The main purpose of this study is to investigate, from a theoretical point of view, virtual universities in comparison with Social Networking Services (SNS). The theoretical framework constitutes of the Human Motivation Theory (HMT) and the Human Factors (HF) in which Facebook as the most popular SNS is compared with virtual university in general. The main features of these technologies were compared in order to consider whether they comply with mentioned theories. Using an exploratory research methodology, this study concludes that SNSs are more adopted with HMT than virtual university. In the other word, Facebook applications as the most popular virtual community with over 500,000,000 users worldwide, is more compliant with HMT to gratify users' needs. Also, from the perspective of human factors, it is more successful than the virtual university.
2025 29th International Computer Conference, Computer Society of Iran, CSICC 2025pp. 474-478
2025 29th International Computer Conference, Computer Society of Iran, CSICC 2025pp. 695-702
A wide variety of organizational practices have been proposed to support the creation, storage and transfer of knowledge, yet it is often unclear how these practices relate to one another in their contribution to organizational performance. This study develops a categorization system for knowledge management practices in higher education based on two dimensions: the practices' role in the problem-solving process, and the type of problem they address. Analysis of survey data supports the proposed framework and uncovers two higher order factors that correspond to the concepts of exploration and exploitation. By focusing attention on the importance of problem-solving in transforming knowledge into business value, this research suggests new ways to conceptualize knowledge management practices. © 2008 IEEE.
Journal of Applied Sciences (discontinued) (18125654)9(18)pp. 3385-3390
This study aims to investigate the cultural context of the society in Iran and also learner's ability concerning learning English in primary school, in order to propose practical strategies for starting teaching English as a foreign language in its proper time in Iran. This descriptive study was performed on 314 high school teachers working in cities of Tehran, Esfahan, Shiraz and Kerman, who were selected by random sampling method. The data gathering tool was a researcher made questionnaire including 60 items based on 5 point likert scale ranging from completely disagree to completely agree. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability was 0.89 by Cronbachs Alpha. The data was analyzed by SPSS software using t-test, ANOVA, Tukey and paired t-test. The response rate was almost 98%. The total mean score indicating the appropriate cultural context among teachers for establishing English language teaching in primary school was 3.58±56 out of 5. There was a significant difference between this mean and the assumed average score of 3 (p = 0.01). The mean score for children's ability as well as their tendency to start learning English language in primary school was 4.6±0.53 which had a significant difference with the average score of 3 (p = 0.001). According to the results, there is appropriate cultural context in Iran's society for starting teaching English language in primary school. Also, children encompass proper ability and tendency to start learning English language in primary school age. For establishing teaching English language in primary school, taking advantage of the experiences of other countries could be very useful. © 2009 Asian Network for Scientific Information.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences (18770428)9pp. 2069-2073
In the world of curriculum development, quality of education, actual move toward decentralization, and maximum participation of instructors in curriculum planning are the major concerns of specialists. After 1980s, curriculum mapping was introduced as one of the most important strategies for improving quality of education, culture of participation and collaboration in educational institutions. This strategy can help students' performance, improve the quality of education. In addition, researches showed that institutionalization of curriculum mapping in educational institutes has a positive effect on organizational culture and space. In this article, curriculum mapping is explained as a strategy for gaining these desired outcomes. © 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
International Education Studies (discontinued) (19139020)5(1)pp. 50-56
This study has examined the characteristics of physics teachers, their professional competences, supplies of equipments and technologies, appropriate textbooks and motivational factors in students' learning of physics from female physics teacher's points of view. The population included all female physics teachers in Isfahan city and a total of 88 teachers were selected as sample of study. The study was a descriptive survey that used researcher made questionnaire consists of 46 items. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for this scale was set to be .95. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, t-tests and ANOVA test were used. The results showed that in the present state, physics teachers have a low level of scientific knowledge. In terms of professional skills, their abilities were average and educational equipments and technologies were available at low level. Moreover the satisfaction of female physics teachers of books and educational texts was moderate. Meanwhile, the motivation for learning the lessons of physics was moderate. Also the results in desired state showed that all components of study could be effective in learning physics. Accordingly, it is recommended to enhance learning and teaching physics education, school should be equipped to supplies and technologies for teaching physics, including virtual laboratory.
