E-business as one of the ICT infrastructure has experienced a high growth in last three decade, such that the approach and planning of the organization to enter the global market and attract the new customer has been affected in this regard. However the application of E-business in commercial activities requires attention to a range of internal and external factors affecting it. Due to these factors and planning businesses for optimal use of e-business technologies these appliances not only will ensure the success of the operation but also it can provide the business growth. One of the items that may be affected by the implementation of e-business is the structure of the organization. Following the changes in the organizational structure, many other fields will be changed in the organization. One of the most important fields is the role and responsibilities of mangers. In this paper the impact of implication of E-business in three factors of organization structures including controlling, standardization of integration and centralization of the role of middle manager position will be reviewed. © 2015 IEEE.
Global issues such as environmental disasters, malnutrition, poorness, international economic inequalities, local and ethnic conflicts, migration phenomena, globalization paradoxes, and other crises and challenges are so complex that governments and traditional diplomacy cannot tackle them alone. Therefore, diplomacy has expanded beyond the monopoly of governments. One of these new forms of diplomacy is citizen diplomacy or "people-to-people diplomacy." This can involve NGOs, private peacemakers, scholars, or other "bridge builders." Citizen diplomacy takes many forms, such as student/faculty exchanges, church programs bringing conflicting groups together, or cultural/scientific/sporting events that allow disputants to interact cooperatively or competitively. The informality of citizen diplomacy activities gives it a high degree of flexibility. This research aims to demonstrate the effectiveness and importance of citizen diplomacy in today's world, and its role in maintaining peace at the global level. © 2025 by IGI Global. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2002
Journal of Global Optimization (09255001)24(1)pp. 79-88
The Network Design Problem has been studied extensively and in many of these models the cost is assumed to be a concave function of the loads on the links. In this paper we investigate under which conditions this is indeed the case for the communication networks. The result is presented as a theorem, the Concavity Theorem, and a list of conditions that can easily be verified. It is also shown how the theorem can be extended to other applications, like in the area of road transportation.
Darvizeh m., M.,
Darvizeh a., A.,
Ansari, R.,
Sharma c.b., Publication Date: 2004
Composite Structures (02638223)63(1)pp. 69-74
Due to the importance of buckling analysis of composite structures in various industrial applications a comparative study of buckling behavior of composite plates is presented here. Mathematical modelling developed in the present work for generally laminated plates is based on generalized differential quadrature rule (GDQR) and R-R method. To show the ability and robustness of the mathematical modeling in handling buckling analysis, results obtained using GDQR and R-R are compared with each other and also with some available results based on experimental and analytical works. The efficiency and reliability of the GDQR in comparison with R-R method on the buckling behavior is also discussed. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2004
International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management (0265671X)21(7)pp. 731-746
In almost all of the existing resources of failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA), "severity" is being determined from the designers' point of view, not from the customers' side. In this paper, a new approach is proposed to enhance FMEA capabilities through its integration with Kano model. This evolves the current approaches for determination of severity and "risk priority number" (RPN) through classifying severities according to customers' perceptions. It supports the nonlinear relationship between frequency and severity of failure. Also a new index called "correction ratio" (Cr) is proposed to assess the corrective actions in FMEA. The findings of a short case study highlight the gap between managers and customers in prioritising a set of failures and the difference between RPN and Cr prioritisations, caused by target failure frequencies. The proposed approach enables managers/designers to prevent failures at early stages of design, based on customers who have not experienced their products/services yet. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Publication Date: 2004
Linear Algebra and Its Applications (00243795)390(1-3)pp. 345-355
Let R be a non-commutative ring. The commuting graph of R denoted by Λ (R), is a graph with vertex set R \ Z(R), and two distinct vertices a and b are adjacent if ab = ba. In this paper we investigate some properties of Λ(R), whenever R is a finite semisimple ring. For any finite field F, we obtain minimum degree, maximum degree and clique number of Λ(M n (F)). Also it is shown that for any two finite semisimple rings R and S, if Λ(R) ≃ Λ(S), then there are commutative semisimple rings R1 and S1 and semisimple ring T such that R ≃T × R1, S ≃ T × S1 and |R1| = |S1|. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
