed that children and adolescents with PTSD, relative to controls, selectively allocated processing resources towards socially threatening stimuli and away from depression-related stimuli. This attentional avoidance of depression-related information in the PTSD participants declined with age. Conclusions. The results of the study are interpreted as a consolidation and extension of previous research on attentional bias and emotional disorder in younger participants.
Dalgleish, T.,
Taghavi, R.,
Neshat doost, H.T.,
Moradi, A.,
Canterbury, R.,
Yule, W. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (15374424)32(1)pp. 10-21
This study investigated theoretical claims that different emotional disorders are associated with different patterns of cognitive bias, both in terms of the cognitive processes involved and the stimulus content that is preferentially processed. These claims were tested by comparing clinically anxious (generalized anxiety disorder [GAD], posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) and clinically depressed children and adolescents on a range of cognitive tasks measuring attention, memory, and prospective cognition, with both threat-related and depressogenic stimulus materials. The results did reveal some relative specificity of processing in that the anxious participants exhibited a greater selective attentional bias for threat relative to depressogenic material with no such difference being apparent in the depressed sample. However, this bias was only clear-cut on a dot-probe measure of attentional processing and not on a modified Stroop measure, and indeed threat-related bias on the 2 tasks was uncorrelated. On the prospective cognition task, anxious participants exhibited an other-referent bias in their risk estimations regarding future negative events that was absent in the depressed sample. No specificity effects were evident on the memory task. The results are discussed in terms of the strengths and weaknesses of carrying out direct comparisons across groups and tasks versus drawing conclusions from overall patterns across multiple studies.
British Journal of Clinical Psychology (01446657)42(3)pp. 221-230
Objectives. Research investigating attentional bias for emotional information using the modified Stroop task in younger anxious populations has produced equivocal results. The present data investigated the replicability in younger participants of the prototypical adult finding of Mathews and MacLeod (1985) with patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Method. A sample of 19 child and adolescent patients with GAD and 19 controls completed the modified Stroop paradigm with threat, depression-related, positive and neutral words. Results. The data revealed a selective Stroop interference effect for negative emotional information in the GAD patients, relative to the performance of the controls. Conclusions. The results provide evidence of a modified Stroop effect for negative emotional material in children and adolescents with GAD, suggesting that modified Stroop processing in younger generally anxious populations broadly mirrors the profile of results in adults.
Canterbury, R.,
Golden, A.,
Taghavi, R.,
Neshat doost, H.T.,
Moradi, A.,
Yule, W. Personality and Individual Differences (01918869)36(3)pp. 695-704
Research with clinically anxious adults has revealed that they estimate future negative events as far more likely to occur, relative to healthy controls. In addition, anxious adults estimate that such events are more likely to happen to themselves than to others. Previous research with anxious children and adolescents, in contrast, has revealed no increased probability estimates for negative events, relative to controls, and the events were rated as more likely to happen to others than to the self. The present study followed up these discrepant findings by investigating probability estimates for future negative events in children and adolescents with high and low levels of self-reported trait anxiety but who had no reported history of emotional disorder. The results revealed a significant difference between the two groups with respect to their overall probability estimates for negative events, the high anxious group estimating that negative events were more likely to happen than the low anxious group. These findings are consistent with the results using adult clinical subjects and support the suggestion that previous differences between the adult and developmental literature are a function of non-normative performance specifically in clinically anxious younger participants. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Middle East Fertility Society Journal (11105690)11(1)pp. 43-47
Objectives: The main purpose of this research is studying the effect of cognitive - behavioral counseling, based on interacting cognitive subsystems (ICS) approach, on depression of infertile couples. Design: The research is quasi experimental. Materials and methods: The sample consists of 30 infertile couples who are placed randomly in the experimental and the control group. Both groups were assessed in two stages, pre- test and post-test, by Beck Depression Inventory. The time laps between pre-test and post-test was 6 weeks. The experimental group was exposed to counseling based on ICS approach in six sessions. Results: The study indicates that counseling based on interacting cognitive subsystems is effective in decreasing the depression of infertile couples in the experimental group than the control group (p<0.0001) and its effect is considerably higher on women than men (p=0.009). Conclusion: Cognitive-behavioral counseling based on interacting cognitive subsystems approach is effective in decreasing infertile couples' depression and it would be better to consider it as a part of therapy along with biological therapies related to infertility. Copyright © Middle East Fertility Society.
Counselling Psychology Quarterly (09515070)19(4)pp. 415-428
Although the current literature supports the effectiveness of metacognition as a learning strategy, little is known about the effects of metacognition on academic achievement and happiness. This study analyzed the effectiveness of training metacognition on the academic achievement and happiness of Esfahan University conditional students. Conditional students are the students whose averages are lower than 12 (12 out of 20). After three times of becoming conditional they are expelled from university. The sample consisted of 60 once-conditional female students. They were randomly selected and allocated to an experimental group and a control group. The independent variable was the metacognitive training sessions performed in the experimental group. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire scores and the students' second semester average scores in 2003-2004 were dependent variables. The study predicted that training in metacognition should have positive effects on the academic achievement and that it would increase students' happiness. The results suggested that metacognitive training had increased the academic achievement average of the experimental group. Similarly, metacognitive training had increased the happiness scores average of the experimental group. © 2006 Taylor & Francis.