International Conference on Human System Interaction, HSI (21582254)
The main purpose of this paper is to propose a content analysis approach in order to develop an ontology of university social responsibility (USR). The proposed approach comprises four main phases in which two content analyses software have been utilized to extract the main USR components and to identify the domain of this concept. To achieve the goal, the existing body of knowledge of USR definitions and specifications - using a variety of terms - has been considered to identify the main notions of USR and their relationships. The developed ontology can be applied to define a formal, explicit description of the USR concept and to construct a more reliable basis for measurement purposes. © 2012 IEEE.
International Education Studies (discontinued) (19139020)5(2)pp. 175-184
The purpose of this study was to provide an exploratory investigation of faculty member's efficacy inventory in higher education. Review of the literature showed a few studies about this subject and current instruments did not consider the theoritical foundations of faculty member efficacy. Moreover, most researches were limited to schools area and K-12. After an extensive review of the literature, first, a set of items to operationalize faculty perceptions and beliefs of efficacy in their tasks was developed. At second stage, higher education colleagues who were working in our university and other nearby universities examined the items for critique, and consulted with their colleagues about content and face validity. Third, a pilot study was initiated to map the domain of the construct and refined the measure and the meaning of faculty efficacy through the statistical methods. The instrument was field-tested and refined using a representative sample of universities faculty. Fourth, a factor analysis was utilized to identify factors related to efficacy scale of faculty members. Fifth, we reduced items and agreed about 18. Four factors were appeared in the factor analysis consisting of teaching competencies, research competencies, social competencies, and personal competencies. We insured all four sources of efficacy (mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and emotional arousal) were represented in each efficacy components (teaching competencies, research competencies, social competencies and personal competencies). Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated for each factor and in overall the instrument was a reliable scale 0.83. Finally, differences between faculty members were studied based on some demographic variables such as gender and academic ranking. Results showed that there were not significant differences between all female and male faculty members efficacy and so based on academic ranking.
World Applied Sciences Journal (discontinued) (18184952)18(1)pp. 107-112
One of the most important factors influencing academic performances of individuals is academic anxiety. It is essential to identify these factors in order to clarify and control academic anxiety. The present study compares early maladaptive schemes in individuals with high and low academic anxiety. The method adopted in this study was causative-comparative. The samples consisted of 360 individuals randomly selected from college students. The instruments included the early maladaptive scheme questionnaire and the academic anxiety questionnaire. The results derived on the basis of variance analysis revealed that there is a significant difference between individuals with high academic anxiety and low academic anxiety in the early maladaptive schemes and those who experience high levels of anxiety report higher levels of early maladaptive schemes. Although the connection between these variables has not been explored, the results of the study are in line with the present theories. The results give more insight for academic planners and researchers and consultants into what goes on in the examinees minds other than the learned material during the exam session. On this basis, it seems essential to take into account the maladaptive schemes and to develop intervention and psychologicaleducational plans in academic and college contexts. © IDOSI Publications, 2012.
International Education Studies (discontinued) (19139020)5(3)pp. 178-186
Holistic education encompasses a wide range of philosophical orientations and pedagogical practices. Its focus is on wholeness, and it attempts to avoid excluding any significant aspects of the human experience. It is an eclectic and inclusive movement whose main characteristic is the idea that educational experiences foster a less materialistic and a more spiritual worldview along with more dynamic and holistic views of reality It also proposes that educational experience promote a more balanced development of - and cultivate the relationship among - the different aspects of the individual (intellectual, physical, spiritual, emotional, social and Aesthetic), as well as the relationships between the individual and other people, the individual and natural environment, the inner- self of students and external. world, emotion and reason, different discipline of knowledge and different form of knowing. holistic education is concerned with life experience, not with narrowly defined" basic skills".
Journal of Management Development (02621711)31(8)pp. 845-872
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical picture of the concept of knowledge creation and then investigate the effects on it of such variables as social capital and organizational culture. Design/methodology/approach: The population of this study includes faculty members of the University of Isfahan (Iran) in 2008 (476 cases). From among these cases, 142 cases were selected based on the Cochran formula. Survey was used as the research method and a questionnaire was used for data collection. Pearson correlation "r" and multi-variable regression were employed, and in the next stage, through drawing the model of structural equations, the direct effects, indirect effects and total effects of independent variables on the dependent variable were investigated, based on path analysis model. SPSS and LISREL were employed for statistical analysis. Findings: The results revealed that social capital and organizational culture had meaningful effect on knowledge creation. The analysis showed that the independent variables mentioned above could determine 36 percent of the effects of the dependent variable. Research limitations/implications: The findings are based, in the main, on an extensive, single university study; therefore it is necessary to be cautious about generalizing the result of this study to other universities in Iran. Originality/value: The paper can contribute to organizations through providing a holistic picture of the role of knowledge creation in organizations (especially universities). © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Online learning systems in general and virtual universities in particular received considerable attention and had an increasing growth through two last decades. However, the acceptance and enough support from stakeholders sounds to be the main challenges of this kind of educational systems. Regarding this issue, the recent study is aimed to propose and validate a methodology for measuring social responsibility of virtual universities, by which higher education systems would be able to evaluate how each virtual university is responsible to its stakeholders and it can provide a useful scale to be used for ranking of this higher education institutions. The factors that comprise university social responsibility are inherently fuzzy and subjective in nature; therefore, in this research we propose to make use of Fuzzy Logic for measuring and quantifying this concept. Additionally in this research, based on the identified factors, we will develop ontological manifestations of social responsibility of virtual universities. © 2012 IEEE.
Religious Education (15473201)107(3)pp. 281-294
This study investigates Suhrawardi's epistemological and philosophical point of view in order to analyze and elicit its educational outcomes. His philosophy, which can be called eclectic philosophy (involving intellect and intuition), regularly proposes a different philosophical system with intuitionist outlook. It is the combination of two philosophical and mystical views, namely Aristotle's logical reasoning and Plato's mysticism. Suhrawardi has rather suggested this belief in the field of acquiring knowledge by humans that depends on three levels of knowledge, namely intuitive knowledge (using senses), knowledge via observation (mystical intuition), and illuminated knowledge. The third level of knowledge leads a human to the verity of knowledge. Therefore, this view about knowledge, and process of this knowledge acquisition, will have educational implications such as aims, principles, and teaching-learning methodology. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
Journal Of Research In Medical Sciences (17357136)17(12)pp. 1170-1175
Background: Clinical reasoning is one of the most important competencies that a physician should achieve. Many medical schools and licensing bodies try to predict it based on some general measures such as critical thinking, personality, and emotional intelligence. This study aimed at providing a model to design the relationship between the constructs. Materials and Methods: Sixty-nine medical students participated in this study. A battery test devised that consist four parts: Clinical reasoning measures, personality NEO inventory, Bar-On EQ inventory, and California critical thinking questionnaire. All participants completed the tests. Correlation and multiple regression analysis consumed for data analysis. Results: There is low to moderate correlations between clinical reasoning and other variables. Emotional intelligence is the only variable that contributes clinical reasoning construct (r=0.17-0.34) (R2 chnage = 0.46, P Value = 0.000). Conclusion: Although, clinical reasoning can be considered as a kind of thinking, no significant correlation detected between it and other constructs. Emotional intelligence (and its subscales) is the only variable that can be used for clinical reasoning prediction.
Engineering Intelligent Systems (14728915)(4)
This paper draws on the existing body of knowledge to develop an ontology for university social responsibility (USR). There are numerous terms and definitions for USR in the existing literature. However, there is no consensus among them. In order to address this issue, we used a semi-automated text mining approach for ontology engineering. The developed ontology covered USR and its associated terms by which social responsibilities of a university to its communities have been described in the existing literature. The developed ontology, which is an explicit specification of USR concept, its components and their relationships, can contribute to develop a unified understanding of the concept for measurement purposes. © 2013 CRL Publishing Ltd.