Information Sciences and Technology (17355206)22(3)pp. 33-54
The growing number of specialized, scientific journals has made fast, batch identification and retrieval of articles a daunting task for the researchers. Furthermore, the rising cost of journal subscriptions, has deprived many researchers and even small libraries of individual subscriptions. The present research was conducted to assess the importance of establishing a full text database of Persian articles at the library of the faculty of law and political sciences in Shiraz University from the standpoint of the graduate and undergraduate students. Findings demonstrated that the average usefulness of the full-text article databases in students' view, was rated "high", given their experience with databases. About 61% of the respondents stated their "high" and "very high" approval for article digitization. Given the advantages offered by full-text article databases, the approval rating of the respondents have been "high.
Counselling Psychology Quarterly (09515070)21(4)pp. 309-321
Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy with the combination of cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal therapy on decreasing the excessiveness of pathological worry and increasing happiness of the individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Method: The sample consisted of 36 female undergraduate students who referred themselves to the Isfahan University Counseling Center and met the criteria for GAD. They were randomly assigned into three groups; namely, two experimental groups and one control group. Before receiving the interventions all of the groups completed Penn State Worry Questionnaire and Oxford Happiness Inventory. One of the experimental groups underwent cognitive behavior therapy and the other one received the integration of cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal therapy. The control group received no intervention. Result: The statistical analyses indicated that the differences between the CBT and CBT+ IPT groups on excessive worry and happiness in the post tests were not significant. But significant mean differences were observed in the follow-ups regarding pathological worry and happiness between two groups. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the integration of cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal therapy can be applied as an effective intervention for decreasing the rate of GADs' relapses after cognitive behavior therapy. © 2008 Taylor & Francis.
2025 29th International Computer Conference, Computer Society of Iran, CSICC 2025pp. 474-478
2025 29th International Computer Conference, Computer Society of Iran, CSICC 2025pp. 695-702
A wide variety of organizational practices have been proposed to support the creation, storage and transfer of knowledge, yet it is often unclear how these practices relate to one another in their contribution to organizational performance. This study develops a categorization system for knowledge management practices in higher education based on two dimensions: the practices' role in the problem-solving process, and the type of problem they address. Analysis of survey data supports the proposed framework and uncovers two higher order factors that correspond to the concepts of exploration and exploitation. By focusing attention on the importance of problem-solving in transforming knowledge into business value, this research suggests new ways to conceptualize knowledge management practices. © 2008 IEEE.
Emotion (19311516)8(5)pp. 731-736
The present study used a Color Stroop task, involving naming the ink colors of incongruous color words, to deplete self-regulation resources prior to retrieving a series of autobiographical memories to emotional and neutral cue words-the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT). Control participants either read color words written in black ink or performed no task prior to the AMT. Difficulty accessing specific memories on the AMT has been shown to index key aspects of the onset and maintenance of depression and other emotional disorders. Our hypothesis that depleted participants would retrieve fewer specific memories to cues on the AMT relative to controls was supported, even when levels of depressed and anxious mood, an index of clinical depression, posttraumatic stress, and verbal intelligence were covaried. The results indicate that self-regulation depletion via a neutral, unrelated task can impact on emotion-related autobiographical memory processes that have been shown to be dysfunctional in emotionally disordered populations. © 2008 American Psychological Association.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School (10277595)26(89)
Background: Electroconvulsive therapy has been recognized as a very effective treatment for severe depressions. Studies have shown that in major depressive patients, speed of information processing after the treatment with ECT will be increased. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of ECT on the memory of the major depressive patients to see whether this kind of treatment has any effect on improvement of the memory of these patients. Methods: In this study, with the experimental design, repeated measurement of ECT effect on major depressive patient memory was investigated. For this purpose, the function of these patients on the Wechsler memory measure test in two strong and weak groups regarding their memory quotient were investigated before ECT, 48 hours and six weeks after the last session of ECT. In each group 15 patients were selected and matched considering age, education and other intended variables in the research. The patients received ECT laterally on their non- dominant hemisphere, three sessions a week. The results were interpreted with the use of measuring the analysis of variance and F test. Findings: The mean scores for the strong MQ group before the ECT was 94.13 and 48 hours after the last session was 89.40 and in the weak group was 79.66 and 75.86 respectively, in both groups a significant difference of P < 0.0001 exists. Six week after the ECT in both groups it was 98.20 and 84.46 respectively that in strong group in P < 0.0001 and in weak group P < 0.02 it was significant. The scores in the 48 hours after the ECT stage were decreasing but in the 6 weeks after the ECT stage was increasing. Conclusion: The present study shows that decrease in memory after the ECT is temporary and six weeks after the last session of ECT patient’s memory in both weak and strong groups would be improved and would be increased. © 2008, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved.
Information Sciences and Technology (17355206)24(1)
Information Sciences and Technology (17355206)25(1)