Global journal of health science (19169736)6(6)pp. 168-177
The present study aimed at Investigating the knowledge and attitude of Nursing Students towards Iranian Traditional Medicine in universities of Tehran in 2012-2013. 300 students of nursing studying at different universities in Tehran participated in this descriptive, cross-sectional study. The data was collected through a standard questionnaire with an acceptable validity and reliability. The questionnaire was made of five sections including demographic, general knowledge of the Iranian traditional medicine, general attitude towards it, resources of the Iranian traditional medicine and the barriers to it. The results revealed that general knowledge of the students about Iranian traditional medicine and complementary medicine is low. The attitude of the students towards including Iranian traditional medicine and complementary medicine in their curriculum is positive. General attitude of students towards Iranian traditional medicine is positive too. The majority of the participants had not passed any course on Iranian traditional medicine. There was no relationship between participants' attitude towards Iranian traditional medicine and the number of semesters they had passed. Considering the participants' positive attitude and their low level of knowledge, it seems necessary for the university policy makers to provide nursing students with different training courses on Iranian traditional medicine and complementary medicine in order to increase their knowledge.
Australian Educational Computing (1443833X)31(1)
The research aims at the evaluation of ICT use in teaching-learning process to the students of Isfahan elementary schools. The method of this research is descriptive- surveying. The statistical population of the study was all teachers of Isfahan elementary schools. The sample size was determined 350 persons that selected through cluster sampling method. The research tools were researcher made questioner in use of ICT in teaching-learning process which has been used after confirming its reliability and validity. The results showed that the use and the application level of ICT in teaching-learning process has a meaningful relationship with ICT equipment in schools, their Literacy and information skills (their e-readiness), and the teachers’ attitude to use ICT in teaching-learning process. Also, the challenges of ICT tools use have been specified in 5 levels of organizational, management, equipment-financial, attitudinal, and educational at schools. © 2016, Australian Council for Computers in Education. All rights reserved.
International Business Management (discontinued) (19935250)10(15)pp. 2814-2822
Higher education in a circuit system structure, it can have a key role in the transfer of knowledge. It can be stable according to the national need in order to spread the culture and knowledge of modern management when it created a management system, quality-oriented and customer-centric approach. Implimentation of this system at universities, it needs to consider a variety of factors. The purpose of this research is to identify and rank the factors affecting organizational agility implimentation on Total Quality Management (TQM) at universities. The literature review and based on the model of organizational excellence EFQM, 22 sub-criteria were identified in 9 major factor. These factors and sub-criteria were ranked by a survey of 313 experts, academics and university administrators by AHP fuzzy. The results show that according to experts, the decision to implement organizational agility on TQM, the factors "leadership" and "partnership and resources" shall respectively be considered. © Medwell Journals, 2016.
Australasian Journal of Educational Technology (14495554)(3)
Although higher education systems in developing countries such as Iran have embraced the online education approach, they are confronted with significant challenges in mis transition, one of which is lack of instructors' participation in online teaching. Therefore, this research is aimed at exploring barriers and influential factors for this lack of participation. The researchers developed their theoretical framework based on a thorough review of the existing body of knowledge while considering the cultural features of Iran as a developing country. A tailored questionnaire asking about the existence of three groups of barriers, namely personal, attitudinal and contextual inhibitors, was distributed among all faculty members who were candidates for delivering online courses in one of the top universities in the country. Data was analysed using the descriptive and inferential tests of Friedman, t- Test and ANOVA. The results were in line with research findings in other developing countries in which the contextual barriers had the most inhibition effect against faculty members' participation in online teaching. Certain cultural barriers also Jure highlighted by participants, pertaining to the context of Iranian online education systems. © 2016.
Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability (16914147)19(2)pp. 90-106
This quasi-experimental study investigated the effect of teaching aesthetic skills to faculty members on development of their effective teaching performance through a two-group pretest-posttest design. The sample included 32 faculty members at a major Iranian university who were divided into the experimental (11 participants) and control groups (21 participants). The experimental group was taught to use aesthetic skills in the teaching and learning processes; however, no intervention was applied to the control group. To evaluate the effective teaching performance of the faculty members, a tailor-made questionnaire was used in two pretest and posttest stages, where randomly chosen students were asked to express their opinions about the faculty membersí performance. The sample size of the students was 1096 in the pretest stage and 935 in the posttest stage. Paired t-test results showed that there was no significant difference between the mean effective teaching scores of the faculty members in the control group in the pretest stage and in the posttest stage. However, the mean effective teaching scores of the faculty members in the experimental group were found to be significantly higher in the posttest. In addition, although there was no significant difference between the mean effective teaching scores of the two faculty groups in the pretest, faculty members in the experimental group outperformed their counterparts in the control group. Based on the findings, applying aesthetic skills by faculty members in the teaching and learning processes can pave the way for sustainable development of their effective teaching performance. Therefore, faculty members are recommended to acquire the required knowledge and skills to better use aesthetic skills in the teaching process. © by Seyed Ebrahim Mirshah Jafari 2018.
Foresight and STI Governance (23129972)11(1)pp. 66-74
Higher education and intelligent leadership are considered important parts of every country's education system, which could potentially play a key role in accomplishing the goals of society. In theories of leadership, new patterns attempt to view leadership through the prism of creative and intelligent phenomena. This paper aims to design and develop an intelligent leadership model for public universities. A qualitativequantitative research method was used to design a basic model of intelligent leadership. The opinions of pundits and experts with a purposive sampling method to achieve theoretical saturation was used to design a model in the qualitative phase. During the testing of the model based on confirmatory factor analysis, data indicated that the dimensions of intelligent leadership were placed in the four components: rational leadership, emotional leadership, spiritual leadership and collective leadership and classified in sub-categories. Rational leadership was classified into five sub-categories (strategic thinking, common targeting, planning, decision-making and monitoring and feedback); emotional leadership was classified into four sub-categories (self-awareness, self-management, motivation and social awareness); spiritual leadership was classified into seven sub-categories (vision, confidence in one's ability to achieve a goal, altruism, meaningful work, membership, organisational commitment and feedback); and finally, collective leadership was classified into the three sub-categories (communication, development of a communication network and an exchange of opinions between the leader and team). The results presented in the paper correspond with statistical logic. Finally, the test model and the Delphi technique were applied using the survey approach and the ultimate model was described, including 426 codes, 89 sub-categories and the four main categories (rational leadership, emotional leadership, spiritual leadership and collective leadership).
Eghbal, F.,
Hoveida, R.,
Seyadat, S.S.,
Samavatiyan, H.,
Yarmohammadian, M.H. Foresight and STI Governance (23129972)11(2)pp. 83-91
The research performance of faculty members is one of the main criteria for measuring a university's overall performance, and universities and higher education centers seek to improve research because of their purpose and their commitment to various parts of society. The present research aims at determining the effects of the components of perceived talent management on the research performance of faculty members with the mediating role of perceived organizational justice. The research is a correlationaldescriptive study based on structural equations and its statistical population consists of the faculty members at the University of Isfahan, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Isfahan University of Technology. For the sample size, using the SPSS Sample Power software, of 562 individuals 130 were selected using stratified random sampling proportional to sample size. For data collection, faculty members' research performance record, a talent management questionnaire and a perceived organizational justice questionnaire were used. Convergent validity for both questionnaires (AVE) was calculated to be more than 0.5 and the reliability of both questionnaires using Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to be more than 0.75. Data analysis was performed using the Smart PLS 3.2.6 statistical software. Findings indicated that the components of the variables of perceived talent management and perceived organizational justice account for a total of 61% of the variance of the variable of research performance variable and the mediating role of the variable of perceived organizational justice variable was found to be insignificant. As a result, it can be said that the improvement of talent management processes can lead to increased faculty members' increased sense of organizational justice and ultimately improved research performance.
Radi afsouran, N.,
Charkhabi, M.,
Siadat, S.,
Hoveida, R.,
Oreyzi samani, H.R.,
Thornton iii, G.C. Journal of Management Development (02621711)37(9-10)pp. 711-720
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to introduce case-method teaching (CMT), its advantages and disadvantages for the process of organizational training within organizations, as well as to compare its advantages and disadvantages with current training methods. Design/methodology/approach: The authors applied a systematic literature review to define, identify and compare CMT with current methods. Findings: In CMT, participants get involved with real-world challenges from an action perspective instead of analyzing them from a distance. Also, different reactions of the participants to the same challenge aid instructors to identify the individual differences of participants toward the challenge. Although CMT is still not considered as a popular organizational training method, the advantages of CMT may encourage organizational instructors to further apply it. Improving the long-term memory, enhancing the quality of decision making and understanding the individual differences of individuals are the advantages of CMT. Research limitations/implications: A lack of sufficient empirical researchers and the high cost of conducting this method may prevent practitioners to apply it. Originality/value: The review suggested that CMT is able to bring dilemmas from the real world into training settings. Also, it helps organizations to identify the individual reactions before they make a decision. © 2018, Emerald Publishing Limited.
Educacao e Pesquisa (15179702)44
Human resource development is an important factor for improving organizations. Universities as educational organizations need high-quality human resources. In this sense, coaching can be introduced as a new approach for professional development in higher education. Faculty members of universities can act as coaches to help the students and colleagues develop and thrive. Coaches with high levels of skills can be very influential. Not all individuals in higher education capacities have the necessary skills to become coaches. Hence, coaching skills should be specified so as to select high-quality leaders. The aim of the present study was to identify and validate coaching skills at universities. The population of the study consisted of students of a medical sciences university in Isfahan and the University of Isfahan. Research methods were both qualitative and quantitative. For the qualitative part, participants who were experts in human resource development and education were chosen. For the quantitative assessment, participants were selected among faculty members at both universities. Results indicated that being a successful coach requires at least eight specific skills. These eight skills should serve as the basis for selecting coaches in higher education. © 2018 Educ. Pesqui., São Paulo.
American Journal of Distance Education (08923647)(1)
This article presents a meta-synthesis review of quality of online education (QOE) measurement approaches. In order to survey the existing body of knowledge, a qualitative method was employed to investigate what quality of online education is comprised of and how the concept has been measured through the literature. To achieve this, a total of 112 publications between 2000 and 2017 were analyzed. Results indicate that QOE factors are mostly focused on OE resources, input, and processes through this literature. There is a lack of evidence for output- and outcome-oriented approaches for quality factors identification and measurement. Most approaches focus on students’ views, with faculty and administrators’ views having less attention and very little focus on designers, employers, and clients. The lack of an integrated view of QOE not only in its definition but also in its measurement approaches is a key issue. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Eurasian Journal Of Educational Research (1302597X)2018(77)pp. 145-162
Problem Statement: To Iranian policy makers, higher education plays a key role in realizing the country’s development visions. This has led to the mapping of visions of higher education in upstream resources. In this regard, curriculum is an essential tool for higher education to fulfil its functions optimally. However, despite its significance, the clarification of the missions of future curricula is almost entirely neglected in Iran as the subject of research. Purpose of Study: This study aimed to clarify the missions of future curricula of Iranian higher education based on the visions of the country’s higher education on the horizon of 2025 (Iran’s 20-Year Vision Plan). Research Methods: The present research was developmental in terms of purpose, and was conducted through a combined exploratory method in the academic year 2014-15. The qualitative method was used to analyse the qualitative content of the upstream resources (e.g., artefacts and policy documents) as well as interviews with 14 experts from higher education. In addition, the quantitative method was used to collect data from 338 faculty members and PhD students. In this research, the data obtained from qualitative content analysis of the interviews was used to build the questionnaire. Findings: Findings indicated that the emphasis on research and technological functions, alongside that of education and service, pursues the goal of translating the knowledge acquired in the country into product. The results also revealed that, the approach to future curricula is society-oriented, and the accountability to the society should be at the centre of strategies of curriculum development. Implications for Research and Practice: The present study emphasized making Iranian universities more mission-oriented and aligned with the realization of higher education perspectives as well as the realization of sustainable development through following the established missions for the curriculum. © 2018 Ani Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.
Journal Of Educational Research - Uk (19400675)112(3)pp. 421-428
The authors investigated the effect of a mathematical curriculum (CU) developed based on verbal and practical activities on the mathematical competency (MC) and learning behaviors (LB) of preschool children. In a quasi-experimental design, 60 children (5- to 6-year-old girls) were selected using the accessible sampling method. The children were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group, and the relevant concepts were taught to the children in both groups. While the control group received the typical kindergarten education based on the usual textbooks and worksheets, the CU was taught to the experimental group. Structural equation modeling was used to model the data and statistical evaluation. The results demonstrated a significant difference between the two groups in MC and LB. The CU significantly improved MC directly, and indirectly through the improvement of LB (i.e., engagement and learning focus, verbal behaviors, and type of activity). © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
